Tectonics - Wikipedia

Tectonics (from Latin tectonicus; from Ancient Greek τεκτονικός (tektonikós) 'pertaining to building') are the processes that control the structure and ... Tectonics FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Processofevolutionoftheearth'scrust Thisarticleisaboutthegeologicusage.Forthephilosophicalorarchitecturalusage,seeArchitectonics(disambiguation). "Tectonic"redirectshere.NottobeconfusedwithTecktonik(dance),Tectonic(recordlabel),orTectonics(journal). Tectonics(fromLatintectonicus;fromAncientGreekτεκτονικός(tektonikós) 'pertainingtobuilding')[1]aretheprocessesthatcontrolthestructureandpropertiesoftheEarth'scrustanditsevolutionthroughtime.Theseincludetheprocessesofmountainbuilding,thegrowthandbehaviorofthestrong,oldcoresofcontinentsknownascratons,andthewaysinwhichtherelativelyrigidplatesthatconstitutetheEarth'soutershellinteractwitheachother.Tectonicsalsoprovideaframeworkforunderstandingtheearthquakeandvolcanicbeltsthatdirectlyaffectmuchoftheglobalpopulation. Tectonicstudiesareimportantasguidesforeconomicgeologistssearchingforfossilfuelsandoredepositsofmetallicandnonmetallicresources.AnunderstandingoftectonicprinciplesisessentialtogeomorphologiststoexplainerosionpatternsandotherEarthsurfacefeatures. Contents 1Maintypesoftectonicregime 1.1Extensionaltectonics 1.2Thrust(contractional)tectonics 1.3Strike-sliptectonics 2Platetectonics 3Otherfieldsoftectonicstudies 3.1Salttectonics 3.2Neotectonics 3.3Tectonophysics 3.4Seismotectonics 3.5Impacttectonics 3.6Planetarytectonics 4Seealso 5References 6Furtherreading 7Externallinks Maintypesoftectonicregime[edit] Extensionaltectonics[edit] Mainarticle:Extensionaltectonics Extensionaltectonicsisassociatedwiththestretchingandthinningofthecrustorthelithosphere.Thistypeoftectonicsisfoundatdivergentplateboundaries,incontinentalrifts,duringandafteraperiodofcontinentalcollisioncausedbythelateralspreadingofthethickenedcrustformed,atreleasingbendsinstrike-slipfaults,inback-arcbasins,andonthecontinentalendofpassivemarginsequenceswhereadetachmentlayerispresent. Thrust(contractional)tectonics[edit] Mainarticle:Thrusttectonics Thrusttectonicsisassociatedwiththeshorteningandthickeningofthecrust,orthelithosphere.Thistypeoftectonicsisfoundatzonesofcontinentalcollision,atrestrainingbendsinstrike-slipfaults,andattheoceanwardpartofpassivemarginsequenceswhereadetachmentlayerispresent. Strike-sliptectonics[edit] SanAndreastransformfaultontheCarrizoPlain Mainarticle:Strike-sliptectonics Strike-sliptectonicsisassociatedwiththerelativelateralmovementofpartsofthecrustorthelithosphere.Thistypeoftectonicsisfoundalongoceanicandcontinentaltransformfaultswhichconnectoffsetsegmentsofmid-oceanridges.Strike-sliptectonicsalsooccursatlateraloffsetsinextensionalandthrustfaultsystems.Inareasinvolvedwithplatecollisionsstrike-slipdeformationoccursintheover-ridingplateinzonesofobliquecollisionandaccommodatesdeformationintheforelandtoacollisionalbelt. Platetectonics[edit] Mainarticle:Platetectonics Inplatetectonics,theoutermostpartoftheEarthknownasthelithosphere(thecrustanduppermostmantle)actasasinglemechanicallayer.Thelithosphereisdividedintoseparate"plates"thatmoverelativetoeachotherontheunderlying,relativelyweakasthenosphereinaprocessultimatelydrivenbythecontinuouslossofheatfromtheEarth'sinterior.Therearethreemaintypesofplateboundaries:divergent,whereplatesmoveapartfromeachotherandnewlithosphereisformedintheprocessofsea-floorspreading;transform,whereplatesslidepasteachother,andconvergent,whereplatesconvergeandlithosphereis"consumed"bytheprocessofsubduction.Convergentandtransformboundariesareresponsibleformostoftheworld'smajor(Mw>7)earthquakes.Convergentanddivergentboundariesarealsothesiteofmostoftheworld'svolcanoes,suchasaroundthePacificRingofFire.Mostofthedeformationinthelithosphereisrelatedtotheinteractionbetweenplatesatornearplateboundaries. Otherfieldsoftectonicstudies[edit] Salttectonics[edit] Mainarticle:Salttectonics Salttectonicsisconcernedwiththestructuralgeometriesanddeformationprocessesassociatedwiththepresenceofsignificantthicknessesofrocksaltwithinasequenceofrocks.Thisisduebothtothelowdensityofsalt,whichdoesnotincreasewithburial,anditslowstrength. Neotectonics[edit] Mainarticle:Neotectonics NeotectonicsisthestudyofthemotionsanddeformationsoftheEarth'scrust(geologicalandgeomorphologicalprocesses)thatarecurrentorrecentingeologicaltime.[2]Thetermmayalsorefertothemotionsanddeformationsthemselves.Thecorrespondingtimeframeisreferredtoastheneotectonicperiod.Accordingly,theprecedingtimeisreferredtoaspalaeotectonicperiod. Tectonophysics[edit] Mainarticle:Tectonophysics Tectonophysicsisthestudyofthephysicalprocessesassociatedwithdeformationofthecrustandmantlefromthescaleofindividualmineralgrainsuptothatoftectonicplates. Seismotectonics[edit] Mainarticle:Seismotectonics Seismotectonicsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenearthquakes,activetectonics,andindividualfaultsinaregion.Itseekstounderstandwhichfaultsareresponsibleforseismicactivityinanareabyanalysingacombinationofregionaltectonics,recentinstrumentallyrecordedevents,accountsofhistoricalearthquakes,andgeomorphologicalevidence.Thisinformationcanthenbeusedtoquantifytheseismichazardofanarea. Impacttectonics[edit] Impacttectonicsisthestudyofmodificationofthelithospherethroughhighvelocityimpactcrateringevents.[3] Planetarytectonics[edit] TechniquesusedintheanalysisoftectonicsonEarthhavealsobeenappliedtothestudyoftheplanetsandtheirmoons. Seealso[edit] Geologyportal Tectonophysics Seismology UNESCOworldheritagesiteGlarusThrust Volcanology Mohorovičićdiscontinuity References[edit] ^Harper,Douglas."tectonic".OnlineEtymologyDictionary. ^"EncyclopediaofCoastalScience"(2005),Springer,ISBN 978-1-4020-1903-6,Chapter1:"TectonicsandNeotectonics"doi:10.1007/1-4020-3880-1 ^Koeberl,C.,Henkel,H.,eds.(2005).ImpactTectonics.SpringerBerlinHeidelberg.doi:10.1007/3-540-27548-7. Furtherreading[edit] EdwardA.Keller(2001)ActiveTectonics:Earthquakes,Uplift,andLandscapePrenticeHall;2ndedition,ISBN 0-13-088230-5 StanleyA.Schumm,JeanF.DumontandJohnM.Holbrook(2002)ActiveTectonicsandAlluvialRivers,CambridgeUniversityPress;Reprintedition,ISBN 0-521-89058-6 B.A.vanderPluijmandS.Marshak(2004).EarthStructure–AnIntroductiontoStructuralGeologyandTectonics.2ndedition.NewYork:W.W.Norton.p. 656.ISBN 0-393-92467-X. Externallinks[edit] TheOriginandtheMechanicsoftheForcesResponsibleforTectonicPlateMovements ThePaleomapProject vteStructuralgeologyUnderlyingtheory Deformationmechanism Lamé'sstressellipsoid Mohr–Coulombtheory Mohr'scircle Overburdenpressure Rockmechanics Strain Strainpartitioning Stress Stressfield Tension Measurementconventions Bruntoncompass Inclinometer Orthographicprojection Rake Stereographicprojection Strikeanddip Large-scaletectonics Accretionarywedge Allochthon Autochthon Back-arcbasin Continentalcollision Convergentboundary Décollement Divergentboundary Extensionaltectonics Faultblock Fenster Foldandthrustbelt Foldmountains Forelandbasin Graben Half-graben Horse Horst Horstandgraben Intra-arcbasin Inversion Klippe Listoftectonicplateinteractions Mélange Mountainformation Nappe Obduction Orogeny Passivemargin Platetectonics Pull-apartbasin Riftvalley Rift Saddle Strike-sliptectonics Structuralbasin Suture Syneclise Terrane Thick-skinneddeformation Thin-skinneddeformation Thrusttectonics Fracturing Columnarjointing Dike Exfoliationjoint Fissure Joint Vein Faulting Cataclasite Cataclasticrock Detachmentfault Disturbance Faultmechanics Faultscarp Faulttrace Thrustfault Transferzone Transformfault Foliationandlineation Cleavage Compaction Crenulation Fissility Obliquefoliation Pressuresolution Rockmicrostructure Slickenside Stylolite Tectonicphase Tectonite Folding Anticline Chevron Detachmentfold Dome Homocline Monocline Syncline Vergence Boudinage Competence Kinematicanalysis 3Dfoldevolution Paleostressinversion Paleostress Sectionrestoration Shearzone Mylonite Pureshear Shear  Geologyportal Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tectonics&oldid=1104609615" Categories:TectonicsHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromJuly2022 Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AlemannischالعربيةAragonésAzərbaycancaCatalàDeutschΕλληνικάEsperantoفارسیFrançaisFryskGĩkũyũItalianoКыргызчаLimburgsമലയാളംმარგალურიNederlands日本語PlattdüütschPolskiRomânăРусскийScotsSlovenčinaSundaTürkçeTiếngViệt Editlinks