Walrus - Wikipedia

The walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) is a large flippered marine mammal with a discontinuous distribution about the North Pole in the Arctic Ocean and subarctic ... Walrus FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Speciesofmarinemammalwithtusks Forotheruses,seeWalrus(disambiguation). WalrusTemporalrange:PleistocenetoRecent MalePacificwalrus FemalePacificwalruswithyoung Conservationstatus Vulnerable (IUCN3.1)[1] Scientificclassification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Clade: Pinnipedia Family: Odobenidae Genus: OdobenusBrisson,1762 Species: O. rosmarus Binomialname Odobenusrosmarus(Linnaeus,1758) Subspecies O.rosmarusrosmarus O.rosmarusdivergens O.rosmaruslaptevi(debated) Distributionofwalrus Synonyms PhocarosmarusLinnaeus,1758 TrichechusrosmarusLinnaeus,1766 Walruscowsandyearlings(shorttusks) Thewalrus(Odobenusrosmarus)isalargeflipperedmarinemammalwithadiscontinuousdistributionabouttheNorthPoleintheArcticOceanandsubarcticseasoftheNorthernHemisphere.ThewalrusistheonlylivingspeciesinthefamilyOdobenidaeandgenusOdobenus.Thisspeciesissubdividedintotwosubspecies:[2]theAtlanticwalrus(O.r.rosmarus),whichlivesintheAtlanticOcean,andthePacificwalrus(O.r.divergens),whichlivesinthePacificOcean. Adultwalrusarecharacterisedbyprominenttusksandwhiskers,andtheirconsiderablebulk:adultmalesinthePacificcanweighmorethan2,000kilograms(4,400pounds)[3]and,amongpinnipeds,areexceededinsizeonlybythetwospeciesofelephantseals.[4]Walruseslivemostlyinshallowwatersabovethecontinentalshelves,spendingsignificantamountsoftheirlivesontheseaicelookingforbenthicbivalvemolluskstoeat.Walrusesarerelativelylong-lived,socialanimals,andtheyareconsideredtobea"keystonespecies"intheArcticmarineregions. ThewalrushasplayedaprominentroleintheculturesofmanyindigenousArcticpeoples,whohavehuntedthewalrusforitsmeat,fat,skin,tusks,andbone.Duringthe19thcenturyandtheearly20thcentury,walruseswerewidelyhuntedandkilledfortheirblubber,walrusivory,andmeat.ThepopulationofwalrusesdroppedrapidlyallaroundtheArcticregion.Theirpopulationhasreboundedsomewhatsincethen,thoughthepopulationsofAtlanticandLaptevwalrusesremainfragmentedandatlowlevelscomparedwiththetimebeforehumaninterference. Contents 1Etymology 2Taxonomyandevolution 3Anatomy 3.1Tusksanddentition 3.2Vibrissae(whiskers) 3.3Skin 4Lifehistory 4.1Reproduction 4.2Migration 5Ecology 5.1Rangeandhabitat 5.2Diet 5.3Predators 6Relationshipwithhumans 6.1Conservation 6.2Culture 6.2.1Folklore 6.2.2Literature 7Seealso 8References 9Furtherreading 10Externallinks Etymology Walrus,labeledRosmaruspiscis,isdepictedinа16th-centurymapofScandinavia(theCartaMarina) TheoriginofthewordwalrusderivesfromaGermaniclanguage,andithasbeenattributedlargelytoeithertheDutchlanguageorOldNorse.ItsfirstpartisthoughttoderivefromawordsuchasOldNorsehvalr('whale')andthesecondparthasbeenhypothesizedtocomefromtheOldNorsewordhross('horse').[5]Forexample,theOldNorsewordhrosshvalrmeans'horse-whale'andisthoughttohavebeenpassedinaninvertedformtobothDutchandthedialectsofnorthernGermanyaswalrosandWalross.[6]AnalternativetheoryisthatitcomesfromtheDutchwordswal'shore'andreus'giant'.[7] ThespeciesnamerosmarusisScandinavian.TheNorwegianmanuscriptKonungsskuggsjá,thoughttodatefromaroundAD1240,referstothewalrusasrosmhvalrinIcelandandrostungrinGreenland(walruseswerebynowextinctinIcelandandNorway,whilethewordevolvedinGreenland).SeveralplacenamesinIceland,GreenlandandNorwaymayoriginatefromwalrussites:Hvalfjord,HvallatrarandHvalsnestonamesome,allbeingtypicalwalrusbreedinggrounds. ThearchaicEnglishwordforwalrus—morse—iswidelythoughttohavecomefromtheSlaviclanguages,[8]whichinturnborroweditfromFinno-Ugriclanguages,andultimately(accordingtoAnteAikio)fromanunknownPre-Finno-UgricsubstratelanguageofNorthernEurope.[9]Compareморж(morž)inRussian,mursuinFinnish,moršainNorthernSaami,andmorseinFrench.OlausMagnus,whodepictedthewalrusintheCartaMarinain1539,firstreferredtothewalrusastherosmarus,probablyaLatinizationofmorž,andthiswasadoptedbyLinnaeusinhisbinomialnomenclature.[10] ThecoincidentalsimilaritybetweenmorseandtheLatinwordmorsus('abite')supposedlycontributedtothewalrus'sreputationasa"terriblemonster".[10] ThecompoundOdobenuscomesfromodous(Greekfor'teeth')andbaino(Greekfor'walk'),basedonobservationsofwalrusesusingtheirtuskstopullthemselvesoutofthewater.ThetermdivergensinLatinmeans'turningapart',referringtotheirtusks.[11] Taxonomyandevolution ThewalrusisamammalintheorderCarnivora.ItisthesolesurvivingmemberofthefamilyOdobenidae,oneofthreelineagesinthesuborderPinnipediaalongwithtrueseals(Phocidae)andearedseals(Otariidae).Whiletherehasbeensomedebateastowhetherallthreelineagesaremonophyletic,i.e.descendedfromasingleancestor,ordiphyletic,recentgeneticevidencesuggestsallthreedescendedfromacaniformancestormostcloselyrelatedtomodernbears.[12]Recentmultigeneanalysisindicatestheodobenidsandotariidsdivergedfromthephocidsabout20–26millionyearsago,whiletheodobenidsandtheotariidsseparated15–20millionyearsago.[13][14]Odobenidaewasonceahighlydiverseandwidespreadfamily,includingatleasttwentyspeciesinthesubfamiliesImagotariinae,DusignathinaeandOdobeninae.[15]Thekeydistinguishingfeaturewasthedevelopmentofasquirt/suctionfeedingmechanism;tusksarealaterfeaturespecifictoOdobeninae,ofwhichthemodernwalrusisthelastremaining(relict)species. Twosubspeciesofwalrusarewidelyrecognized:theAtlanticwalrus,O.r.rosmarus(Linnaeus,1758)andthePacificwalrus,O.r.divergens(Illiger,1815).FixedgeneticdifferencesbetweentheAtlanticandPacificsubspeciesindicateveryrestrictedgeneflow,butrelativelyrecentseparation,estimatedat500,000and785,000yearsago.[16]ThesedatescoincidewiththehypothesisderivedfromfossilsthatthewalrusevolvedfromatropicalorsubtropicalancestorthatbecameisolatedintheAtlanticOceanandgraduallyadaptedtocolderconditionsintheArctic.[16]Fromthere,itpresumablyrecolonizedtheNorthPacificOceanduringhighglaciationperiodsinthePleistoceneviatheCentralAmericanSeaway.[13] AnisolatedpopulationintheLaptevSeawasconsideredbysomeauthorities,includingmanyRussianbiologistsandthecanonicalMammalSpeciesoftheWorld,[2]tobeathirdsubspecies,O.r.laptevi(Chapskii,1940),buthassincebeendeterminedtobeofPacificwalrusorigin.[17] Anatomy YoungmalePacificwalrusesonCapePierceinAlaska,showingvariationinthecurvatureandorientationofthetusksandthebumpyskin(bosses)typicalofmales. WalrususingitstuskstohangonabreathingholeintheicenearSt.LawrenceIsland,BeringSea Skeleton Skullwithouttusk WhilesomeoutsizedPacificmalescanweighasmuchas2,000 kg(4,400 lb),mostweighbetween800and1,700 kg(1,800and3,700 lb).AnoccasionalmaleofthePacificsubspeciesfarexceedsnormaldimensions.In1909,awalrushideweighing500 kg(1,100 lb)wascollectedfromanenormousbullinFranzJosefLand,whileinAugust1910,JackWoodsonshota4.9-metre-long(16 ft)walrus,harvestingits450 kg(1,000 lb)hide.Sinceawalrus'shideusuallyaccountsforabout20%ofitsbodyweight,thetotalbodymassofthesetwogiantsisestimatedtohavebeenatleast2,300 kg(5,000 lb).[18]TheAtlanticsubspeciesweighsabout10–20%lessthanthePacificsubspecies.[4]MaleAtlanticwalrusweighanaverageof900 kg(2,000 lb).[3]TheAtlanticwalrusalsotendstohaverelativelyshortertusksandsomewhatmoreflattenedsnout.Femalesweighabouttwo-thirdsasmuchasmales,withtheAtlanticfemalesaveraging560 kg(1,230 lb),sometimesweighingaslittleas400 kg(880 lb),andthePacificfemaleaveraging800 kg(1,800 lb).[19]Lengthtypicallyrangesfrom2.2to3.6 m(7 ft3 into11 ft10 in).[20][21]Newbornwalrusesarealreadyquitelarge,averaging33to85 kg(73to187 lb)inweightand1to1.4 m(3 ft3 into4 ft7 in)inlengthacrossbothsexesandsubspecies.[1]Alltold,thewalrusisthethirdlargestpinnipedspecies,afterthetwoelephantseals.Walrusesmaintainsuchahighbodyweightbecauseoftheblubberstoredunderneaththeirskin.Thisblubberkeepsthemwarmandthefatprovidesenergytothewalrus. Thewalrus'sbodyshapesharesfeatureswithbothsealions(earedseals:Otariidae)andseals(trueseals:Phocidae).Aswithotariids,itcanturnitsrearflippersforwardandmoveonallfours;however,itsswimmingtechniqueismorelikethatoftrueseals,relyinglessonflippersandmoreonsinuouswholebodymovements.[4]Alsolikephocids,itlacksexternalears. Theextraocularmusclesofthewalrusarewell-developed.Thisanditslackoforbitalroofallowittoprotrudeitseyesandseeinbothafrontalanddorsaldirection.However,visioninthisspeciesappearstobemoresuitedforshort-range.[22] Tusksanddentition Skullwithtusks Tooth Whilethiswasnottrueofallextinctwalruses,[23]themostprominentfeatureofthelivingspeciesisitslongtusks.Theseareelongatedcanines,whicharepresentinbothmaleandfemalewalrusesandcanreachalengthof1m(3 ft3in)andweighupto5.4 kg(12 lb).[24]Tusksareslightlylongerandthickeramongmales,whichusethemforfighting,dominanceanddisplay;thestrongestmaleswiththelargesttuskstypicallydominatesocialgroups.Tusksarealsousedtoformandmaintainholesintheiceandaidthewalrusinclimbingoutofwaterontoice.[25]Tuskswereoncethoughttobeusedtodigoutpreyfromtheseabed,butanalysesofabrasionpatternsonthetusksindicatetheyaredraggedthroughthesedimentwhiletheupperedgeofthesnoutisusedfordigging.[26]Whilethedentitionofwalrusesishighlyvariable,theygenerallyhaverelativelyfewteethotherthanthetusks.Themaximalnumberofteethis38withdentitionformula:3.1.4.23.1.3.2,butoverhalfoftheteetharerudimentaryandoccurwithlessthan50%frequency,suchthatatypicaldentitionincludesonly18teeth1.1.3.00.1.3.0[4] Vibrissae(whiskers) Surroundingthetusksisabroadmatofstiffbristles("mystacialvibrissae"),givingthewalrusacharacteristicwhiskeredappearance.Therecanbe400to700vibrissaein13to15rowsreaching30 cm(12 in)inlength,thoughinthewildtheyareoftenworntomuchshorterlengthsduetoconstantuseinforaging.[27]Thevibrissaeareattachedtomusclesandaresuppliedwithbloodandnerves,makingthemhighlysensitiveorganscapableofdifferentiatingshapes3 mm(1⁄8 in)thickand2 mm(3⁄32 in)wide.[27] Skin Asidefromthevibrissae,thewalrusissparselycoveredwithfurandappearsbald.Itsskinishighlywrinkledandthick,upto10 cm(4 in)aroundtheneckandshouldersofmales.Theblubberlayerbeneathisupto15 cm(6 in)thick.Youngwalrusesaredeepbrownandgrowpalerandmorecinnamon-coloredastheyage.Oldmales,inparticular,becomenearlypink.Becauseskinbloodvesselsconstrictincoldwater,thewalruscanappearalmostwhitewhenswimming.Asasecondarysexualcharacteristic,malesalsoacquiresignificantnodules,called"bosses",particularlyaroundtheneckandshoulders.[25] NativeAlaskanwomandresseswalrusskin Thewalrushasanairsacunderitsthroatwhichactslikeaflotationbubbleandallowsittobobverticallyinthewaterandsleep.Themalespossessalargebaculum(penisbone),upto63 cm(25 in)inlength,thelargestofanylandmammal,bothinabsolutesizeandrelativetobodysize.[4] Lifehistory Walrusesfighting AherdofwalrusesonNorthbrookIsland,FranzJosefLand,Russia Reproduction Walruseslivetoabout20–30yearsoldinthewild.[28]Themalesreachsexualmaturityasearlyassevenyears,butdonottypicallymateuntilfullydevelopedataround15yearsofage.[4]TheyrutfromJanuarythroughApril,decreasingtheirfoodintakedramatically.Thefemalesbeginovulatingassoonasfourtosixyearsold.[4]Thefemalesarediestrous,comingintoheatinlatesummerandalsoaroundFebruary,yetthemalesarefertileonlyaroundFebruary;thepotentialfertilityofthissecondperiodisunknown.BreedingoccursfromJanuarytoMarch,peakinginFebruary.Malesaggregateinthewateraroundice-boundgroupsofestrousfemalesandengageincompetitivevocaldisplays.[29]Thefemalesjointhemandcopulateinthewater.[25] AwalruspupatKamogawaSeaworld,Japan Gestationlasts15to16months.Thefirstthreetofourmonthsarespentwiththeblastulainsuspendeddevelopmentbeforeitimplantsitselfintheuterus.Thisstrategyofdelayedimplantation,commonamongpinnipeds,presumablyevolvedtooptimizeboththematingseasonandthebirthingseason,determinedbyecologicalconditionsthatpromotenewbornsurvival.[30]Calvesarebornduringthespringmigration,fromApriltoJune.Theyweigh45to75 kg(99to165 lb)atbirthandareabletoswim.Themothersnurseforoverayearbeforeweaning,buttheyoungcanspenduptofiveyearswiththemothers.[25]Walrusmilkcontainshigheramountsoffatsandproteincomparedtolandanimalsbutlowercomparedtophocidseals.[31]Thislowerfatcontentinturncausesaslowergrowthrateamongcalvesandalongernursinginvestmentfortheirmothers.[32]Becauseovulationissuppresseduntilthecalfisweaned,femalesgivebirthatmosteverytwoyears,leavingthewalruswiththelowestreproductiverateofanypinniped.[33] Migration Therestoftheyear(latesummerandfall),walrusestendtoformmassiveaggregationsoftensofthousandsofindividualsonrockybeachesoroutcrops.Themigrationbetweentheiceandthebeachcanbelong-distanceanddramatic.Inlatespringandsummer,forexample,severalhundredthousandPacificwalrusesmigratefromtheBeringSeaintotheChukchiSeathroughtherelativelynarrowBeringStrait.[25][34] Ecology Rangeandhabitat ThemajorityofthepopulationofthePacificwalrusspendsitssummersnorthoftheBeringStraitintheChukchiSeaoftheArcticOceanalongthenortherncoastofeasternSiberia,aroundWrangelIsland,intheBeaufortSeaalongthenorthernshoreofAlaskasouthtoUnimakIsland,[35]andinthewatersbetweenthoselocations.SmallernumbersofmalessummerintheGulfofAnadyronthesoutherncoastoftheSiberianChukchiPeninsula,andinBristolBayoffthesoutherncoastofAlaska,westoftheAlaskaPeninsula.Inthespringandfall,walrusescongregatethroughouttheBeringStrait,reachingfromthewesterncoastofAlaskatotheGulfofAnadyr.TheywinteroverintheBeringSeaalongtheeasterncoastofSiberiasouthtothenorthernpartoftheKamchatkaPeninsula,andalongthesoutherncoastofAlaska.[4]A28,000-year-oldfossilwalruswasdredgedupfromthebottomofSanFranciscoBay,indicatingthatPacificwalrusesrangedthatfarsouthduringthelastIceAge.[36] CommercialharvestingreducedthepopulationofthePacificwalrustobetween50,000and100,000inthe1950s-1960s.Limitsoncommercialhuntingallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapeakinthe1970s-1980s,butsubsequently,walrusnumbershaveagaindeclined.EarlyaerialcensusesofPacificwalrusconductedatfive-yearintervalsbetween1975and1985estimatedpopulationsofabove220,000ineachofthethreesurveys.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] In2006,thepopulationofthePacificwalruswasestimatedtobearound129,000onthebasisofanaerialcensuscombinedwithsatellitetracking.[46][47]Therewereroughly200,000Pacificwalrusesin1990.[48][49] ThemuchsmallerpopulationofAtlanticwalrusesrangesfromtheCanadianArctic,acrossGreenland,Svalbard,andthewesternpartofArcticRussia.ThereareeighthypotheticalsubpopulationsofAtlanticwalruses,basedlargelyontheirgeographicaldistributionandmovements:fivewestofGreenlandandthreeeastofGreenland.[50]TheAtlanticwalrusoncerangedsouthtoSableIsland,NovaScotia,andaslateasthe18thcenturywasfoundinlargenumbersintheGreaterGulfofSt.Lawrenceregion,sometimesincoloniesofupto7,000to8,000individuals.[51]Thispopulationwasnearlyeradicatedbycommercialharvest;theircurrentnumbers,thoughdifficulttoestimate,probablyremainbelow20,000.[52][53]InApril2006,theCanadianSpeciesatRiskActlistedthepopulationofthenorthwesternAtlanticwalrusinQuebec,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,NewfoundlandandLabradorashavingbeeneradicatedinCanada.[54]AgeneticallydistinctpopulationexistedinIcelandthatwaswipedoutafterNorsesettlementaround1213–1330AD.[55] TheisolatedpopulationofLaptevSeawalrusesisconfinedyear-roundtothecentralandwesternregionsoftheLaptevSea,theeastmostregionsoftheKaraSea,andthewestmostregionsoftheEastSiberianSea.Thecurrentpopulationofthesewalruseshasbeenestimatedtobebetween5,000and10,000.[56] Eventhoughwalrusescandivetodepthsbeyond500meters,theyspendmostoftheirtimeinshallowwaters(andthenearbyicefloes)huntingforfood.[citationneeded][57][58] InMarch2021,asinglewalrus,nicknamedWallytheWalrus,wassightedatValentiaIsland,Ireland,farsouthofitstypicalrange,potentiallyduetohavingfallenasleeponanicebergthatthendriftedsouthtowardsIreland.[59]Dayslater,awalrus,thoughttobethesameanimal,wasspottedonthePembrokeshirecoast,Wales.[60] InJune2022,asinglewalruswassightedontheshoresoftheBalticSea-atRügenIsland,Germany,Mielno,PolandandSkälderBay,Sweden.[61][62][63]InJuly2022,therewasareportofalost,starvingwalrusinthecoastalwatersofthetownsofHaminaandKotkainKymenlaakso,Finland,[64][65]that,despiterescueattempts,diedofstarvationwhentherescuerstriedtotransportittotheKorkeasaariZoofortreatment.[66][67] Diet Vibrissaeofacaptivewalrus(Japan) Walrusesleavingthewater Walrusesprefershallowshelfregionsandforageprimarilyontheseafloor,oftenfromseaiceplatforms.[4]Theyarenotparticularlydeepdiverscomparedtootherpinnipeds;thedeepestdivesinastudyofAtlanticwalrusnearSvalbardwereonly31±17 m(102 ft)[68]butamorerecentstudyrecordeddivesexceeding500 m(1640 ft)inSmithSound,betweenNWGreenlandandArcticCanada-ingeneralpeakdivedepthcanbeexpectedtodependonpreydistributionandseabeddepth.[58] Thewalrushasadiverseandopportunisticdiet,feedingonmorethan60generaofmarineorganisms,includingshrimp,crabs,tubeworms,softcorals,tunicates,seacucumbers,variousmollusks(suchassnails,octopuses,andsquid),sometypesofslow-movingfish,[69]andevenpartsofotherpinnipeds.[70]However,itprefersbenthicbivalvemollusks,especiallyclams,forwhichitforagesbygrazingalongtheseabottom,searchingandidentifyingpreywithitssensitivevibrissaeandclearingthemurkybottomswithjetsofwaterandactiveflippermovements.[71]Thewalrussucksthemeatoutbysealingitspowerfullipstotheorganismandwithdrawingitspiston-liketonguerapidlyintoitsmouth,creatingavacuum.Thewalruspalateisuniquelyvaulted,enablingeffectivesuction.ThedietofthePacificwalrusconsistalmostexclusivelyofbenthicinvertebrates(97percent).[72] Asidefromthelargenumbersoforganismsactuallyconsumedbythewalrus,itsforaginghasalargeperipheralimpactonbenthiccommunities.Itdisturbs(bioturbates)theseafloor,releasingnutrientsintothewatercolumn,encouragingmixingandmovementofmanyorganismsandincreasingthepatchinessofthebenthos.[26] SealtissuehasbeenobservedinfairlysignificantproportionofwalrusstomachsinthePacific,buttheimportanceofsealsinthewalrusdietisunderdebate.[73]Therehavebeenisolatedobservationsofwalrusespreyingonsealsuptothesizeofa200 kg(440 lb)beardedseal.[74][75]Rarely,incidentsofwalrusespreyingonseabirds,particularlytheBrünnich'sguillemot(Urialomvia),havebeendocumented.[76]Walrusesmayoccasionallypreyonice-entrappednarwhalsandscavengeonwhalecarcassesbutthereislittleevidencetoprovethis.[77][78] Predators Duetoitsgreatsizeandtusks,thewalrushasonlytwonaturalpredators:theorcaandthepolarbear.[79]Thewalrusdoesnot,however,compriseasignificantcomponentofeitherofthesepredators'diets.Boththeorcaandthepolarbeararealsomostlikelytopreyonwalruscalves.Thepolarbearoftenhuntsthewalrusbyrushingatbeachedaggregationsandconsumingtheindividualscrushedorwoundedinthesuddenexodus,typicallyyoungerorinfirmanimals.[80]Thebearsalsoisolatewalruseswhentheyoverwinterandareunabletoescapeachargingbearduetoinaccessibledivingholesintheice.[81]However,evenaninjuredwalrusisaformidableopponentforapolarbear,anddirectattacksarerare.Armedwithitsivorytusks,walruseshavebeenknowntofatallyinjurepolarbearsinbattlesifthelatterfollowstheotherintothewater,wherethebearisatadisadvantage.[82]Polarbear–walrusbattlesareoftenextremelyprotractedandexhausting,andbearshavebeenknowntobreakawayfromtheattackafterinjuringawalrus.Orcasregularlyattackwalruses,althoughwalrusesarebelievedtohavesuccessfullydefendedthemselvesviacounterattackagainstthelargercetacean.[83]However,orcashavebeenobservedsuccessfullyattackingwalruseswithfewornoinjuries.[84] Relationshipwithhumans Conservation Inthe18thand19thcenturies,thewalruswasheavilyexploitedbyAmericanandEuropeansealersandwhalers,leadingtothenear-extirpationoftheAtlanticsubspecies.[85]Commercialwalrusharvestingisnowoutlawedthroughoutitsrange,althoughChukchi,YupikandInuitpeoples[86]arepermittedtokillsmallnumberstowardstheendofeachsummer. Traditionalhuntersusedallpartsofthewalrus.[87]Themeat,oftenpreserved,isanimportantwinternutritionsource;theflippersarefermentedandstoredasadelicacyuntilspring;tusksandbonewerehistoricallyusedfortools,aswellasmaterialforhandicrafts;theoilwasrenderedforwarmthandlight;thetoughhidemaderopeandhouseandboatcoverings;andtheintestinesandgutliningsmadewaterproofparkas.Whilesomeoftheseuseshavefadedwithaccesstoalternativetechnologies,walrusmeatremainsanimportantpartoflocaldiets,[88]andtuskcarvingandengravingremainavitalartform. AccordingtoAdolfErikNordenskiöld,EuropeanhuntersandArcticexplorersfoundwalrusmeatnotparticularlytasty,andonlyateitincaseofnecessity;howeverwalrustonguewasadelicacy.[89] Huntersittingondozensofwalruseskilledfortheirtusks,1911 WalrustuskscrimshawmadebyChukchiartisansdepictingpolarbearsattackingwalruses,ondisplayintheMagadanRegionalMuseum,Magadan,Russia TrainedwalrusincaptivityatMarineland WalrusbeingfedatSkanseninStockholm,Sweden,1908 WalrushuntsareregulatedbyresourcemanagersinRussia,theUnitedStates,Canada,andGreenland(self-governingcountryintheKingdomofDenmark),andrepresentativesoftherespectivehuntingcommunities.AnestimatedfourtoseventhousandPacificwalrusesareharvestedinAlaskaandinRussia,includingasignificantportion(about42%)ofstruckandlostanimals.[90]SeveralhundredareremovedannuallyaroundGreenland.[91]Thesustainabilityoftheselevelsofharvestisdifficulttodeterminegivenuncertainpopulationestimatesandparameterssuchasfecundityandmortality.TheBooneandCrockettBigGameRecordbookhasentriesforAtlanticandPacificwalrus.Therecordedlargesttusksarejustover30inchesand37incheslongrespectively.[92] Theeffectsofglobalclimatechangeareanotherelementofconcern.Theextentandthicknessofthepackicehasreachedunusuallylowlevelsinseveralrecentyears.Thewalrusreliesonthisicewhilegivingbirthandaggregatinginthereproductiveperiod.ThinnerpackiceovertheBeringSeahasreducedtheamountofrestinghabitatnearoptimalfeedinggrounds.Thismorewidelyseparateslactatingfemalesfromtheircalves,increasingnutritionalstressfortheyoungandlowerreproductiverates.[93]ReducedcoastalseaicehasalsobeenimplicatedintheincreaseofstampedingdeathscrowdingtheshorelinesoftheChukchiSeabetweeneasternRussiaandwesternAlaska.[94][95]Analysisoftrendsinicecoverpublishedin2012indicatethatPacificwalruspopulationsarelikelytocontinuetodeclinefortheforeseeablefuture,andshiftfurthernorth,butthatcarefulconservationmanagementmightbeabletolimittheseeffects.[96] Currently,twoofthethreewalrussubspeciesarelistedas"least-concern"bytheIUCN,whilethethirdis"datadeficient".[1]ThePacificwalrusisnotlistedas"depleted"accordingtotheMarineMammalProtectionActnoras"threatened"or"endangered"undertheEndangeredSpeciesAct.TheRussianAtlanticandLaptevSeapopulationsareclassifiedasCategory2(decreasing)andCategory3(rare)intheRussianRedBook.[56]GlobaltradeinwalrusivoryisrestrictedaccordingtoaCITESAppendix3listing.InOctober2017,theCenterforBiologicalDiversityannouncedtheywouldsuetheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicetoforceittoclassifythePacificWalrusasathreatenedorendangeredspecies.[97] In1952,walrusesinSvalbardwerenearlygoneduetoivoryhuntingovera300yearsperiod,buttheNorwegiangovernmentbannedtheircommercialhuntingandthewalrusesbegantoreboundin2006,makingtheirpopulationincreaseto2,629.[citationneeded] Culture Folklore ThewalrusplaysanimportantroleinthereligionandfolkloreofmanyArcticpeoples.Skinandboneareusedinsomeceremonies,andtheanimalappearsfrequentlyinlegends.Forexample,inaChukchiversionofthewidespreadmythoftheRaven,inwhichRavenrecoversthesunandthemoonfromanevilspiritbyseducinghisdaughter,theangryfatherthrowsthedaughterfromahighcliffand,asshedropsintothewater,sheturnsintoawalrus–possiblytheoriginalwalrus.[clarificationneeded]Accordingtovariouslegends,thetusksareformedeitherbythetrailsofmucusfromtheweepinggirlorherlongbraids.[98]ThismythispossiblyrelatedtotheChukchimythoftheoldwalrus-headedwomanwhorulesthebottomofthesea,whoisinturnlinkedtotheInuitgoddessSedna.BothinChukotkaandAlaska,theauroraborealisisbelievedtobeaspecialworldinhabitedbythosewhodiedbyviolence,thechangingraysrepresentingdeceasedsoulsplayingballwithawalrushead.[98][99] WalrusivorymasksmadebyYupikinAlaska JohnTenniel'sillustrationforLewisCarroll'spoem"TheWalrusandtheCarpenter" DutchexplorersfightawalrusonthecoastofNovayaZemlya,1596 Mostofthedistinctive12th-centuryLewisChessmenfromnorthernEuropearecarvedfromwalrusivory,thoughafewhavebeenfoundtobemadeofwhales'teeth. Literature Becauseofitsdistinctiveappearance,greatbulk,andimmediatelyrecognizablewhiskersandtusks,thewalrusalsoappearsinthepopularculturesofpeopleswithlittledirectexperiencewiththeanimal,particularlyinEnglishchildren'sliterature.Perhapsitsbest-knownappearanceisinLewisCarroll'swhimsicalpoem"TheWalrusandtheCarpenter"thatappearsinhis1871bookThroughtheLooking-Glass.Inthepoem,theeponymousantiheroesusetrickerytoconsumeagreatnumberofoysters.AlthoughCarrollaccuratelyportraysthebiologicalwalrus'sappetiteforbivalvemollusks,oysters,primarilynearshoreandintertidalinhabitants,theseorganismsinfactcompriseaninsignificantportionofitsdietincaptivity.[100] The"walrus"inthecrypticBeatlessong"IAmtheWalrus"isareferencetotheLewisCarrollpoem.[101] Anotherappearanceofthewalrusinliteratureisinthestory"TheWhiteSeal"inRudyardKipling'sTheJungleBook,whereitisthe"oldSeaVitch—thebig,ugly,bloated,pimpled,fat-necked,long-tuskedwalrusoftheNorthPacific,whohasnomannersexceptwhenheisasleep".[102] Seealso Elephantseal 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^KiplingR(1994)[1894].TheJungleBook.Harmondsworth,England:PenguinPopularClassics.p. 84.ISBN 0-14-062104-0. Furtherreading HeptnerVG,NasimovichAA,BannikovAG,HoffmannRS(1996).MammalsoftheSovietUnion.Vol. 2part3.Washington,D.C.:SmithsonianInstitutionLibrariesandNationalScienceFoundation. Externallinks LookupwalrusinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Wikisourcehasthetextofthe1911EncyclopædiaBritannicaarticle"Walrus". DatarelatedtoOdobenusrosmarusatWikispecies MediarelatedtoOdobenusrosmarusatWikimediaCommons BiologistTracksWalrusesForcedAshoreAsIceMelts–audioreportbyNPR ThousandsOfWalrusesCrowdAshoreDueToMeltingSeaIce–videobyNationalGeographic VoicesintheSea–SoundsoftheWalrusArchived9July2014attheWaybackMachine vteGeneraofpinnipedsandtheirstem-allies Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Mammalia Order:Carnivora Suborder:Caniformia Infraorder:Arctoidea Pan-Pinnipedia†Amphicynodontidae Allocyon Amphicticeps Amphicynodon Drassonax Kolponomos Pachycynodon Parictis Wangictis †Semantoridae Necromites Potamotherium Puijila Semantor Pinnipedimorpha †Enaliarctos Pinnipediformes †Pacificotaria †Pinnarctidion †Pteronarctos PinnipediaPhocidae †Devinophoca Monachinae †Magnotherium Monachini †Afrophoca †Auroraphoca †Messiphoca Monachus Neomonachus †Noriphoca †Palmidophoca †Pliophoca †Pontophoca †Pristiphoca †Terranectes Miroungini †Callophoca Mirounga Lobodontini †Acrophoca †Australophoca †Hadrokirus †Homiphoca Hydrurga Leptonychotes Lobodon Ommatophoca †Piscophoca †Properiptychus †Virginiaphoca Phocinae †Cryptophoca †Frisiphoca †Kawas †Leptophoca †Monachopsis †Monotherium †Phocanella †Prophoca †Sarmatonectes Erignathini Erignathus †Platyphoca Cystophorini Cystophora †Miophoca †Pachyphoca Phocini †Batavipusa †Gryphoca Halichoerus Histriophoca †Nanophoca Pagophilus Phoca †Planopusa †Praepusa Pusa Otarioidea seebelow↓ Otarioidea†Desmatophocidae Allodesmus Atopotarus Desmatophoca Eodesmus Odobenidae †Archaeodobenus †Imagotaria †Kamtschatarctos †Nanodobenus †Neotherium †Osodobenus †Pelagiarctos †Pontolis †Proneotherium †Prototaria †Pseudotaria †Titanotaria Neodobenia†Dusignathinae Dusignathus Gomphotaria Odobeninae †Aivukus Odobenus †Ontocetus †Pliopedia †Protodobenus †Valenictus Panotariidae †Eotaria OtariidaeCallorhinae Callorhinus †Pithanotaria Otariinae †Thalassoleon Zalophini Eumetopias †Oriensarctos †Proterozetes Zalophus Otariini Arctocephalus Arctophoca †Hydrarctos Neophoca Otaria Phocarctos Lists Listofpinnipeds Listoffossilpinnipedimorphs vteExtantCarnivoraspecies Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Mammalia Infraclass:Eutheria Superorder:Laurasiatheria SuborderFeliformiaNandiniidaeNandinia Africanpalmcivet(N.binotata) Herpestidae(Mongooses)Atilax Marshmongoose(A.paludinosus) Bdeogale Bushy-tailedmongoose(B.crassicauda) Jackson'smongoose(B.jacksoni) Black-footedmongoose(B.nigripes) Crossarchus Alexander'skusimanse(C.alexandri) Angolankusimanse(C.ansorgei) Commonkusimanse(C.obscurus) Flat-headedkusimanse(C.platycephalus) Cynictis Yellowmongoose(C.penicillata) Dologale Pousargues'smongoose(D.dybowskii) Helogale Ethiopiandwarfmongoose(H.hirtula) Commondwarfmongoose(H.parvula) Herpestes Angolanslendermongoose(H.flavescens) Egyptianmongoose(H.ichneumon) Somalianslendermongoose(H.ochracea) Capegraymongoose(H.pulverulenta) Commonslendermongoose(H.sanguinea) Ichneumia White-tailedmongoose(I.albicauda) Liberiictus Liberianmongoose(L.kuhni) Mungos Gambianmongoose(M.gambianus) Bandedmongoose(M.mungo) Paracynictis Selous'smongoose(P.selousi) Rhynchogale Meller'smongoose(R.melleri) Suricata Meerkat(S.suricatta) Urva SmallIndianmongoose(U.auropunctata) Short-tailedmongoose(U.brachyura) Indiangreymongoose(U.edwardsii) Indianbrownmongoose(U.fusca) Javanmongoose(U.javanica) Collaredmongoose(U.semitorquata) Ruddymongoose(U.smithii) Crab-eatingmongoose(U.urva) Stripe-neckedmongoose(U.vitticolla) Xenogale Long-nosedmongoose(X.naso) Hyaenidae(Hyenas)Crocuta Spottedhyena(C.crocuta) Hyaena Stripedhyena(H.hyaena) Parahyaena Brownhyena(P.brunnea) Proteles Aardwolf(P.cristata) FelidaeLargefamilylistedbelowViverridaeLargefamilylistedbelowEupleridaeSmallfamilylistedbelowFamilyFelidaeFelinaeAcinonyx Cheetah(A.jubatus) Caracal Africangoldencat(C.aurata) Caracal(C.caracal) Catopuma Baycat(C.badia) Asiangoldencat(C.temminckii) Felis Chinesemountaincat(F.bieti) Domesticcat(F.catus) Junglecat(F.chaus) Africanwildcat(F.lybica) Sandcat(F.margarita) Black-footedcat(F.nigripes) Europeanwildcat(F.silvestris) Herpailurus Jaguarundi(H.yagouaroundi) Leopardus Pantanalcat(L.braccatus) Pampascat(L.colocola) Easternoncilla(L.emiliae) Northerncolocolo(L.garleppi) Geoffroy'scat(L.geoffroyi) Kodkod(L.guigna) Southerntigercat(L.guttulus) Andeanmountaincat(L.jacobita) Muñoa'scolocolo(L.munoai) Southerncolocolo(L.pajeros) Ocelot(L.pardalis) Oncilla(L.tigrinus) Margay(L.wiedii) Leptailurus Serval(L.serval) Lynx Canadalynx(L.canadensis) Eurasianlynx(L.lynx) Iberianlynx(L.pardinus) Bobcat(L.rufus) Otocolobus Pallas'scat(O.manul) Pardofelis Marbledcat(P.marmorata) Prionailurus Leopardcat(P.bengalensis) Sundaleopardcat(P.javanensis) Flat-headedcat(P.planiceps) Rusty-spottedcat(P.rubiginosus) Fishingcat(P.viverrinus) Puma Cougar(P.concolor) PantherinaePanthera Lion(P.leo) Jaguar(P.onca) Leopard(P.pardus) Tiger(P.tigris) Snowleopard(P.uncia) Neofelis Sundacloudedleopard(N.diardi) Cloudedleopard(N.nebulosa) FamilyViverridaeParadoxurinaeArctictis Binturong(A.binturong) Arctogalidia Small-toothedpalmcivet(A.trivirgata) Macrogalidia Sulawesipalmcivet(M.musschenbroekii) Paguma Maskedpalmcivet(P.larvata) Paradoxurus Asianpalmcivet(P.hermaphroditus) Brownpalmcivet(P.jerdoni) Goldenpalmcivet(P.zeylonensis) HemigalinaeChrotogale Owston'spalmcivet(C.owstoni) Cynogale Ottercivet(C.bennettii) Diplogale Hose'spalmcivet(D.hosei) Hemigalus Bandedpalmcivet(H.derbyanus) Prionodontinae(Asiaticlinsangs)Prionodon Bandedlinsang(P.linsang) Spottedlinsang(P.pardicolor) ViverrinaeCivettictis Africancivet(C.civetta) Genetta(Genets) Abyssiniangenet(G.abyssinica) Angolangenet(G.angolensis) Bourlon'sgenet(G.bourloni) Crestedservalinegenet(G.cristata) Commongenet(G.genetta) Johnston'sgenet(G.johnstoni) Letabagenet(G.letabae) Rusty-spottedgenet(G.maculata) Pardinegenet(G.pardina) Aquaticgenet(G.piscivora) Kinggenet(G.poensis) Servalinegenet(G.servalina) Hausagenet(G.thierryi) Capegenet(G.tigrina) Giantforestgenet(G.victoriae) Poiana CentralAfricanoyan(P.richardsonii) WestAfricanoyan(P.leightoni) Viverra Malabarlarge-spottedcivet(V.civettina) Large-spottedcivet(V.megaspila) Malayancivet(V.tangalunga) LargeIndiancivet(V.zibetha) Viverricula SmallIndiancivet(V.indica) FamilyEupleridaeEuplerinaeCryptoprocta Fossa(C.ferox) Eupleres Easternfalanouc(E.goudotii) Westernfalanouc(E.major) Fossa Malagasycivet(F.fossana) GalidiinaeGalidia Ring-tailedvontsira(G.elegans) Galidictis Broad-stripedMalagasymongoose(G.fasciata) Grandidier'smongoose(G.grandidieri) Mungotictis Narrow-stripedmongoose(M.decemlineata) Salanoia Brown-tailedmongoose(S.concolor) Durrell'svontsira(S.durrelli) SuborderCaniformia(cont.below)Ursidae(Bears)Ailuropoda Giantpanda(A.melanoleuca) Helarctos Sunbear(H.malayanus) Melursus Slothbear(M.ursinus) Tremarctos Spectacledbear(T.ornatus) Ursus Americanblackbear(U.americanus) Brownbear(U.arctos) Polarbear(U.maritimus) Asianblackbear(U.thibetanus) Mephitidae(Skunks)Conepatus(Hog-nosedskunks) Molina'shog-nosedskunk(C.chinga) Americanhog-nosedskunk(C.leuconotus) Stripedhog-nosedskunk(C.semistriatus) Mephitis Hoodedskunk(M.macroura) Stripedskunk(M.mephitis) Mydaus Sundastinkbadger(M.javanensis) Palawanstinkbadger(M.marchei) Spilogale(Spottedskunks) Southernspottedskunk(S.angustifrons) Westernspottedskunk(S.gracilis) Easternspottedskunk(S.putorius) Pygmyspottedskunk(S.pygmaea) Procyonidae(Raccoons,coatis,olingos)Bassaricyon(Olingos) Easternlowlandolingo(B.alleni) Northernolingo(B.gabbii) Westernlowlandolingo(B.medius) Olinguito(B.neblina) Bassariscus Ringtail(B.astutus) Cacomistle(B.sumichrasti) Nasua(Coatisinclusive) White-nosedcoati(N.narica) SouthAmericancoati(N.nasua) Nasuella(Coatisinclusive) Westernmountaincoati(N.olivacea) Potos Kinkajou(P.flavus) Procyon Crab-eatingraccoon(P.cancrivorus) Raccoon(P.lotor) Cozumelraccoon(P.pygmaeus) AiluridaeAilurus Redpanda(A.fulgens) SuborderCaniformia(cont.above)Otariidae(Earedseals)(includesfursealsandsealions)(Pinnipedinclusive)Arctocephalus SouthAmericanfurseal(A.australis) Australasianfurseal(A.forsteri) Galápagosfurseal(A.galapagoensis) Antarcticfurseal(A.gazella) JuanFernándezfurseal(A.philippii) Brownfurseal(A.pusillus) Guadalupefurseal(A.townsendi) Subantarcticfurseal(A.tropicalis) Callorhinus Northernfurseal(C.ursinus) Eumetopias Stellersealion(E.jubatus) Neophoca Australiansealion(N.cinerea) Otaria SouthAmericansealion(O.flavescens) Phocarctos NewZealandsealion(P.hookeri) Zalophus Californiasealion(Z.californianus) Galápagossealion(Z.wollebaeki) Odobenidae(Pinnipedinclusive)Odobenus Walrus(O.rosmarus) Phocidae(Earlessseals)(Pinnipedinclusive)Cystophora Hoodedseal(C.cristata) Erignathus Beardedseal(E.barbatus) Halichoerus Greyseal(H.grypus) Histriophoca Ribbonseal(H.fasciata) Hydrurga Leopardseal(H.leptonyx) Leptonychotes Weddellseal(L.weddellii) Lobodon Crabeaterseal(L.carcinophagus) Mirounga(Elephantseals) Northernelephantseal(M.angustirostris) Southernelephantseal(M.leonina) Monachus Mediterraneanmonkseal(M.monachus) Neomonachus Hawaiianmonkseal(N.schauinslandi) Ommatophoca Rossseal(O.rossi) Pagophilus Harpseal(P.groenlandicus) Phoca Spottedseal(P.largha) Harborseal(P.vitulina) Pusa Caspianseal(P.caspica) Ringedseal(P.hispida) Baikalseal(P.sibirica) CanidaeLargefamilylistedbelowMustelidaeLargefamilylistedbelowFamilyCanidae(includesdogs)Atelocynus Short-eareddog(A.microtis) Canis Goldenjackal(C.aureus) Domesticdog(C.familiaris) Coyote(C.latrans) Africanwolf(C.lupaster) Wolf(C.lupus) Easternwolf(C.lycaon) Redwolf(C.rufus) Ethiopianwolf(C.simensis) Cerdocyon Crab-eatingfox(C.thous) Chrysocyon Manedwolf(C.brachyurus) Cuon Dhole(C.alpinus) Lupulella Side-stripedjackal(L.adustus) Black-backedjackal(L.mesomelas) Lycalopex Culpeo(L.culpaeus) Darwin'sfox(L.fulvipes) SouthAmericangrayfox(L.griseus) Pampasfox(L.gymnocercus) Sechuranfox(L.sechurae) Hoaryfox(L.vetulus) Lycaon Africanwilddog(L.pictus) Nyctereutes Commonraccoondog(N.procyonoides) Japaneseraccoondog(N.viverrinus) Otocyon Bat-earedfox(O.megalotis) Speothos Bushdog(S.venaticus) Urocyon Grayfox(U.cinereoargenteus) Islandfox(U.littoralis) Vulpes(Foxes) Bengalfox(V.bengalensis) Blanford'sfox(V.cana) Capefox(V.chama) Corsacfox(V.corsac) Tibetanfox(V.ferrilata) Arcticfox(V.lagopus) Kitfox(V.macrotis) Palefox(V.pallida) Rüppell'sfox(V.rueppelli) Swiftfox(V.velox) Redfox(V.vulpes) Fennecfox(V.zerda) FamilyMustelidaeHelictidinae(Ferret-badgers)Melogale Borneanferretbadger(M.everetti) Chineseferret-badger(M.moschata) Javanferret-badger(M.orientalis) Burmeseferret-badger(M.personata) Vietnamferret-badger(M.cucphuongensis) Guloninae(Martensandwolverines)Eira Tayra(E.barbara) Gulo Wolverine(G.gulo) Martes(Martens) Americanmarten(M.americana) Pacificmarten(M.caurina) Yellow-throatedmarten(M.flavigula) Beechmarten(M.foina) Nilgirimarten(M.gwatkinsii) Europeanpinemarten(M.martes) Japanesemarten(M.melampus) Sable(M.zibellina) Pekania Fisher(P.pennanti) Ictonychinae(Africanpolecatsandgrisons)Galictis Lessergrison(G.cuja) Greatergrison(G.vittata) Ictonyx Saharanstripedpolecat(I.libyca) Stripedpolecat(I.striatus) Lyncodon Patagonianweasel(L.patagonicus) Poecilogale Africanstripedweasel(P.albinucha) Vormela Marbledpolecat(V.peregusna) Lutrinae(Otters)Aonyx Africanclawlessotter(A.capensis) Asiansmall-clawedotter(A.cinereus) Congoclawlessotter(A.congicus) Enhydra Seaotter(E.lutris) Hydrictis Spotted-neckedotter(H.maculicollis) Lontra NorthAmericanriverotter(L.canadensis) Marineotter(L.felina) Neotropicalotter(L.longicaudis) Southernriverotter(L.provocax) Lutra Eurasianotter(L.lutra) Hairy-nosedotter(L.sumatrana) Lutrogale Smooth-coatedotter(L.perspicillata) Pteronura Giantotter(P.brasiliensis) Melinae(Eurasianbadgers)Arctonyx Northernhogbadger(A.albogularis) Greaterhogbadger(A.collaris) Sumatranhogbadger(A.hoevenii) Meles Japanesebadger(M.anakuma) Caucasianbadger(M.canescens) Asianbadger(M.leucurus) Europeanbadger(M.meles) MellivorinaeMellivora Honeybadger(M.capensis) Mustelinae(Weaselsandminks)Mustela(Weaselsandferrets) Mountainweasel(M.altaica) Stoat/Beringianermine(M.erminea) Steppepolecat(M.eversmannii) Ferret(M.furo) Haidaermine(M.haidarum) Japaneseweasel(M.itatsi) Yellow-belliedweasel(M.kathiah) Europeanmink(M.lutreola) Indonesianmountainweasel(M.lutreolina) Black-footedferret(M.nigripes) Leastweasel(M.nivalis) Malayanweasel(M.nudipes) Europeanpolecat(M.putorius) Americanermine(M.richardsonii) Siberianweasel(M.sibirica) Back-stripedweasel(M.strigidorsa) Neogale Amazonweasel(N.africana) Colombianweasel(N.felipei) Long-tailedweasel(N.frenata) Americanmink(N.vison) TaxidiinaeTaxidea Americanbadger(T.taxus) TaxonidentifiersOdobenusrosmarus Wikidata:Q40994 Wikispecies:Odobenusrosmarus ADW:Odobenus_rosmarus ARKive:odobenus-rosmarus BOLD:12542 CoL:74HLW EoL:328627 EPPO:ODOBRO FaunaEuropaea:305337 FaunaEuropaea(new):0272b494-8a0c-4595-982e-6a67f3018a48 Fossilworks:72172 GBIF:5218819 iNaturalist:41766 IRMNG:10197222 ITIS:180639 IUCN:15106 MSW:14001024 NatureServe:2.102198 NBN:NBNSYS0000188733 NCBI:9707 SeaLifeBase:68962 Species+:9179 TSA:12236 WoRMS:137077 Phocarosmarus Wikidata:Q28379661 CoL:4GK5V EUNIS:8573 ITIS:1133136 WoRMS:1308037 ZooBank:D37E520B-977B-4672-AC3B-E1D760A08695 Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Germany Israel UnitedStates Japan Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walrus&oldid=1111903752" 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