Cousin - Wikipedia

Most generally, in the lineal kinship system used in the English-speaking world, a cousin is a type of familial relationship in which two relatives are two ... Cousin FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Forotheruses,seeCousin(disambiguation). "Cousins"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeCousins(disambiguation). "Firstcousinonceremoved"redirectshere.Forthedocumentaryfilm,seeFirstCousinOnceRemoved. Descendantofanancestor'ssibling Relationships(Outline) Types Geneticoradoptive Kinship Family Parent father mother Grandparent Sibling Cousin Bymarriage Spouse Husband Wife Openmarriage Polygamy Polyandry Polygyny Groupmarriage Mixed-orientation Partner(s) Significantother Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Same-sex Lifepartner Friendship (romantic/cross-sex/zone) Intimateandsexual Casual Monogamy Non-monogamy Mutualmonogamy Polyamory Polyfidelity Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress Activities Bonding Courtship Dating Engagement Bachelor'sDay Mating Meetmarket Romance Singlesevent Wedding Endings Breakup Legal/maritalseparation Annulment Divorce Widowhood Emotionsandfeelings Affinity Attachment Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Platonic Unconditional Passion Sexuality Practices Brideprice dower dowry service Hypergamy Infidelity Sexualactivity Transgression Repression Abuse Child Dating Domestic Elderly Narcissisticparent Powerandcontrol Stalking vte QueenVictoriaandhercousinPrincessVictoria,DuchessofNemours,1852 Mostgenerally,inthelinealkinshipsystemusedintheEnglish-speakingworld,acousinisatypeoffamilialrelationshipinwhichtworelativesaretwoormorefamilialgenerationsawayfromtheirmostrecentcommonancestor.Commonly,"cousin"referstoafirstcousin–arelativeofthesamegenerationwhosemostrecentcommonancestorwiththesubjectisagrandparent.[1] Degreesandremovalsareseparatemeasuresusedtomorepreciselydescribetherelationshipbetweencousins.Degreemeasurestheseparation,ingenerations,fromthemostrecentcommonancestor(s)toaparentofoneofthecousins(whicheverisclosest),whileremovalmeasuresthedifferenceingenerationsbetweenthecousinsthemselves,relativetotheirmostrecentcommonancestor(s).Toillustrateusage,asecondcousinisacousinwithadegreeoftwo;therearethree(nottwo)generationsfromthecommonancestor(s).Whenthedegreeisnotspecified,firstcousinisassumed.Acousin"onceremoved"isacousinwithoneremoval.Whentheremovalisnotspecified,noremovalisassumed.[2][3] Variousgovernmentalentitieshaveestablishedsystemsforlegalusethatcanpreciselyspecifykinshipwithcommonancestorsanynumberofgenerationsinthepast;forexample,inmedicineandinlaw,afirstcousinisatypeofthird-degreerelative.[citationneeded] Contents 1Basicdefinitions 2Additionalterms 2.1Gender-baseddistinctions 2.2Multiplicities 2.3Non-bloodrelations 3Consanguinity 3.1Reproduction 3.2Cousinmarriage 4Seealso 5References 6Externallinks Basicdefinitions[edit] Peoplearerelatedwithatypeofcousinrelationshipiftheyshareacommonancestor,andareseparatedfromtheirmostrecentcommonancestorbytwoormoregenerations.Thismeansneitherpersonisanancestoroftheother,theydonotshareaparent(arenotsiblings),andneitherisasiblingoftheother'sparent(arenottheother'saunt/unclenorniece/nephew).[3]IntheEnglishsystemthecousinrelationshipisfurtherdetailedbytheconceptsofdegreeandremoval. Thedegreeisthenumberofgenerationssubsequenttothecommonancestorbeforeaparentofoneofthecousinsisfound.Thismeansthedegreeistheseparationofthecousinfromthecommonancestorlessone.Also,ifthecousinsarenotseparatedfromthecommonancestorbythesamenumberofgenerations,thecousinwiththesmallestseparationisusedtodeterminethedegree.[2]Theremovalisthedifferencebetweenthenumberofgenerationsfromeachcousintothecommonancestor.[2]Twopeoplecanberemovedbutbearoundthesameageduetodifferencesinbirthdatesofparents,children,andotherrelevantancestors.[2][4][5] Basicfamilytree JosephEdwinaOrder 1st PaulMarieCharlesClaudette2nd 3rd DaisyDavidEmmaEdward FelicityFrankGeorgeGwen HarryIngeborg Therelationshipbetweeneverysolidshadedboxandasimilaroneontheotherbranchofthetreeisthatofacousin.Theremovalisthenumberofrowsbywhichtherelativesareseparated.Thedegreeoftherelationshipisthatoftherelativewiththelowestorder.Therulesarethesameforcousins-in-law,excepttheyexistbetweenshadedsolidlinesandshadeddottedlines. Toillustratetheseconceptsthefollowingtableisprovided.ThistableidentifiesthedegreeandremovalofcousinrelationshipbetweentwopeopleusingtheirmostrecentcommonancestorasthereferencepointanddemonstratesitintheexampleBasicfamilytree. Relationshipbetweensubjectandrelativegiventherelationshiptotheirmostrecentcommonancestor Relative SeparationingenerationstoancestorR→ 2 3 4 S↓ Relationshiptoancestor Grandparent Great-grandparent Great-great-grandparent Subject 2 Grandparent 1stcousin 1stcousinonceremoved 1stcousintwiceremoved DavidandEmma DavidandGeorge DavidandIngeborge 3 Great-grandparent 1stcousinonceremoved 2ndcousin 2ndcousinonceremoved FrankandEmma FrankandGeorge FrankandIngeborg 4 Great-great-grandparent 1stcousintwiceremoved 2ndcousinonceremoved 3rdcousin HarryandEmma HarryandGeorge HarryandIngeborg Forcousins(R≥2andS≥2):degree=min(R,S)−1,removal=|R−S| Additionalterms[edit] Thetermsfullcousin[6]andcousin-germanareusedtospecifyafirstcousinwithnoremovals.[7] Thetermscousin-uncle/auntandcousin-niece/nephewaresometimesusedtodescribethedirectionoftheremovaloftherelationship,[8]especiallyinMennonite,[9]Indian,andPakistani[citationneeded]families.Thesetermsrelatetoafirstcousinonceremoved,uncle/auntreferringtoanoldergenerationandniece/nephewforyoungerones.Foradditionalremovalsgrand/greatareappliedtotheserelationships.[9]Forexample,asecondgranduncleisamalefirstcousintwiceremovedthatcomesfromanoldergeneration,andacousin-grandnieceisafemalefirstcousintwiceremovedwhocomesfromayoungergeneration. Thetermgrandcousinissometimesusedforthegrandchildofafirstcousin,orthefirstcousinofagrandparent:afirstcousintwiceremoved. Thetermkissingcousinissometimesusedforadistantrelativewhoisfamiliarenoughtobegreetedwithakiss. Gender-baseddistinctions[edit] Mainarticle:Parallelandcrosscousins Amaternalcousinisacousinthatisrelatedtothemother'ssideofthefamily,whileapaternalcousinisacousinthatisrelatedtothefather'ssideofthefamily.Thisrelationshipisnotnecessarilyreciprocal,asthematernalcousinofonepersoncouldbethepaternalcousinoftheother.IntheexampleBasicfamilytree,EmmaisDavid'smaternalcousinandDavidisEmma'spaternalcousin. Parallelandcrosscousinsontheotherhandarereciprocalrelationships.Parallelcousinsaredescendedfromsame-sexsiblings.Aparallelfirstcousinrelationshipexistswhenboththesubjectandrelativearematernalcousins,orbotharepaternalcousins.Crosscousinsaredescendantsfromopposite-sexsiblings.Acrossfirstcousinrelationshipexistswhenthesubjectandtherelativearematernalcousinandpaternalcousintoeachother.[10]IntheexampleBasicfamilytree,DavidandEmmaarecrosscousins. Multiplicities[edit] OttoLouiseRichardBeatrice ClaudeHenryAlfredDorothy EdwinFrances EdwinandFrancesaredoublefirstcousinsbecausetheysharebothsetsofgrandparentsastheyarecousinsthroughbothparents.TheyarecousinsthroughthesiblingsClaudeandAlfredaswellasthesiblingsHenryandDorothy. Doublecousinsarerelativesthatarecousinsfromtwodifferentbranchesofthefamilytree.Thisoccurswhensiblings,respectively,reproducewithdifferentsiblingsfromanotherfamily.[11]Thismayalsobereferredtoas"cousinsonbothsides".Theresultingchildrenarerelatedtoeachotherthroughboththeirparentsandarethusdoublyrelated.Doublefirstcousinssharebothsetsofgrandparents. WilliamAliceAnthony BenjaminAnneRobertCecilie DavidPenelope DavidandPenelopearehalfcousinsbecausetheyshareonlyonegrandparent(Alice)becausetheyarerelatedthroughhalf-siblings(AnneandRobert). Halfcousinsaredescendedfromhalfsiblingsandwouldshareonegrandparent.[12]Thechildrenoftwohalfsiblingsarefirsthalfcousins.Ifhalfsiblingshavechildrenwithanotherpairofhalfsiblings,theresultingchildrenwouldbedoublehalffirstcousins. Whilethereisnoagreeduponterm,itispossibleforcousinstosharethreegrandparentsifapairofhalfsiblingshadchildrenwithapairoffullsiblings.[13][14] Non-bloodrelations[edit] PeterAnne ArthurElisabethCharlesClaudineColin David{{{Blk}}}{{{Blk}}}Evangeline DavidandEvangelinearestep-cousinsbecauseDavid'suncle(Charles)isnowEvangeline'sstepfather,Evangeline'smother(Claudine)havingmarriedCharles. Step-cousinsareeitherstepchildrenofanindividual'sauntoruncle,niecesandnephewsofone'sstep-parent,orthechildrenofone'sparent'sstep-sibling.[15]Acousin-in-lawisthecousinofaperson'sspouseorthespouseofaperson'scousin.[16]IntheBasicfamilytreeexampleDavidandEdwardarecousins-in-law.Noneoftheserelationshipshaveconsanguinity. Consanguinity[edit] Mainarticle:Consanguinity Consanguinityisameasureofhowcloselyindividualsarerelatedtoeachother.Itismeasuredbythecoefficientofrelationship.Below,whendiscussingthecoefficientofrelationship,weassumethesubjectandtherelativearerelatedonlythroughthekinshipterm.Acoefficientofonerepresentstherelationshipyouhavewithyourself.Consanguinitydecreasesbyhalfforeverygenerationofseparationfromthemostrecentcommonancestor,astherearetwoparentsforeachchild.Whenthereismorethanonecommonancestor,theconsanguinitybetweeneachancestorisaddedtogethertogetthefinalresult.[17] Betweenfirstcousins,therearetwosharedancestorseachwithfourgenerationsofseparation,upanddownthefamilytree: ( 1 2 ) 4 + ( 1 2 ) 4 {\displaystyle\left({\tfrac{1}{2}}\right)^{4}+\left({\tfrac{1}{2}}\right)^{4}} ;theirconsanguinityisone-eighth.Foreachadditionalremovalofthecousinrelationship,consanguinityisreducedbyhalf,asthegenerationsofseparationincreasebyone.Foreachadditionaldegreeofthecousinrelationship,consanguinityisreducedbyaquarterasthegenerationsofseparationincreasebyoneonbothsides.[17] Halfcousinshavehalftheconsanguinityofordinarycousinsastheyhavehalfthecommonancestors(i.e.onevstwo).Doublecousinshavetwicetheconsanguinityofordinarycousinsastheyhavetwicethenumberofcommonancestors(i.e.fourvstwo).Doublefirstcousinssharethesameconsanguinityashalf-siblings.Likewise,doublehalfcousinssharethesameconsanguinityasfirstcousinsastheybothhavetwocommonancestors.Iftherearehalf-siblingsononesideandfullsiblingsontheother,theywouldhavethree-halvestheconsanguinityofordinaryfirstcousins.[17] Inascenariowheretwomonozygotic(identical)twinsmatewithanotherpairofmonozygotictwins,theresultingdoublecousinswouldtestasgeneticallysimilarassiblings. Reproduction[edit] Offspringoffirstcousincouplesandofsecondcousincouplesdieyoungerandreproduceless.[18]Couplesthatarecloselyrelatedhaveanincreasedchanceofsharinggenes,includingmutationsthatoccurredintheirfamilytree.Ifthemutationisarecessivetrait,itwillnotrevealitselfunlessbothfatherandmothershareit.[19]Duetotheriskthatthetraitisharmful,childrenofhigh-consanguinityparentshaveanincreasedriskofrecessivegeneticdisorders.Seeinbreedingformoreinformation. Closely-relatedcoupleshavemorechildren.Couplesrelatedwithconsanguinityequivalenttothatofthirdcousinshavethegreatestreproductivesuccess.[20]Thisseemscounter-intuitiveascloselyrelatedparentshaveahigherprobabilityofhavingoffspringthatareunfit,yetcloserkinshipcanalsodecreasethelikelihoodofimmunologicalincompatibilityduringpregnancy.[21] Cousinmarriage[edit] Mainarticle:Cousinmarriage Cousinmarriageisimportantinseveralanthropologicaltheories,whichoftendifferentiatebetweenmatriarchalandpatriarchalparallelandcrosscousins. Currentlyabout10%andhistoricallyashighas80%ofallmarriagesarebetweenfirstorsecondcousins.[22][23]Cousinmarriagesareoftenarranged.[22][23][24][25][26]Anthropologistsbelieveitisusedasatooltostrengthenthefamily,conserveitswealth,protectitsculturalheritage,andretainthepowerstructureofthefamilyanditsplaceinthecommunity.Somegroupsencouragecousinmarriagewhileothersattachastrongsocialstigmatoit.InsomeregionsintheMiddleEast,morethanhalfofallmarriagesarebetweenfirstorsecondcousins(someofthecountriesinthisregionthismayexceed70%).[27]Justoutsidethisregion,itisoftenlegalbutinfrequent.Manycultureshaveencouragedspecificallycross-cousinmarriages.[28]Inotherplaces,itislegallyprohibitedandculturallyequivalenttoincest.[29][30]Supportersofcousinmarriageoftenviewtheprohibitionasdiscrimination,[31][32]whileopponentsclaimpotentialimmorality[33]andcitetheincreasedrateofbirthdefectsinchildrenofcousinmarriages. Seealso[edit] Collateraldescendant Consanguinity Cousinmarriage Family Sibling Second-degreerelative References[edit] ^"Cousin".Brewer'sDictionaryofPhrase&Fable.ChambersHarrapPublishers.2013.19. ^abcdKing,RobertC.;Stansfield,WilliamD.(2013)."Cousin".ADictionaryofGenetics.OxfordUniversityPress.8. ^ab"DefinitionofCousinbyMerriam-Webster".merriam-webster.com.Merriam-Webster. ^"WhatisaFirstCousin,TwiceRemoved?".Genealogy.com.RetrievedSep26,2015. ^"GeneticAndQuantitativeAspectsOfGenealogy–TypesOfCollateralRelationships".Genetic-genealogy.co.uk.Retrieved28October2014. ^"Fullcousindefinitionandmeaning|CollinsEnglishDictionary".collinsdictionary.com.Retrieved2018-02-26. ^"Cousin-germandefinitionandmeaning|CollinsEnglishDictionary".collinsdictionary.com.Retrieved2018-02-26. ^Vilas,CharlesHarrison(1875).GenealogyoftheDescendantsofPeterVilas.Madison,Wis:Theeditor.p. 17. ^abHarryLoewen(1988).WhyIamaMennonite:EssaysonMennoniteidentity.HeraldPress.p. 286.ISBN 083613463X.TheyseemedtotreasuregeneticrelationsinawayIhadnotencounteredbefore,usingsuchrelationaldesignationsas"cousin-uncle."TheyspokeofMennonitenames,Mennonitefood,LowGerman,Russianimmigration. ^"Overviewcross-cousin".Oxfordreference.Retrieved5March2020. ^Dr.BarryStarr(2015-01-13)."Relatedness".StanfordatTheTech:UnderstandingGenetics. ^JillynneQuinn(2014-01-09)."Relatedness".StanfordatTheTech:UnderstandingGenetics. ^"GeneticAndQuantitativeAspectsOfGenealogy-ClassificationOfRelationships".www.genetic-genealogy.co.uk. ^"part7G4BB:WorldofTinker-Toys".February20,2011. ^"WhatIsaStepCousin?".www.reference.com. ^"cousin-in-law".Webster'sDictionary. ^abc"GeneticAndQuantitativeAspectsOfGenealogy–CALCULATIONOFTHECOEFFICIENTOFRELATIONSHIP".Genetic-genealogy.co.uk.Retrieved28October2014. ^Nature:Whenkissingcousinsaregoodforkids-Alittleinbreedingmightboostfertility.ByHeidiLedford.Date:Publishedonline7February2008. ^TheConversation:What’sthegeneticdiseaseriskforchildrenofrelatedcouples?Date:September27,2012.Source:TiongTan,ClinicalGeneticistatVictorianClinicalGeneticsServicesandResearcherinCraniofacialResearch,MurdochChildren'sResearchInstitute. ^Helgason,A;Pálsson,S;Gudbjartsson,DF;Kristjánsson,T;Stefánsson,K(2008)."Anassociationbetweenthekinshipandfertilityofhumancouples".Science.319(5864):813–6.Bibcode:2008Sci...319..813H.doi:10.1126/science.1150232.PMID 18258915.S2CID 17831162. ^ScienceDaily:ThirdCousinsHaveGreatestNumberOfOffspring,DataFromIcelandShows.Date:February8,2008;Source:deCODEgenetics. ^abKershaw,Sarah(26November2009)."ShakingOfftheShame".TheNewYorkTimes. ^ab"GoAhead,KissYourCousin-DiscoverMagazine.com". ^Bittles,AlanH.(May2001).ABackgroundSummaryofConsanguineousMarriage(PDF)(Technicalreport).EdithCowanUniversity. ^Bittles,AlanH.(September1994)."TheRoleandSignificanceofConsanguinityasaDemographicVariable".PopulationandDevelopmentReview.20(3):567.doi:10.2307/2137601.JSTOR 2137601. ^Bittles,Alan;Black,Michael(Sep2009)."Consanguinity,humanevolution,andcomplexdiseases".ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.107(suppl1):1779–86.doi:10.1073/pnas.0906079106.PMC 2868287.PMID 19805052. ^Dr.AlanBittles;Dr.MichaelBlack."Globalprevalence".consang.net. ^Moore,Alexander(1998).CulturalAnthropology:TheFieldStudyofHumanBeings.Rowman&Littlefield.p. 216.ISBN 9780939693481. ^"TheSurprisingTruthAboutCousinsandMarriage".14February2014. ^Paul,DianeB.;Spencer,HamishG.(23December2008).""It'sOk,We'reNotCousinsbyBlood":TheCousinMarriageControversyinHistoricalPerspective".PLOSBiology.6(12):2627–30.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060320.PMC 2605922.PMID 19108607. ^"FinalThoughts".CousinCouples.Retrieved4June2016. ^BrandonKeim(23December2008)."CousinMarriageOKbyScience".Wired. ^Saletan,William(10April2002)."TheLoveThatDareNotSpeakItsSurname"–viaSlate. Externallinks[edit] LookupcousininWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Europeankinshipsystem Genealogy.comdefinitionofvariouscousins Genealogy.com:Whatmakesacousin? GeneticGenealogy vteFamily History Household Nuclearfamily Extendedfamily Conjugalfamily Immediatefamily Matrifocalfamily First-degreerelatives Parent father mother Child son daughter Sibling brother sister Second-degreerelatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Niece Nephew Third-degreerelatives Great-grandparent Great-grandchild Great-aunt Great-uncle Cousin Family-in-law Spouse wife husband Parent-in-law Sibling-in-law Child-in-law daughter-in-law son-in-law Stepfamily Stepparent stepfather stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinshipterminology Kinship AustralianAboriginalkinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictivekinship Marriage Nurturekinship Hawaiiankinship Sudanesekinship Eskimokinship Iroquoiskinship Crowkinship Omahakinship Genealogyandlineage Bilateraldescent Commonancestor Familyname Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Linealdescendant Matrilineality Patrilineality Progenitor Clan Royaldescent Familytrees Pedigreechart Genogram Ahnentafel Genealogicalnumberingsystems Seizequartiers Quartersofnobility Relationships Agape(parentallove) Eros(maritallove) Philia(brotherlylove) Storge(familiallove) Filialpiety Polyfidelity Holidays Mother'sDay U.S. Father'sDay Father-DaughterDay SiblingsDay NationalGrandparentsDay Parents'Day Children'sDay Japan FamilyDay Canada AmericanFamilyDay InternationalDayofFamilies NationalFamilyWeek UK NationalAdoptionDay Related Singleparent Onlychild Weddinganniversary Godparent Sociologyofthefamily MuseumofMotherhood Incest Dysfunctionalfamily Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cousin&oldid=1090956042" Categories:KinshipanddescentCousinshipHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2017ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJuly2020ACwith0elements Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةAragonésArmãneashtiBoarischBrezhonegCatalàDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGalego한국어IdoBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתKiswahiliLatinaLëtzebuergeschMagyarBahasaMelayuNorskbokmålNorsknynorskRomânăSicilianuSimpleEnglishSoomaaligaSuomiSvenskaTagalogTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệtZazaki中文 Editlinks