Holotype - Wikipedia

A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally ... Holotype FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Exampleofanorganismusedtodescribeitsspecies Holotypewithredtypelabelaffixed HolotypeofMarocastercoronatus,MHNT Aholotypeisasinglephysicalexample(orillustration)ofanorganism,knowntohavebeenusedwhenthespecies(orlower-rankedtaxon)wasformallydescribed.Itiseitherthesinglesuchphysicalexample(orillustration)oroneofseveralexamples,butexplicitlydesignatedastheholotype.UndertheInternationalCodeofZoologicalNomenclature(ICZN),aholotypeisoneofseveralkindsofname-bearingtypes.IntheInternationalCodeofNomenclatureforalgae,fungi,andplants(ICN)andICZN,thedefinitionsoftypesaresimilarinintentbutnotidenticalinterminologyorunderlyingconcept. Forexample,theholotypeforthebutterflyPlebejusidaslonginusisapreservedspecimenofthatsubspecies,heldbytheMuseumofComparativeZoologyatHarvardUniversity.Inbotany,anisotypeisaduplicateoftheholotype,whereholotypeandisotypesareoftenpiecesfromthesameindividualplantorsamplesfromthesamegathering. Aholotypeisnotnecessarily"typical"ofthattaxon,althoughideallyitis.Sometimesjustafragmentofanorganismistheholotype,particularlyinthecaseofafossil.Forexample,theholotypeofPelorosaurushumerocristatus(Duriatitan),alargeherbivorousdinosaurfromtheearlyJurassicperiod,isafossillegbonestoredattheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon.Evenifabetterspecimenissubsequentlyfound,theholotypeisnotsuperseded. Contents 1Replacementsforholotypes 2Seealso 3References 4Externallinks Replacementsforholotypes[edit] ModernholotypelabelforEncarsiaaccenta UndertheICN,anadditionalandclarifyingtypecouldbedesignatedanepitypeunderarticle9.8,wheretheoriginalmaterialisdemonstrablyambiguousorinsufficient. Aconservedtype(ICNarticle14.3)issometimesusedtocorrectaproblemwithanamewhichhasbeenmisapplied;thisspecimenreplacestheoriginalholotype. Intheabsenceofaholotype,anothertypemaybeselected,outofarangeofdifferentkindsoftype,dependingonthecase,alectotypeoraneotype. Forexample,inboththeICNandtheICZNaneotypeisatypethatwaslaterappointedintheabsenceoftheoriginalholotype.Additionally,undertheICZNthecommissionisempoweredtoreplaceaholotypewithaneotype,whentheholotypeturnsouttolackimportantdiagnosticfeaturesneededtodistinguishthespeciesfromitscloserelatives.Forexample,thecrocodile-likearchosaurianreptileParasuchushislopiLydekker,1885wasdescribedbasedonapremaxillaryrostrum(partofthesnout),butthisisnolongersufficienttodistinguishParasuchusfromitscloserelatives.ThismadethenameParasuchushislopianomendubium.Indian-AmericanpaleontologistSankarChatterjeeproposedthatanewtypespecimen,acompleteskeleton,bedesignated.[1]TheInternationalCommissiononZoologicalNomenclatureconsideredthecaseandagreedtoreplacetheoriginaltypespecimenwiththeproposedneotype.[2] Theproceduresforthedesignationofanewtypespecimenwhentheoriginalislostcomeintoplayforsomerecent,high-profilespeciesdescriptionsinwhichthespecimendesignatedastheholotypewasalivingindividualthatwasallowedtoremaininthewild(e.g.anewspeciesofcapuchinmonkey,genusCebus,[3]Marleyimyiaxylocopae,ortheArunachalmacaqueMacacamunzala[4]).Insuchacase,thereisnoactualtypespecimenavailableforstudy,andthepossibilityexiststhat—shouldtherebeanyperceivedambiguityintheidentityofthespecies—subsequentauthorscaninvokevariousclausesintheICZNCodethatallowforthedesignationofaneotype.Article75.3.7oftheICZN[5]requiresthatthedesignationofaneotypemustbeaccompaniedby"astatementthattheneotypeis,orimmediatelyuponpublicationhasbecome,thepropertyofarecognizedscientificoreducationalinstitution,citedbyname,thatmaintainsaresearchcollection,withproperfacilitiesforpreservingname-bearingtypes,andthatmakesthemaccessibleforstudy",butthereisnosuchrequirementforaholotype. Seealso[edit] Allotype(zoology) Genetypes—geneticsequencedatafromtypespecimens Paratype Type(biology) Typespecies References[edit] ^Case3165,BulletinofZoologicalNomenclature58:1Archived2007-09-28attheWaybackMachine,30March2001. ^Opinion2045,BulletinofZoologicalNomenclature60:2Archived2007-09-28attheWaybackMachine,30June2003. ^MendesPontes,A.R.,MaltaA.andAsfora,P.H.2006.Anewspeciesofcapuchinmonkey,genusCebusErxleben(Cebidae,Primates):foundattheverybrinkofextinctioninthePernambucoEndemismCentre.Zootaxa1200:1-12. ^Sinha,A.,Datta,A.,Madhusudan,M.D.andMishra,C.(2004)."TheArunachalmacaqueMacacamunzala:anewspeciesfromwesternArunachalPradesh,northeasternIndia".InternationalJournalofPrimatologyvolume:26issue:977pages:989. ^InternationalCodeofZoologicalNomenclature,Art.75.3.7 Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoHolotypes. BOAPhotographsoftypespecimensofNeotropicalRhopalocera. 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