Moraine - Wikipedia

A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and ... Moraine FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Thisarticleisaboutgeologicalphenomena.Forotheruses,seeMoraine(disambiguation). NottobeconfusedwithMurrain,anantiquatedtermforvariousinfectiousdiseasesaffectingcattleandsheep.. Glaciallyformedaccumulationofunconsolidateddebris Thesnow-freedebrishillsaroundthelagoonarelateralandterminalmorainesofavalleyglacierinNepal. Amoraineisanyaccumulationofunconsolidateddebris(regolithandrock),sometimesreferredtoasglacialtill,thatoccursinbothcurrentlyandformerlyglaciatedregions,andthathasbeenpreviouslycarriedalongbyaglacieroricesheet.Itmayconsistofpartlyroundedparticlesranginginsizefromboulders(inwhichcaseitisoftenreferredtoasboulderclay)downtogravelandsand,inagroundmassoffinely-dividedclayeymaterialsometimescalledglacialflour.Lateralmorainesarethoseformedatthesideoftheiceflow,andterminalmoraineswereformedatthefoot,markingthemaximumadvanceoftheglacier.Othertypesofmoraineincludegroundmoraines(till-coveredareasformingsheetsonflatorirregulartopography)andmedialmoraines(morainesformedwheretwoglaciersmeet). Contents 1Etymology 2Characteristics 2.1Formation 3Typesofmoraines 3.1Lateralmoraines 3.2Groundmoraines 3.2.1Rogenmoraines 3.2.2deGeermoraines 3.3Endorterminalmoraines 3.4Recessionalmoraine 3.5Medialmoraine 3.6Supraglacialmoraines 3.7Washboardmoraines 3.8Veikimoraine 4Seealso 5References 6Furtherreading 7Externallinks Etymology[edit] ThewordmoraineisborrowedfromFrenchmoraine[mɔ.ʁɛn],whichinturnisderivedfromtheSavoyardItalianmorena("moundofearth").MorenainthiscasewasderivedfromProvençalmorre("snout"),itselffromVulgarLatin*murrum"roundedobject".[1]ThetermwasintroducedintogeologybyHoraceBénédictdeSaussurein1779.[2] Characteristics[edit] Morainesarelandformscomposedofglacialtilldepositedprimarilybyglacialice.[2]Glacialtill,inturn,isunstratifiedandunsorteddebrisranginginsizefromsilt-sizedglacialflourtolargeboulders.[3]Theindividualrockfragmentsaretypicallysub-angulartoroundedinshape.[4]Morainesmaybefoundontheglacier'ssurfaceordepositedaspilesorsheetsofdebriswheretheglacierhasmelted.[5] Formation[edit] Morainesmayformthroughanumberofprocesses,dependingonthecharacteristicsofsediment,thedynamicsontheice,andthelocationontheglacierinwhichthemoraineisformed.[6]Moraineformingprocessesmaybelooselydividedintopassiveandactive.[7] Passiveprocessesinvolvetheplacingofchaoticsupraglacialsedimentsontothelandscapewithlimitedreworking,typicallyforminghummockymoraines.[8][9]Thesemorainesarecomposedofsupraglacialsedimentsfromtheicesurface.[7] Activeprocessesformorreworkmorainesedimentdirectlybythemovementofice,knownasglaciotectonism.Theseformpushmorainesandthrust-blockmoraines,whichareoftencomposedoftillandreworkedproglacialsediment.[10] Morainemayalsoformbytheaccumulationofsandandgraveldepositsfromglacialstreamsemanatingfromtheicemargin.Thesefandepositsmaycoalescetoformalongmorainebankmarkingtheicemargin.[11]Severalprocessesmaycombinetoformandreworkasinglemoraine,andmostmorainesrecordacontinuumofprocesses.ReworkingofmorainesmayleadtotheformationofplacerdepositsofgoldasisthecaseofsouthernmostChile.[12] MoraineinRockyMountainNationalPark,takenbyAnselAdamsin1941. MorainesaroundtheIcylake(2709m),justbelowMusalapeak(2925m)inRilaMountain,Bulgaria. LateralmorainesofaretreatingglacierinEngadin. MoraineofLakeGarda. Typesofmoraines[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(October2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Seealso:Listofglacialmoraines Morainescanbeclassifiedeitherbyorigin,locationwithrespecttoaglacierorformerglacier,orbyshape.[13]Thefirstapproachissuitableformorainesassociatedwithcontemporaryglaciers—butmoredifficulttoapplytooldmoraines,whicharedefinedbytheirparticularmorphology,sincetheiroriginisdebated.Somemorainetypesareknownonlyfromancientglaciers,whilemedialmorainesofvalleyglaciersarepoorlypreservedanddifficulttodistinguishaftertheretreatormeltingoftheglacier.[citationneeded] Lateralmoraines[edit] LateralmorainesaboveLakeLouise,Alberta,Canada. Lateralmorainesareparallelridgesofdebrisdepositedalongthesidesofaglacier.Theunconsolidateddebriscanbedepositedontopoftheglacierbyfrostshatteringofthevalleywallsorfromtributarystreamsflowingintothevalley,[14]ormaybesubglacialdebriscarriedtothesurfaceoftheglacier,meltedout,andtransportedtotheglaciermargin.[15] MorainesclearlyseenonasideglacieroftheGornerGlacier,Zermatt,Switzerland.Thelateralmoraineisthehighsnow-freebankofdebrisinthetoplefthandquarterofthepicture.Themedialmoraineisthedoublelineofdebrisrunningdownthecentre-lineoftheglacier. Lateralmorainescanriseupto140meters(460 ft)overthevalleyfloor,canbeupto3kilometers(1.9 mi)long,andaresteeperclosetotheglaciermargin(upto80degrees)thanfurtheraway(whereslopesaretypically29to36degrees.[15] Groundmoraines[edit] Groundmorainescreateirregular,rollingtopography. Groundmorainesaretill-coveredareaswithirregulartopographyandnoridges,oftenforminggentlyrollinghillsorplains,[16]withreliefoflessthan10meters(33 ft).Groundmoraineisaccumulatedatthebaseoftheiceaslodgmenttillwithathinanddiscontinuousupperlayerofsupraglacialtilldepositedastheglacierretreats.Ittypicallyisfoundintheareasbetweenendmoraines.[17] Rogenmoraines[edit] Mainarticle:Rogenmoraine Rogenmorainesorribbedmorainesareatypeofbasalmorainesthatformaseriesofribsperpendiculartotheiceflowinanicesheet.Thedepressionsbetweentheribsaresometimesfilledwithwater,makingtheRogenmoraineslookliketigerstripesonaerialphotographs.RogenmorainesarenamedafterLakeRogen[18]inHärjedalen,Sweden,thelandform'stypelocality. deGeermoraines[edit] CloselyrelatedtoRogenmoraines,deGeermorainesaretillridgesupto5mhighand10-50mwiderunningperpendiculartotheiceflow.Theyoccurinlargegroupsinlow-lyingareas.[19]NamedforGerarddeGeer,whofirstdescribedthemin1889,thesemorainesmayhavedevelopedfromcrevassesunderneaththeicesheet.[19]TheKvarkenhasaveryhighdensityofdeGeermoraines.[20] Endorterminalmoraines[edit] Mainarticle:Terminalmoraine MultipleerraticsontheterminalmoraineoftheOkanoganLobe.Cascademountainsinthebackground. Endmoraines,orterminalmoraines,areridgesofunconsolidateddebrisdepositedatthesnoutorendoftheglacier.Theyusuallyreflecttheshapeoftheglacier'sterminus.Glaciersactmuchlikeaconveyorbelt,carryingdebrisfromthetopoftheglaciertothebottomwhereitdepositsitinendmoraines.Endmorainesizeandshapearedeterminedbywhethertheglacierisadvancing,recedingoratequilibrium.Thelongertheterminusoftheglacierstaysinoneplace,themoredebrisaccumulateinthemoraine.Therearetwotypesofendmoraines:terminalandrecessional.Terminalmorainesmarkthemaximumadvanceoftheglacier.Recessionalmorainesaresmallridgesleftasaglacierpausesduringitsretreat.Afteraglacierretreats,theendmorainemaybedestroyedbypostglacialerosion.[21] Recessionalmoraine[edit] Recessionalmorainesareoftenobservedasaseriesoftransverseridgesrunningacrossavalleybehindaterminalmoraine.Theyformperpendiculartothelateralmorainesthattheyresidebetweenandarecomposedofunconsolidateddebrisdepositedbytheglacier.Theyarecreatedduringtemporaryhaltsinaglacier'sretreat.[6][22] Medialmoraine[edit] Medialmoraines,NuussuaqPeninsula,Greenland. Amedialmoraineisaridgeofmorainethatrunsdownthecenterofavalleyfloor.Itformswhentwoglaciersmeetandthedebrisontheedgesoftheadjacentvalleysidesjoinandarecarriedontopoftheenlargedglacier.Astheglaciermeltsorretreats,thedebrisisdepositedandaridgedownthemiddleofthevalleyflooriscreated.TheKaskawulshGlacierintheKluaneNationalPark,Yukon,hasaridgeofmedialmoraine1 kmwide.[23] Theprominentdarkstreakattheleftquarterisformingamedialmoraine.Thisisseenasamudflatatthewater'ssurface.(BrüggenGlacier,Patagonia). Supraglacialmoraines[edit] Supraglacialmorainesarecreatedbydebrisaccumulatedontopofglacialice.Thisdebriscanaccumulateduetoiceflowtowardthesurfaceintheablationzone,[24]meltingofsurfaceice[25]orfromdebristhatfallsontotheglacierfromvalleysidewalls.[26] Washboardmoraines[edit] Washboardmoraines,alsoknownasminororcorrugatedmoraines,arelow-amplitudegeomorphicfeaturescausedbyglaciers.Theyconsistoflow-reliefridges,1to2meters(3 ft3 into6 ft7 in)inheightandaround100meters(330 ft)apart,accumulatedatthebaseoftheiceaslodgmenttill.[27]Thename"washboardmoraine"referstothefactthat,fromtheair,itresemblesawashboard. Veikimoraine[edit] Mainarticle:Veikimoraine AVeikimoraineisakindofhummockymorainethatformsirregularlandscapesofpondsandplateaussurroundedbybanks.Itformsfromtheirregularmeltingoficecoveredwithathicklayerofdebris.VeikimoraineiscommoninnorthernSwedenandpartsofCanada. Seealso[edit] Seealso:Listofglacialmoraines Geologicfeaturesrelatedtomoraines Glaciallandform –Landformcreatedbytheactionofglaciers Drumlin –Geologicalfeatureformedbyglacialiceactingonunderlyingunconsolidatedtillorgroundmoraine Esker –Long,windingridgeofstratifiedsandandgravelassociatedwithformerglaciers Moraine-dammedlake –Typeoflakeformedbyglaciation Terminalmoraine –Typeofmorainethatformsattheterminalofaglacier Rogenmoraine –Landformofridgesdepositedbyaglacieroricesheettransversetoiceflow Moraineexamples DoggerBank –LargesandbankintheNorthSea KettleMoraine LongIsland –IslandinNewYork,UnitedStates OakRidgesMoraine –MountaininCanada ValparaisoMoraine –MoraineinthemidwesternUnitedStates CypressHills(Canada) –HillsinAlbertaandSaskatchewan,Canada SleepingBearDunesNationalLakeshore –Protectedarea References[edit] ^"moraine".OxfordEnglishDictionary(Online ed.).OxfordUniversityPress. (Subscriptionorparticipatinginstitutionmembershiprequired.) ^abJackson,JuliaA.,ed.(1997)."moraine[glacgeol]".Glossaryofgeology(Fourth ed.).Alexandria,Viriginia:AmericanGeologicalInstitute.ISBN 0922152349. ^Jackson1997,"till". ^Boggs,Sam(2006).Principlesofsedimentologyandstratigraphy(4th ed.).UpperSaddleRiver,N.J.:PearsonPrenticeHall.p. 281.ISBN 0131547283. ^Boggs2006,pp. 278–279. ^abBenn,DouglasI.;Evans,DavidJ.A.(2010).Glaciers&glaciation(Second ed.).London:Routledge.ISBN 978-0340905791. ^abMöller,Per(December2010)."Melt-outtillandribbedmoraineformation,acasestudyfromsouthSweden".SedimentaryGeology.232(3–4):161–180.Bibcode:2010SedG..232..161M.doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.11.003. ^Kjær,KurtH.;Krüger,Johannes(2001-10-21)."Thefinalphaseofdead-icemorainedevelopment:processesandsedimentarchitecture,Kötlujökull,Iceland".Sedimentology.48(5):935–952.Bibcode:2001Sedim..48..935K.doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00402.x.ISSN 1365-3091.S2CID 129374153. ^Janowski,Lukasz;Tylmann,Karol;Trzcinska,Karolina;Rudowski,Stanislaw;Tegowski,Jaroslaw(2021)."ExplorationofGlacialLandformsbyObject-BasedImageAnalysisandSpectralParametersofDigitalElevationModel".IEEETransactionsonGeoscienceandRemoteSensing.60:1–17.doi:10.1109/TGRS.2021.3091771.ISSN 0196-2892. ^Bennett,MatthewR.(2001-04-01)."Themorphology,structuralevolutionandsignificanceofpushmoraines".Earth-ScienceReviews.53(3–4):197–236.Bibcode:2001ESRv...53..197B.doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00039-8. ^Boulton,G.S.(1986-10-01)."Push-morainesandglacier-contactfansinmarineandterrestrialenvironments".Sedimentology.33(5):677–698.Bibcode:1986Sedim..33..677B.doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1986.tb01969.x.ISSN 1365-3091. ^García,Marcelo;Correa,Jorge;Maksaev,Víctor;Townley,Brian(2020)."PotentialmineralresourcesoftheChileanoffshore:anoverview".AndeanGeology.47(1):1–13.doi:10.5027/andgeoV47n1-3260. ^Dreimanis,Aleksis(1989)."Tills:Theirgeneticterminologyandclassification".InGoldthwait;Matsch(eds.).Geneticclassificationofglacigenicdeposits :finalreportoftheCommissiononGenesisandLithologyofGlacialQuaternaryDepositsoftheInternationalUnionforQuaternaryResearch(INQUA).Rotterdam:Balkema.pp. 17–83.ISBN 9061916941. ^"LateralMoraine".NationalGeographicEncyclopedia.May5,2011.RetrievedJune18,2020. ^abLukas,Sven;Graf,Andreas;Coray,Sandro;Schlüchter,Christian(March2012)."Genesis,stabilityandpreservationpotentialoflargelateralmorainesofAlpinevalleyglaciers–towardsaunifyingtheorybasedonFindelengletscher,Switzerland".QuaternaryScienceReviews.38:27–48.Bibcode:2012QSRv...38...27L.doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.022. ^Jackson1997,"groundmoraine". ^HiltJohnson,W.;Menzies,John(2002)."Supraglacialandice-marginaldepositsandlandforms".ModernandPastGlacialEnvironments:317–333.doi:10.1016/B978-075064226-2/50013-1.ISBN 9780750642262. ^Möller,P.,2006.Rogenmoraine:anexampleofglacialreshapingofpreexistinglandforms.QuaternaryScienceReviews,25:362–389 ^abMetsähallitus(ForestandParkServices)(16July2006).TheKvarkenArchipelago(PDF)(Report).Retrieved3October2021. ^Kotilainen,AarnoT.;Kaskela,AnuM.;Bäck,Saara;Leinikki,Jouni(2012)."SubmarineDeGeerMorainesintheKvarkenArchipelago,theBalticSea".SeafloorGeomorphologyasBenthicHabitat:289–298.doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00017-7.ISBN 9780123851406. ^H.-E.Reineck;I.B.Singh(6December2012).DepositionalSedimentaryEnvironments:WithReferencetoTerrigenousClastics.SpringerScience&BusinessMedia.pp. 170–.ISBN 978-3-642-96291-2. ^"Moraine".ColumbiaElectronicEncyclopedia,6thEdition(2009):1.AcademicSearchComplete.EBSCO.Web.6Oct.2010. ^Loomis,S.R.(1970)."Morphologyandstructureofanice-coredmedialmoraine,KaskawulshGlacier,Yukon".ArcticInstituteofNorthAmericaResearchPaper.57:1–65. ^Boulton,G.S.(1967)."TheDevelopmentofaComplexSupraglacialMoraineattheMarginofSørbreen,NyFriesland,Vestspitsbergen".JournalofGlaciology.6(47):717–735.doi:10.3189/S0022143000019961.S2CID 127729549. ^Fyffe,CatrionaL.;Woodget,AmyS.;Kirkbride,MartinP.;Deline,Philip;Westoby,MatthewJ.;Brock,BenW.(August2020)."Processesatthemarginsofsupraglacialdebriscover:Quantifyingdirtyiceablationanddebrisredistribution".EarthSurfaceProcessesandLandforms.45(10):2272–2290.Bibcode:2020ESPL...45.2272F.doi:10.1002/esp.4879.S2CID 218998898. ^Nakawo,M.;Iwata,S.;Watanabe,O.;Yoshida,M.(1986)."ProcesseswhichDistributeSupraglacialDebrisontheKhumbuGlacier,NepalHimalaya".AnnalsofGlaciology.8:129–131.Bibcode:1986AnGla...8..129N.doi:10.3189/S0260305500001294.S2CID 246062157. ^Stewart,RobertA.;Bryant,Deborah;Sweat,MichaelJ.(March1988)."NatureandoriginofcorrugatedgroundmoraineoftheDesMoineslobe,StoryCounty,Iowa".Geomorphology.1(2):111–130.Bibcode:1988Geomo...1..111S.doi:10.1016/0169-555X(88)90010-4. Furtherreading[edit] Easterbrook,D.J.(1999),Surfaceprocessesandlandforms(Second ed.),UpperSaddleRiver,N.J.:PrenticeHall,ISBN 9780138609580 Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoMoraines. LookupmoraineinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. "Glacialmorainesunmistakablevestigeoflasticeage"–Pantagraph(Bloomington,Illinoisnewspaper) vteGlaciersTypes Aufeis Cirque Icecap Icefield Icesheet Iceshelf Icestream Ledoyom Outletglacier Piedmontglacier Rockglacier Valleyglacier Anatomy Ablationzone Accumulationzone Bergschrund Blueice Crevasse Dirtcone Firn Glaciercave Glacierhead Icedivide Icetongue Icefall Lateralmoraine Medialmoraine Moraine Moulin Penitente Randkluft Sérac Terminus Processes Ablation Accumulation Basalsliding Calving Creep Motion Outburstflood Overdeepening Plucking Retreat Starvation Surge Measurements Icecore Massbalance Volcanicrelations Jökulhlaup Subglacialeruption Subglacialvolcano Tuya LandformsErosional Arête Cirque Cirquestairway Cragandtail Fingerlake Fjord Glacialhorn Glaciallake Glacialstriae Hangingvalley P-form Ribbonlake Rochemoutonnée Suncup Tarn Troughlake Troughvalley Tunnelvalley U-valley Valleystep Zungenbecken Depositional Drumlin Erraticblock Moraine Moraine-dammedlake Puljumoraine Rogenmoraine Sevettimoraine Terminalmoraine Tillplain Veikimoraine Glaciofluvial Alpentor Diluvium Esker Giantcurrentripples Kame Kamedelta Kettlehole Outwashfan Sandur Urstromtal Glaciology Category List Template:Periglacialenvironment vteSedimenttransportWater Coastalsedimenttransport Fluvialprocesses Bedload Suspendedload Bedmaterialload Glacial Glacialflour Glacialoutwash Braidedriver Moraine Esker Drumlin Hillslope Soilcreep Landslide Aeolian Dune Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries France(data) Germany Israel UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moraine&oldid=1097497634" Categories:GlaciologySedimentsMorainesMountaineeringGeomorphologyGlaciallandformsHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticlescontainingFrench-languagetextArticlescontainingItalian-languagetextArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromOctober2021AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2021CommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansAlemannischالعربيةAragonésArpetanAzərbaycancaবাংলাБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBosanskiCatalàČeštinaCymraegDeutschEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFryskGaeilgeGalego한국어ՀայերենHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתქართულიҚазақшаKernowekKreyòlayisyenКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLietuviųMagyarМакедонскиBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийShqipSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்TürkçeУкраїнська吴语中文 Editlinks