Every Student Succeeds Act - Wikipedia

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is a US law passed in December 2015 that governs the United States K–12 public education policy. ... The law replaced its ... EveryStudentSucceedsAct FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch 2015UnitedStateseducationreformlaw EveryStudentSucceedsActLongtitleAnoriginalbilltoreauthorizetheElementaryandSecondaryEducationActof1965toensurethateverychildachieves.Acronyms(colloquial)ESSAEnacted bythe114thUnitedStatesCongressCitationsPubliclawPub.L. 114–95(text)(PDF)CodificationActsamendedElementaryandSecondaryEducationActof1965ActsrepealedNoChildLeftBehindActTitlesamended20U.S.C.:EducationU.S.C.sectionsamended20U.S.C.ch.28§1001etseq.20U.S.C.ch.70LegislativehistoryIntroducedintheUnitedStatesSenatebyLamarAlexander(R-TN)onApril30,2015CommitteeconsiderationbyHELPPassedtheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentativesonDecember2,2015 (359–64)PassedtheUnitedStatesSenateonDecember9,2015 (85–12)SignedintolawbyPresidentBarackObamaonDecember10,2015 ThisarticleispartofaseriesonEducationintheUnitedStates Summary Bystateandininsularareas Bysubjectarea Historyof Issues Accreditation Primaryandsecondary Post-secondary Financing Law Literacy Policy Post-secondaryissues Bubble Costandfinancing Credentialism Eliteoverproduction Graduateunemployment Reform Charterschools Inequality Schoolchoice Levelsofeducation Earlychildhood–K–12(Primary–Secondary)–Post-secondary Organizations  Educationportal UnitedStatesportalvte TheEveryStudentSucceedsAct(ESSA)isaUSlawpassedinDecember2015thatgovernstheUnitedStatesK–12publiceducationpolicy.[1]Thelawreplaceditspredecessor,theNoChildLeftBehindAct(NCLB),andmodifiedbutdidnoteliminateprovisionsrelatingtotheperiodicstandardizedtestsgiventostudents.[2][3]LiketheNoChildLeftBehindAct,ESSAisareauthorizationofthe1965ElementaryandSecondaryEducationAct,whichestablishedthefederalgovernment'sexpandedroleinpubliceducation. TheEveryStudentSucceedsActpassedbothchambersofCongresswithbipartisansupport.[4] Contents 1Overview 2History 3Studentswithdisabilities 4Receptionandopinion 5StatetestingunderESSA 6Suspensionofaccountabilityrequirements 7References 8Externallinks Overview[edit] PresidentBarackObamasignstheActintolaw,December2015 ThebillisthefirsttonarrowtheUnitedStatesfederalgovernment'sroleinelementaryandsecondaryeducationsincethe1980s.TheESSAretainsthehallmarkannualstandardizedtestingrequirementsofthe2001NoChildLeftBehindActbutshiftsthelaw'sfederalaccountabilityprovisionstostates.Underthelaw,studentswillcontinuetotakeannualtestsbetweenthethirdandeighthgrades.[5] ESSAleavessignificantlymorecontroltothestatesanddistrictsindeterminingthestandardsstudentsareheldto.StatesarerequiredtosubmittheirgoalsandstandardsandhowtheyplantoachievethemtotheUSDepartmentofEducation,whichmustthensubmitadditionalfeedback,andeventuallyapprove.[6]Indoingso,theDOEstillholdsstatesaccountablebyensuringtheyareimplementingcompleteandambitious,yetfeasiblegoals.Studentswillthenbetestedeachyearfromthirdthrougheighthgradeandthenonceagaintheirjunioryearofhighschool.[7]Thesestandardizedtestswilldetermineeachstudent'scapabilitiesintheclassroom,andthesuccessofthestateinimplementingitsplans.Thestatesarealsolefttodeterminetheconsequenceslow-performingschoolsmightfaceandhowtheywillbesupportedinthefollowingyears.[7]TheUSDOEdefineslow-performingschoolsasthoseinthebottomtenpercentofthestate,basedonthenumberofstudentswhosuccessfullygraduateorthenumberofstudentswhotestproficientinreadingorlanguageartsandmathematics.[8] Allstatesmusthaveamultiple-measureaccountabilitysystem,whichincludethefollowingfourindicators:achievementand/orgrowthonannualreading/languageartsandmathassessments;Englishlanguageproficiency,anelementaryandmiddleschoolacademicmeasureofstudentgrowth;andhighschoolgraduationrates.[9]Allstatesalsohadtoincludeatleastoneadditionalindicatorofschoolqualityorstudentsuccess,commonlycalledthefifthindicator.Moststatesusechronicabsenteeismastheirfifthindicator.[10] AnotherprimarygoaloftheESSAispreparingallstudents,regardlessofrace,income,disability,ethnicity,orproficiencyinEnglish,forasuccessfulcollegeexperienceandfulfillingcareer.[7]Therefore,ESSAalsorequiresschoolstooffercollegeandcareercounselingandadvancedplacementcoursestoallstudents.[7] History[edit] ESSAvote Senate[11] House[12] Rep. Dem. Rep. Dem. 40–12 45–0 178–64 181–0 TheNoChildLeftBehindActwasdueforreauthorizationin2007,butwasnotpursuedforalackofbipartisancooperation.[13]ManystatesfailedtomeettheNCLB'sstandards,andtheObamaAdministrationgrantedwaiverstomanystatesforschoolsthatshowedsuccessbutfailedundertheNCLBstandards.[14]However,thesewaiversusuallyrequiredschoolstoadoptacademicstandardssuchastheCommonCore.[14]TheNCLBwasgenerallypraisedforforcingschoolsandstatestobecomemoreaccountableforensuringtheeducationofpoorandminoritychildren.[13]However,theincreaseinstandardizedtestingthatoccurredduringthepresidenciesofBushandObamametwithresistancefrommanyparents,andmanycalledforalessenedroleforthefederalgovernmentineducation.[14] Similarly,thepresidentoftheNationalEducationAssociationdecriedtheNCLB's"one-size-fits-allmodel...oftest,blameandpunish."[15] Followinghis2014re-election,SenateHELPCommitteeChairmanLamarAlexander(R-TN),whohadservedasEducationSecretaryunderPresidentGeorgeH.W.Bush,decidedtopursueamajorrewriteofNoChildLeftBehind.[16]AlexanderandPattyMurray(D-WA),therankingmemberoftheHELPcommittee,collaboratedtowriteabipartisanbillthatcouldpasstheRepublican-controlledCongressandearnthesignatureofPresidentBarackObama.[16]Atthesametime,JohnKline(R-MN),chairmanoftheHouseCommitteeonEducationandtheWorkforce,pushedhisownbillintheHouse.InJuly2015,eachchamberoftheUnitedStatesCongresspassedtheirownrenewalsoftheElementaryandSecondaryEducationAct.[17]PresidentObamaremainedlargelyoutsideofthenegotiations,thoughAlexanderdidwinObama'spromisetonotthreatentovetothebillduringnegotiations.[16]AstheHouseandSenatenegotiatedforthepassageofasinglebillinbothhouses,BobbyScott(D-VA),therankingmemberoftheHouseCommitteeonEducationandtheWorkforce,becameakeyplayerinensuringDemocraticvotesintheHouse.[16]BySeptember2015,theHouseandSenatehadbeenabletoresolvemostofthemajordifferences,butcontinuedtodifferonhowtoevaluateschoolsandhowtorespondtoschoolsthatperformpoorly.[16]HouseandSenatenegotiatorsagreedtoaproposalfromScotttoallowthefederalgovernmenttomandatespecificcircumstancesinwhichstateshadtointerveneinschools,whilebroadlygivingstatesleewayinhowtorateschoolsandinhowtohelpstrugglingschools.[16]Othermajorprovisionsincludedapre-Kprogram(attheurgingofMurray),aprovisiontohelpensurethatstateswouldnotbeabletoexemptlargeswathsofstudentsfromtesting(atthebehestofcivilrightsgroups),andrestrictionsonthepoweroftheEducationSecretary(attheurgingofAlexanderandKline).[16]ThesurpriseresignationofSpeakerJohnBoehnernearlyderailedthebill,butincomingSpeakerPaulRyan'ssupportofthebillhelpedensureitspassage.[16]InDecember2015,theHousepassedthebillina359–64vote;dayslater,theSenatepassedthebillinan85–12vote.[5]PresidentObamasignedthebillintolawonDecember10,2015.[16] Studentswithdisabilities[edit] TheEveryStudentSucceedsActalsosetsnewmandatesonexpectationsandrequirementsforstudentswithdisabilities.Moststudentswithdisabilitieswillberequiredtotakethesameassessmentsandwillbeheldtothesamestandardsasotherstudents.ESSAallowsforonlyonepercentofstudents,accountingfortenpercentofstudentswithdisabilities,tobeexcusedfromtheusualstandardizedtesting.[18]Thisonepercentisreservedforstudentswithseverecognitivedisabilities,whowillberequiredtotakeanalternateassessmentinstead.[19]Thisisasmallerpercentageofstudentsthanunderpastmandates,mainlybecausethereisnotenoughstaffavailabletoadministertheassessmentstothestudentsone-on-one.[18]TheDepartmentofEducationdoesnotdefinedisabled,rather,eachstatedecidesitsowndefinitioninordertodeterminewhichstudentswillbeallowedtotakethealternateassessment.Thiscouldprovetobemorechallenging,though,whenitcomestocomparingstudentstooneanotherbecausenotallstateswilldefinedisabledthesameway.[19]TheESSAhasalsorecognizedthatbullyingandharassmentinschoolsdisproportionatelyaffectsstudentswithdisabilities.Becauseofthis,theESSArequiresstatestodevelopandimplementplansonhowtheywillcombatandattempttoreducebullyingincidentsontheircampuses.[18] Receptionandopinion[edit] PresidentObamaexplainswhyhesignedtheAct JournalistLibbyNelsonwrotethattheESSAwasavictoryforconservativeswhowishedtoseefederalcontrolofschoolaccountabilitytransferredtostates,andthatstates"couldscalebacktheireffortstoimproveschoolsforpoorandminoritychildren".[20] ResearchersfromtheThomasB.FordhamInstitutealsoapprovedof"grant[ing]statesmoreauthorityovertheiraccountabilitysystems."[21]However,theyalsoexpressedconcernthat,inanefforttosetproficiencylevelsthatlow-performingstudentscouldpass,stateswouldneglecttheneedsofhigh-performingstudents,whichwoulddisproportionatelyaffecthigh-performing,low-incomestudents.[22][23] StatetestingunderESSA[edit] AccordingtotheOctober24,2015U.S.DepartmentofEducationFactSheet:TestingActionPlan,statetestingprogramsimplementedunderNoChildLeftBehindandRacetotheTopwere"drainingcreativeapproachesfromourclassrooms","consumingtoomuchinstructionaltime"and"creatingunduestressforeducatorsandstudents."[24] Federalmandatesandincentiveswerecitedaspartlyresponsibleforstudentsspendingtoomuchtimetakingstandardizedtests.[24]ESSAprovidedstateswithflexibilitytocorrectthebalanceandunwind"practicesthathaveburdenedclassroomtimeornotservedstudentsoreducatorswell."[24] TheEveryStudentSucceedsActstatute,regulationsandguidancegivestatesbroaddiscretiontodesignandimplementassessmentsystems.[25]Neitherthestatutenortheregulationsapplyanyspecificlimitsontestdesign,[25]howeverUnitedStatesDepartmentofEducationguidancedocumentssayitisessentialtoensurethattests"takeuptheminimumnecessarytime."[24] Section1111(b)(2)(B)(viii)(1)ofESSApresentsstateswiththeopportunitytomeetallFederalacademicassessmentrequirementswithasinglecomprehensivetest.[26]Asof2018-19somestateslikeMarylandcontinuetofulfillESSAassessmentrequirementsbyadministeringfourormorecontent-specificstatestandardizedtestswithtestingwindowsthatstretchfromDecemberthroughJune.[27] TheEveryStudentSucceedsActprohibitsanyofficeroremployeeoftheFederalGovernmentfromusinggrants,contractsorothercooperativeagreementstomandate,directorcontrolastate'sacademicstandardsandassessments.[28]Italsoexplicitlyprohibitedanyrequirement,directionormandatetoadopttheCommonCoreStateStandards[29]andgavestatesexplicitpermissiontowithdrawfromtheCommonCoreStateStandardsorotherwiserevisetheirstandards.[30]OnJanuary31,2019,Florida'sGovernorsignedanexecutiveorder"eliminatingCommonCoreandthevestigesofCommonCore"fromFlorida'spublicschools.[31] Apossiblyout-of-dateorincompleteenumerationofstatetestinginitiativesdesignedtosatisfytherequirementsoftheESSAcanbefoundatListofstateachievementtestsintheUnitedStates. CaliforniaAssessmentofStudentPerformanceandProgress(CASPP),replacedCaliforniaStandardizedTestingandReportingProgram(STAR)in2013. ConnecticutMasteryTest(CMT) HawaiiSmarterBalancedAssessment(SBA).TheSBAisatestsetdevelopedbytheSmarterBalancedAssessmentConsortiumofUSstateshttp://www.hawaiipublicschools.org/TeachingAndLearning/Testing/StateAssessment/Pages/home.aspx MarylandComprehensiveAssessmentProgram(MCAP) MassachusettsComprehensiveAssessmentSystem(MCAS) PennsylvaniaSystemofSchoolAssessment(PSSA) Suspensionofaccountabilityrequirements[edit] AninaugurationdaydirectiveonJanuary20,2017,fromPresidentDonaldTrump'sAssistanttothePresidentandChiefofStaff"RegulatoryFreezePendingReview"[32]delayedimplementationofnewregulations,includingportionsoftheEveryStudentSucceedsAct.OnFebruary10,2017,U.S.SecretaryofEducationBetsyDeVoswrotetochiefstateschoolofficersthat"statesshouldcontinuetheirwork"indevelopingtheirESSAplansandnotedthatarevisedtemplatemaybeissued.[33][34]InMarch2017,RepublicanlawmakerswiththesupportoftheTrumpadministrationusedtheCongressionalReviewActtoeliminatetheObamaadministration'saccountabilityregulations.[35] References[edit] ^HirschfeldDavis,Julie(10December2015)."PresidentObamaSignsIntoLawaRewriteofNoChildLeftBehind".NewYorkTimes.Retrieved19December2015. ^Korte,Gregory(11December2015)."TheEveryStudentSucceedsActvs.NoChildLeftBehind:What'schanged?".USAToday.Retrieved18December2015. ^Walker,Tim(9December2015)."WithPassageofEveryStudentSucceedsAct,LifeAfterNCLBBegins".NEAToday.Retrieved19December2015. ^"PresidentObamaSignsEducationLaw,Leaving'NoChild'Behind".NationalPublicRadio.10December2015.Retrieved22December2015. ^abNelson,Libby(2December2015)."CongressisgettingridofNoChildLeftBehind.Here'swhatwillreplaceit".Vox.VoxMedia.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonDecember4,2015.RetrievedDecember2,2015. ^Green,EricaL(July7,2017)."DeVos'sHardLineonNewEducationLawSurprisesStates".TheNewYorkTimes. ^abcdDarrow,Alice-Ann(October2016)."TheEveryStudentSucceedsAct(ESSA)".GeneralMusicToday.30:41–44.doi:10.1177/1048371316658327.S2CID 148151729–viaEBSCOhost. ^"Definitions".U.S.DepartmentofEducation.RetrievedJuly30,2017. ^AllianceforExcellentEducation(December2016)."EveryStudentSucceedsActPrimer:Accountability"(PDF).AllianceforExcellentEducation.RetrievedDecember9,2019. ^"SomestatesaremissingthepointofESSA'sfifthindicator".ChildTrends.2017-09-20.Retrieved2019-12-10. ^"Question:OntheConferenceReport(ConferenceReporttoAccompanyS.1177)".USSenate.Retrieved11December2015. ^"FinalVoteResultsforRollCall665".House.gov.USHouse.Retrieved11December2015. ^abRich,Mokoto(6July2012)."'NoChild'LawWhittledDownbyWhiteHouse".NewYorkTimes.Retrieved12December2015. ^abcRich,Motoko(20March2015)."NoChildLeftBehindLawFacesItsOwnReckoning".NewYorkTimes.Retrieved12December2015. ^EskelsenGarcía,Lily(21April2015)."Getridof'test,blame,punish':Opposingview".USAToday.Retrieved18December2015. ^abcdefghiSeverns,Maggie(11December2015)."HowCongressfinallykilledNoChildLeftBehind".Politico.Retrieved12December2015. ^Schneider,Mercedes(July27,2015)."AbouttheUpcomingHouse–SenateESEAConferenceCommittee...AndOnefromthePast".TheHuffingtonPost.AOL.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMarch5,2016.RetrievedDecember2,2015. ^abcSamuels,ChristinaA.(January6,2016)."SpecialEducationCommunityGearsUpforAdvocacy".EducationWeek.35:21–viaEBSCOHost. ^ab"ESSA:KeyProvisionsandImplicationsforStudentswithDisabilities"(PDF).CouncilofChiefStateSchoolOfficers.RetrievedAugust5,2017. ^"CongressisgettingridofNoChildLeftBehind.Here'swhatwillreplaceit.,LibbyNelson,VOX,Dec9,2015".2December2015. ^"RatingtheRatings:AnAnalysisofthe51ESSAAccountabilityPlans,BrandonL.WrightandMichaelJ.Petrilli,ThomasB.FordhamInstitute,Nov14,2017". ^"HighStakesforHighAchievers:StateAccountabilityintheAgeofESSA(PartI),MichaelJ.Petrilli,DavidGriffith,BrandonL.WrightandAudreyKim,ThomasB.FordhamInstitute,Aug31,2016". ^"HighStakesforHighSchoolers:StateAccountabilityintheAgeofESSA(PartII),MichaelJ.Petrilli,DavidGriffithandBrandonWright,ThomasB.FordhamInstitute,Nov15,2016". ^abcd"U.S.DepartmentofEducationFactSheet:TestingActionPlan,October24,2015ArchivedInformation".24October2015.Retrieved1February2019. ^ab"TitleI-AcademicAssessments,OfficeofElementaryandSecondaryEducation,DepartmentofEducation:FinalRegulations.AnalysisofCommentsandChanges.RulesandRegulationsDEPARTMENTOFEDUCATION34CFRPart200RIN1810-AB32"(PDF).FederalRegister.81(236):88894Column3.8December2016. ^page21.ElementaryandSecondaryEducationActof1965[AsAmendedThroughP.L.115–224,EnactedJuly31,2018],TitleI–ImprovingtheAcademicAchievementoftheDisadvantaged,PartA–ImprovingBasicProgramsOperatedbyLocalEducationalAgencies,SubpartI–BasicProgramRequirements,Sec.1111[20U.S.C.6311]StatePlans,(b)ChallengingAcademicStandardsandAcademicAssessments,(2)AcademicAssessments,(B)Requirements,(viii),(I)https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/ElementaryAndSecondaryEducationActOf1965.pdf ^MARYLANDSTATEDEPARTMENTOFEDUCATION,StudentTestingCalendarSchoolYear2018‐2019,OfficialasofSeptember3,2018,http://marylandpublicschools.org/programs/Documents/Testing/MSDETestingCalendar.pdf ^p.424,EveryStudentSucceedsAct, January6,2015,SEC.8526A.[20U.S.C.7906a]PROHIBITIONAGAINSTFEDERALMANDATES,DIRECTION,ORCONTROLhttps://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/ElementaryAndSecondaryEducationActOf1965.pdf ^p.431,EveryStudentSucceedsAct. January6,2015,SEC.8544.[20U.S.C.7924]STATECONTROLOVERSTANDARDShttps://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/ElementaryAndSecondaryEducationActOf1965.pdf ^p.431,EveryStudentSucceedsAct. January6,2015,SEC.8544.[20U.S.C.7924]STATECONTROLOVERSTANDARDS. https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/ElementaryAndSecondaryEducationActOf1965.pdf ^"FloridaGovernorsignsordereliminatingCommonCore,OrlandoSentinel,1/31/19". ^Mark,Sandy(January20,2017)."Memorandum:ImplementationofRegulatoryFreeze".whitehouse.gov.WhiteHousePressOffice.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary27,2017.RetrievedFebruary16,2017. ^Alyson,Klein(February10,2017)."BetsyDeVostoStateChiefs:FullSpeedAheadontheEveryStudentSucceedsAct".EducationWeek.RetrievedFebruary16,2017. ^DeVos,Betsy(February10,2017)."BetsyDeVosletterofFebruary10,2017"(PDF).ed.gov.U.S.DepartmentofEducation.RetrievedFebruary16,2017. ^Ujifusa,Andrew."HowHaveObama'sK-12PoliciesFaredUnderTrump?".EducationWeek.Retrieved2018-06-20. Externallinks[edit] Fulltext Congress.govbillprofile U.S.DepartmentofEducationFactSheet:TestingActionPlan MarylandStateDepartmentofEducationTestingCalendar2018-19 ElementaryAndSecondaryEducationActOf1965(AsAmendedThroughP.L.115-224,EnactedJuly31,2018).pdf DistrictsTackletheToughWorkofMakingESSAaReality-EducationWeek,April2019 ESSASummit2019Takeaways,edweek.org Portals: Education Schools UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Every_Student_Succeeds_Act&oldid=1109632325" Categories:Actsofthe114thUnitedStatesCongress2015ineducationPubliceducationintheUnitedStatesUnitedStatesfederaleducationlegislationEducationpolicyintheUnitedStatesStandards-basededucationHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataArticlescontainingvideoclips Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages Addlinks