Multiracial people - Wikipedia

Multiracial people are people of more than one race or ethnicity. A variety of terms have been used for multi-racial people, including mixed-race, biracial, ... Multiracialpeople FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Madeupoforrelatingtopeopleofmanyraces "Mixedrace"redirectshere.ForthealbumbyTricky,seeMixedRace(album).Formoreinformation,seeMultiracialism. Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Multiracialpeople" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(January2020)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Multiracialpeoplearepeopleofmorethanoneraceorethnicity.[1]Avarietyoftermshavebeenusedformulti-racialpeople,includingmixed-race,biracial,multiethnic,american,polyethnic,occasionallybi-ethnic,Métis,Creole,[2]Muwallad,[3]Colored,Dougla,half-caste,mestizo,[4]Melungeon,[5]quadroon,[6]octoroon,sambo/zambo,[7]Eurasian,[8]hapa,hāfu,Garifuna,pardoandGuran. Individualsofmultiracialbackgroundsmakeupasignificantportionofthepopulationinmanypartsoftheworld.InNorthAmerica,studieshavefoundthatthemultiracialpopulationiscontinuingtogrow.InmanycountriesofLatinAmerica,mestizosmakeupthemajorityofthepopulation.IntheCaribbean,multiracialpeopleofficiallymakeupthemajorityofthepopulationinboththeDominicanRepublic(73%),Aruba(68%),andCuba(51%).[9] Contents 1Definitions 1.1Relatedterms 2Regionswithsignificantmultiracialpopulations 2.1Africa 2.1.1NorthAfrica 2.1.2Madagascar 2.1.3SouthAfrica 2.2Asia 2.2.1CentralAsia 2.2.2India 2.2.3Myanmar(Burma) 2.2.4Philippines 2.2.5SingaporeandMalaysia 2.2.6SriLanka 2.2.7Taiwan 2.2.8Vietnam 2.2.9China 2.2.10WestAsia 2.3Europe 2.3.1UnitedKingdom 2.4NorthAmerica 2.4.1Canada 2.4.2UnitedStates 2.5Oceania 2.5.1Fiji 2.6LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean 2.6.1Brazil 3Seealso 4Notes 5References 6Externallinks Definitions[edit] Whiledefiningraceiscontroversial,[10]raceremainsacommonlyusedtermforclassification,oftenrelatedtovisiblephysicalcharacteristicsorknowncommunity.Insofarasraceisdefineddifferentlyindifferentcultures,perceptionsofmultiracialityaresubjective. AccordingtoU.S.sociologistTroyDusterandethicistPilarOssorio: SomepercentageofpeoplewholookwhitewillpossessgeneticmarkersindicatingthatasignificantmajorityoftheirrecentancestorswereAfrican.SomepercentageofpeoplewholookblackwillpossessgeneticmarkersindicatingthemajorityoftheirrecentancestorswereEuropean.[11] IntheUnitedStates: ManystateandlocalagenciescomplywiththeU.S.OfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB)1997revisedstandardsforthecollection,tabulation,andpresentationoffederaldataonraceandethnicity.TherevisedOMBstandardsidentifyaminimumoffiveracialcategories:White;BlackorAfricanAmerican;AmericanIndianandAlaskaNative;Asian;andNativeHawaiianandOtherPacificIslander.PerhapsthemostsignificantchangeforCensus2000wasthatrespondentsweregiventheoptiontomarkoneormoreracesonthequestionnairetoindicatetheirracialidentity.Census2000racedataareshownforpeoplewhoreportedaraceeitheraloneorincombinationwithoneormoreotherraces.[12] Relatedterms[edit] IntheEnglish-speakingworld,manytermsformultiracialpeopleexist,someofwhicharepejorativeorarenolongerused.Mulato,zamboandmestizoareusedinSpanish,mulato,caboclo,cafuzo,ainoko(fromJapanese)andmestiçoinPortuguese,andmulâtreandmétisinFrench.ThesetermsarealsoincertaincontextsusedintheEnglish-speakingworld.InCanada,theMétisarearecognizedethnicgroupofmixedEuropeanandIndigenousAmericandescent,whohavestatusinthelawsimilartothatofFirstNations. TermssuchasmulattoforpeopleofpartiallyAfricandescentandmestizoforpeopleofpartiallyNativeAmericandescentarestillusedbyEnglish-speakingpeopleoftheWesternHemisphere[citationneeded]butmostlytorefertothepastortothedemographyofLatinAmericaanditsdiasporicpopulation.Half-breedisahistorictermthatreferredtopeopleofpartialNativeAmericanancestry;itisnowconsideredpejorativeanddiscouragedfromuse.Mestee,oncewidelyused,isnowusedmostlyformembersofhistoricallymixed-racegroups,suchasLouisianaCreoles,Melungeons,Redbones,BrassAnklesandMayles. InSouthAfricaandmuchofEnglish-speakingsouthernAfrica,thetermColouredwasusedtodescribebothmixed-racepersonsofAfricanandEuropeandescent,andthoseAsiansnotofAfricandescent.[13]Whilethetermissociallyaccepted,itisbecomingoutdatedbecauseofitsassociationwiththeapartheidera.[citationneeded] InLatinAmerica,populationsbecametriracialaftertheintroductionofAfricanslavery.ApanoplyoftermsdevelopedduringtheSpanishandPortuguesecolonialperiods,includingtermssuchaszamboforpersonsofAmerindianandAfricandescent.Chartsanddiagramsintendedtoexplaintheclassificationswerecommon.Thewell-knownCastapaintingsinMexicoand,tosomeextent,Peru,wereillustrationsofthedifferentclassifications. Atonetime,LatinAmericancensuscategorieshaveusedsuchclassifications.InBraziliancensusessincetheImperialtimes,forexample,mostpersonsofmultiracialheritage,exceptAsianBrazilianswithsomeEuropeandescent(oranyothertotheextentitisnotclearlyperceptible)andviceversa,tendtobethrownintothesinglecategoryof"pardo".ButracialboundariesinBrazilarerelatedlesstoancestrythantophenotype.AwesternizedAmerindianwithcopper-coloredskinmayalsobeclassifiedasa"pardo",acaboclointhiscase,despitenotbeingmultiracial.AEuropean-lookingperson,evenwithoneormoreAfricanorIndigenousancestors,isnotclassifiedas"pardo"butas"branco",awhiteBrazilian.Thesameappliesto"negros",Afro-BrazilianswhoseEuropeanorAmerindianancestorsarenotvisibleintheirappearance.Accordingtogeneticresearch,mostBraziliansofallracialgroups(exceptAsian-Braziliansandnatives)are,tosomeextent,mixed-race. InEnglish,thetermsmiscegenationandamalgamationwereusedforunionsbetweenwhites,blacks,andotherethnicgroups.Thosetermsarenowoftenconsideredoffensiveandarebecomingobsolete.[citationneeded]Thetermsmixed-race,biracialormultiracialarebecominggenerallyaccepted.Inotherlanguages,termsformiscegenationarenotnecessarilyconsideredoffensive.[14] Regionswithsignificantmultiracialpopulations[edit] Africa[edit] InEastAfrica,specificallyUganda,KenyaandTanzania(includingportionsoftheEastAfricanCommunity),peopleofmixedracedarecalledHalf-castes(inEnglish)orchotara(singular,inSwahili),wachotara(pluralinSwahili).[15] NorthAfrica[edit] Furtherinformation:Afro-Arab InNorthAfrica,numerousmultiracialcommunitiescanbefound,reflectingahistoryofbothextensiveMediterraneantradearoundtheregionandlatercolonizationandmigrationbyAfricangroups.AmongthesearetheHaratin,oasis-dwellersofSaharansouthernMorocco,Algeria,andMauritania.TheyarebelievedtobeanethnicitycomposedofSub-SaharanAfricansandBerberancestry.Theyconstituteasociallyandethnicallydistinctgroup.[16] ForcenturiesArabslavetraderssoldsub-SaharanAfricansasslavesincumulativelylargenumbersthroughoutthePersianGulf,Anatolia,CentralAsiaandtheArabworld.Communitiesdescendedfromtheseslavesandlocalpeoplescanbefoundthroughouttheseregions.[17]BarbarypirateswereknowntoattackEuropeanandBritishshipsandtakeEuropeansintoslaveryaswell.Somanyweretaken,thatthememoirsofsurvivorsareconsideredaliterarygenreknownascaptivitynarratives.WhenEnglishandotherEuropeancolonistsweretakencaptivebyNativeAmericans,theyhadmodelsforrecountingtheirtrials. Accordingtoarecentgeneticstudyin2019,NorthAfricanpopulationsarecomposedofadmixtureofextensivegeneflowfromfourdifferentgeographicalregions(NorthAfrica(Iberomaurusian),Europe,WestAsia,andSub-SaharanAfrica)andtemporalsources(Palaeolithicmigrations,Neolithization,Arabization,andrecentmigrations).[18] Pop IndigenousNorthAfrican(Iberomaurusian) European WestAsian Sub-SaharanAfrican Saharawi 37% 34% 18% 11% Moroccan 30% 38% 19% 14% Berber-Moroccan 28% 47% 17% 8% Berber-Mozabite 26% 43% 18% 13% Algerian 22% 46% 17% 15% Berber-Zenata 22% 27% 12% 39% Libyan 22% 34% 35% 9% Berber-Tunisian 21% 43% 26% 10% Tunisian 18% 44% 25% 13% Egyptian 11% 41% 38% 10% Madagascar[edit] Mainarticle:Malagasypeople AlmosttheentirepopulationofMadagascarisanaboutequaladmixtureofSouthEastAsian(Indonesian),primarilyfromBorneo,andBantu-speakingsettlersprimarilyfromthemainlandatMozambique.[19]YearsofintermarriagescreatedtheMalagasypeople,whoprimarilyspeakMalagasy,anAustronesianlanguagewithBantuinfluences.[19] SouthAfrica[edit] ExtendedColouredfamilyfromSouthAfrica. Mainarticle:Coloureds InSouthAfrica,theProhibitionofMixedMarriagesActof1949prohibitedmarriagebetweenWhites(peopleofEuropeandescent)andnon-Whites(beingclassifiedasBlack,AsianandColoured).Butthisfollowedcenturiesofinteractionandunionsresultinginmultiracialchildren,especiallyamongwhites,Africans(black),andcoloured.Thislawwasrepealedin1985. MultiracialSouthAfricansarecommonlyreferredtoasColoureds.Accordingtothe2016SouthAfricanCensus,[20]theyarethesecond-largestethnicgroup(8.8%),behindBlackAfricans,orBantupeoples,whoconstitute(80.8%)ofthecurrentpopulation.WhiteSouthAfricansmakeup8.1%.[20] Asia[edit] CentralAsia[edit] AidaGarifullina,operaticsopranoofTatarorigin. Mainarticle:Eurasian(mixedancestry) Furtherinformation:Turkicmigrations Today,manyCentralAsianpopulationsareanamalgamationofvariouspeoplessuchasMongols,Turkics,andIranians.TheMongolinvasionofCentralAsiain13thcenturyresultedinthemassacreofthepopulationofIraniansandotherIndo-Europeanpeoples,aswellasalargedegreeofunionsandassimilation.GeneticstudiesshowsthatCentralAsianTurkicpeopleandHazaraareamixtureofNortheastAsiansandIndo-Europeanpeople.CaucasianancestryisprevalentinalmostallcentralAsianTurkicpeople.Kazakhs,Hazara,Karakalpaks,CrimeanTatarshavemoreEuropeanMtDNAthanEuropeanY-DNA.KyrgyzhavemostlyEuropeanY-DNA,withsubstantialEuropeanMtDNA.OtherTurkicpeople,suchasUyghursandUzbeks,havemostlyEuropeanY-DNAbutalsoasignificantlyhigherpercentageofEuropeanMtDNA.TurkmenhavepredominantlyEuropeanDNAinbothpaternalandmaternallines.[21] India[edit] HenryLouisVivianDerozio,aradicalthinkerandeducator,wasofIndianandEuropeanbackground.[relevancequestioned] Priortocolonization,thepeoplesofIndiahadalonghistoryoftradeandotherinteractionwithotherpeoples.MorerecentlyaEurasianmixdevelopedduringtheColonialperiod,beginningwiththeFrench,Dutch,PortugueseandotherEuropeantradersandmerchants,includingBritish.SuchinteractioncontinuedduringtheBritishRuleinIndia,althoughitlessenedasBritishfamiliessettledinthecountry.TheestimatedpopulationofAnglo-Indians,thetermfortheseEurasians,is600,000worldwide,withthemajoritylivinginIndiaandtheUK. Article366(2)oftheIndianConstitutiondefinesAnglo-Indianas:[22][23](2)anAnglo-IndianmeansapersonwhosefatheroranyofwhoseothermaleprogenitorsinthemalelineisorwasofEuropeandescentbutwhoisdomiciledwithintheterritoryofIndiaandisorwasbornwithinsuchterritoryofparentshabituallyresidentthereinandnotestablishedtherefortemporarypurposesonly; GoansareanassimilationofIndo-Aryan,Eurasian,andLuso-Asianancestries.ManyhavePortugueseancestors,astheyhadconsiderableinfluenceinGoaforover450years.ManyGoanshavetracedfamilytreestofindPortugueseancestorsfromhundredsofyearsago.SomeGoanstodayidentifyasPortuguese-GoanastheyhavemuchPortugueseancestryandPortuguesesurnames.[citationneeded] Myanmar(Burma)[edit] Myanmar(formerlyBurma)wasaBritishcolonyfrom1826until1948.OtherEuropeannationalswereactiveinthecountrybeforetheBritisharrived.IntermarriageandrelationshipstookplaceamongsuchsettlersandmerchantswiththelocalBurmesepopulation,andsubsequentlybetweenBritishcolonistsandtheBurmese.ThelocalEurasianpopulationisknownastheAnglo-Burmese.Thisgroupdominatedcolonialsocietyandthroughtheearlyyearsofindependence.AfterBurmagainedindependencein1948,manyAnglo-Burmeseleftthecountry;thediasporaresidesprimarilyinAustralia,NewZealandandtheUK.Anestimated52,000Anglo-BurmeseliveinBurma. Philippines[edit] Seealso:Filipinomestizo MestizosasillustratedintheCartaHydrographicayChorographicadelasYslasFilipinas,1734. ThePhilippineswasaSpanishcolonyforalmostfourcenturies,or333years.TheUnitedStatestookitoveraftertheSpanish-AmericanWar,rulingfor46years.ManyFilipinosareofmixedSpanishFilipinoandPhilippine-Americandescent. AfterthedefeatofSpainduringtheSpanish–AmericanWarin1898,thePhilippinesandotherremainingSpanishcolonieswerecededtotheUnitedStatesintheTreatyofParis.ThePhilippineswasunderU.S.sovereigntyuntil1946,thoughoccupiedbyJapanduringWorldWarII.In1946,intheTreatyofManila,theU.S.recognizedtheRepublicofthePhilippinesasanindependentnation.Evenafter1946,theU.S.maintainedastrongmilitarypresenceinthePhilippines,withasmanyas21U.S.militarybasesand100,000U.S.militarypersonnelstationedthereasdefenseinAsiaandduringtheVietnamWar. Afterthebasesclosedin1992,Americantroopsleft,oftenabandoningpartnersandtheirAmerasianchildren.[24]ThePearlS.BuckInternationalfoundationestimatesthereare52,000AmerasiansinthePhilippines,with5,000intheClarkareaofAngelesCity.[25]Anacademicresearchpaperpresentedin2012intheU.S.byanAngeles,Pampanga,PhilippinesAmerasiancollegeresearchstudyunitsuggeststhatthenumbercouldbemuchhigher.[26] IntheUnitedStates,intermarriagebetweenFilipinosandotherethnicitiesiscommon.TheyhavethehighestnumberofinterracialmarriagesamongAsianimmigrantgroups,asdocumentedinCalifornia.[27]Some21.8%ofPhilippine-Americansareofmixedancestry.[28] SingaporeandMalaysia[edit] Accordingtogovernmentstatistics,thepopulationofSingaporeasofSeptember2007was4.68million.Multiracialpeople,includingChindiansandEurasians,formed2.4%. InSingaporeandMalaysia,themajorityofinter-ethnicmarriagesarebetweenChineseandIndians.Theoffspringofsuchmarriagesareinformallyknownas"Chindian".TheMalaysiangovernmentclassifiesthemonlybytheirfather'sethnicity.AsthemajorityoftheseintermarriagesusuallyinvolveanIndiangroomandChinesebride,themajorityofChindiansinMalaysiaareusuallyclassifiedas"Indian"bythegovernment.AsfortheMalays,whoarepredominantlyMuslim,legalrestrictionsinMalaysiamakeituncommonforthemtointermarrywitheithertheIndians,whoarepredominantlyHindu,ortheChinese,whoarepredominantlyBuddhistandTaoist.[29]ButMuslimsandArabsinSingaporeandMalaysiaoftentakelocalMalaywives,becauseoftheircommonIslamicfaith.[30] TheChittypeople,inSingaporeandtheMalaccastateofMalaysia,areTamilswithconsiderableMalayancestry.TheearlyTamilsettlerstooklocalwives,astheyhadnotbroughttheirownwomenatthattime. IntheEastMalaysianstatesofSabahandSarawak,intermarriagehasbeencommonbetweenChineseandnativetribespeople,suchastheMurutandDusuninSabah,andtheIbanandBisayainSarawak.Amixtureofcultureshasresultedinbothstates.Theoffspringofthesemarriagesarecalled"Sino-(nameoftribe)",e.g.Sino-Dusun.Normally,childrenarestronglyaffectedbythefather'sethnicityandculture,beingraisedinhisculture.TheseSino-nativesusuallybecomefluentinbothMalayandEnglish.AsmallernumberareabletospeakChinesedialectsandMandarin,especiallythosewhohavereceivededucationinvernacularChineseschools. SriLanka[edit] DuetoitsstrategiclocationintheIndianOcean,theislandofSriLankahasbeenaconfluenceforsettlersfromvariouspartsoftheworld.Thereareseveralmixed-raceethnicitiesintheIsland.Themostnotablemixed-racegrouparetheSriLankanMoors,whotracetheirancestrytoArabtraderswhosettledontheislandandintermarriedwithlocalwomen.Today,theSriLankanMoorsliveprimarilyinurbancommunities.TheypreserveArab-IslamicculturalheritagewhileadoptingmanySouthernAsiancustoms. TheBurghersareaEurasianethnicgroup.TheyaredescendantsthroughpaternallinesofEuropeancolonistsfromthe16thto20thcenturies(mostlyPortuguese,Dutch,GermanandBritish)andwithmaternalancestryamonglocalwomen.OtherEuropeanminoritiesinsuchadmixturesincludeSwedish,Norwegian,FrenchandIrish. TheSriLankaKaffirsareanethnicgrouppartiallydescendedfrom16th-centuryPortuguesetradersandtheirenslavedAfricans.TheKaffirsspokeadistinctivecreolebasedonPortuguese,theSriLankaKaffirlanguage,whichisnowextinct.TheirculturalheritageincludesthedancestylesKaffringnaandManja,aswellasthePortugueseSinhalese,Creole,Afro-Sinhalesevarieties. Taiwan[edit] Duringthe1662SiegeofFortZeelandiainwhichChineseMingloyalistforcescommandedbyKoxingabesiegedanddefeatedtheDutchEastIndiaCompanyandconqueredTaiwan,theChinesetookDutchwomenandchildprisoners.TheDutchmissionaryAntoniusHambroek,twoofhisdaughters,andhiswifewereamongtheDutchprisonersofwarwithKoxinga.KoxingasentHambroektoFortZeelandiademandingHambroekpersuadethemtosurrenderorelsehewouldbekilledwhenhereturned.HambroekreturnedtotheFortwheretwoofhisotherdaughterswere.HeurgedtheFortnottosurrender,andreturnedtoKoxinga'scamp.Hewasthenexecutedbydecapitation.Inadditiontothis,arumorwasspreadingamongtheChinesethattheDutchwereencouragingnativeTaiwanaboriginalstokilltheChinese,soKoxingaorderedthemassexecutionofDutchmaleprisonersinretaliation,inadditiontoafewwomenandchildrenalsobeingkilled.ThesurvivingDutchwomenandchildrenwerethenturnedintoslaves.KoxingatookHambroek'steenagedaughterasaconcubine,[31][32][33]andDutchwomenweresoldtoChinesesoldierstobecometheirwives.ThedailyjournaloftheDutchfortrecordedthat"thebestwerepreservedfortheuseofthecommanders,andthensoldtothecommonsoldiers.Happywasshethatfelltothelotofanunmarriedman,beingtherebyfreedfromvexationsbytheChinesewomen,whoareveryjealousoftheirhusbands."[34]In1684someoftheseDutchwiveswerestillcaptivesoftheChinese.[35] SomeDutchphysicaltraitslikeauburnandredhairamongpeopleinregionsofsouthTaiwanareaconsequenceofthisepisodeofDutchwomenbecomingconcubinestotheChinesecommanders.[36]TheChinesetookDutchwomenasslaveconcubinesandwiveswhowereneverfreed:in1684somewerereportedtobeliving.InQuemoyaDutchmerchantwascontactedwithanarrangementtoreleasetheprisoners,proposedbyasonofKoxinga's,butitcametonothing.[37]TheChineseofficersusedtheDutchwomentheyreceivedasconcubines.[38][39][40]TheDutchwomenwereusedforsexualpleasurebyKoxinga'scommanders.[41]ThiseventofDutchwomenbeingdistributedtotheChinesesoldiersandcommanderswasrecordedinthedailyjournalofthefort.[42] AteenagedaughteroftheDutchmissionaryAnthoniusHambroekbecameaconcubinetoKoxinga.ShewasdescribedbytheDutchcommanderCaeuwas"averysweetandpleasingmaiden".[43][44] DutchlanguageaccountsrecordthisincidentofChinesetakingDutchwomenasconcubinesandthedateofHambroek'sdaughter.[45][46][47][48] Vietnam[edit] UndertermsoftheGenevaAccordsof1954,departingFrenchtroopstookthousandsofVietnamesewivesandchildrenwiththemaftertheFirstIndochinaWar.SomeEurasiansstayedinVietnam,afterindependencefromFrenchrule.[49] China[edit] Mainarticle:Hùnxuě'ér WestAsia[edit] Furtherinformation:Afro-Arab,Afro-Iranians,andAfroTurks OttomanslavetraderssoldslavesincumulativelylargenumbersoverthecenturiesthroughoutthePersianGulf,Anatolia,CentralAsiaandtheArabworldandcommunitiesdescendedfromtheseslavescanbefoundthroughouttheseregions.[17] Europe[edit] UnitedKingdom[edit] Mainarticle:Mixed(UnitedKingdomethnicitycategory) In1991ananalysisofthecensusshowedthat50%ofBlack/MixedCaribbeanmenbornintheUKhavewhitepartners,[50]andthe2011BBCdocumentaryMixedBritannianotedthat1in10Britishchildrenaregrowingupininterracialhouseholds. In2000,TheSundayTimesreportedthat"Britainhasthehighestrateofinterracialrelationshipsintheworld"andcertainlytheUKhasthehighestrateintheEuropeanUnion.[51]The2001censusshowedthepopulationofEnglandtobe1.4%mixed-race,comparedwith2.7%inCanadaand1.4%intheU.S.(estimatefrom2002),althoughthisU.S.figuredidnotincludemixed-racepeoplewhohadablackparent.BoththeUSandUKhavefewerpeopleidentifyingasmixedrace,however,thanCanada. IntheUnitedKingdom,manymultiracialpeoplehaveCaribbean,AfricanorAsianheritage.Forexample,supermodelNaomiCampbell,whohasJamaican,AfricanandAsianroots.Some,like2008FormulaOneWorldChampion,LewisHamilton,arereferredtoordescribethemselvesas'mixed'. The2001UKCensusincludedasectionentitled'Mixed'towhich1.4%(1.6%by2005estimates)ofpeopleresponded,whichwassplitfurtherintoWhiteandBlackCaribbean,WhiteandAsian,WhiteandBlackAfricanandOtherMixed.[citationneeded]Inthe2011census,2.2%chose'Mixed'forthequestiononethnicity.[52] NorthAmerica[edit] Canada[edit] Seealso:MétisinCanada CanadianactorandmusicianKeanuReevesisofEnglish,NativeHawaiian,Irish,PortugueseandChinesedescent.[53][54][55] CanadaCensusMultipleVisibleMinority1996-2016 MultiracialCanadiansin2006officiallytotaled1.5%ofthepopulation,upfrom1.2%in2001.Theofficialmixedracepopulationgrewby25%sincethepreviouscensus.Ofthese,themostfrequentcombinationsweremultiplevisibleminorities(forexample,peopleofmixedblackandSouthAsianheritageformthemajority,specificallyinToronto),followedcloselybywhite-black,white-Chinese,white-Arabandmanyothersmallermixes.[56] DuringthetimeofslaveryintheUnitedStates,averylargebutunknownnumberofAfricanAmericanslavesescapedtoCanada,whereslaverywasmadeillegalin1834,viatheUndergroundRailroad.ManyofthesepeoplemarriedinwithEuropeanCanadianandNativeCanadianpopulations,althoughtheirprecisenumbersandthenumbersoftheirdescendants,arenotknown. Another1.2%ofCanadiansofficiallyareMétis(descendantsofahistoricalpopulationwhowerepartiallyAboriginal—alsocalled"Indian"or"Native"—andEuropean,particularlyEnglish,Scottish,IrishandFrenchethnicgroups).Althoughtheterm"Métis"stemsfromtheLatinverbmiscēre,"tomix",theMétispeopleareadistinctethnicgroupwithinCanada. UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:MultiracialAmericans Furtherinformation:BlackIndiansintheUnitedStates,Melungeons,MétisintheUnitedStates,andChildrenofthePlantation USCensusreportingofTwoorMixedRaces2010-2019 IntheUnitedStates,the2000censuswasthefirstinthehistoryofthecountrytoofferrespondentstheoptionofidentifyingthemselvesasbelongingtomorethanonerace.ThismultiracialoptionwasconsideredanecessaryadaptationtothedemographicandculturalchangesthattheUnitedStateshasbeenexperiencing.[57] MultiracialAmericansofficiallynumbered6.1millionin2006,or2.0%ofthepopulation.[58][59]Thereisconsiderableevidencethatanaccuratenumberwouldbemuchhigher.Priortothemid-20thcentury,manypeoplehidtheirmultiracialheritage.ThedevelopmentofbinarythinkingaboutracemeantthatAfricanAmericans,ahighproportionofwhomhavealsohadEuropeanancestry,wereclassifiedasblack.Somearenowreclaimingadditionalancestries.ManyAmericanstodayaremulti-racialwithoutknowingit.AccordingtotheCensusBureau,asof2002,over75%ofallAfricanAmericanshadmultiracialancestriesusuallyNativeAmerican.[60] In2010,thenumberofAmericanswhocheckedboth"black"and"white"ontheircensusformswas134percenthigherthanithadbeenadecadeearlier.[61]In2012,thosechoosing'Twoormoreraces'onthecensuswas2.4%ofthetotal.[62] AccordingtoJamesP.AllenandEugeneTurner,bysomecalculationsinthe2000Census,themultiracialpopulationthatispartwhiteisasfollows: White/NativeAmericanandAlaskanNative:7,015,017 White/AfricanAmerican:737,492 White/Asian:727,197and White/NativeHawaiianandotherPacificIslander:125,628.[63] Thestigmaofamixedraceheritage,associatedwithracialdiscriminationamongnumerousracialgroups,hasdecreasedsignificantlyintheUnitedStates.Peopleofmixed-raceheritagecanidentifythemselvesnowintheU.S.Censusbyanycombinationofraces,whereasbeforeAmericanswererequiredtoselectfromonlyonecategory.Forexample,in2010,theywereofferedchoicesofoneormoreracialcategoriesfromthefollowinglist:[64] White Black,AfricanAm.orNegro AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative AsianIndian Chinese Filipino Japanese Korean Vietnamese NativeHawaiian GuamanianorChamorro Samoan OtherAsian[specify] OtherPacificIslander[specify] SomeOtherRace[specify] AdultfilmactressRileyReidisofmixedIrish,PuertoRican,andDominicandescent.[65] ManymixedracedAmericansusethetermbiracial.TheUShasagrowingmultiracialidentitymovement,reflectiveofadesirebypeopletoclaimtheirfullidentities.Interracialmarriage,mostnotablybetweenwhitesandblacks,washistoricallydeemedimmoralandillegalinmoststatesinthe18th,19thandfirsthalfofthe20thcenturybecauseofitslongassociationofblackswiththeslavecaste.CaliforniaandtheWesternUnitedStateshadsimilarlawstoprohibitEuropean-Asianmarriages,whichwasassociatedwithdiscriminationagainstChineseandJapaneseontheWestCoast.Manystateseventuallyrepealedsuchlawsanda1967decisionbytheUSSupremeCourt(Lovingv.Virginia)overturnedallremainingUSanti-miscegenationlaws. TheUnitedStatesisoneofthemostraciallydiversecountriesintheworld.Americansaremostlymulti-ethnicdescendantsofvariousimmigrantnationalitiesculturallydistinctintheirformercountries.Assimilationandintegrationtookplace,unevenlyatdifferentperiodsofhistory,dependingontheAmericanregion.The"Americanization"offoreignethnicgroupsandtheinter-racialdiversityofmillionsofAmericanshasbeenafundamentalpartofitshistory,especiallyonfrontierswheredifferentgroupsofpeoplecametogether.[66] OnJanuary20,2009,BarackObamawassworninasAmerica'sfirstmultiracialpresident,[67]asheisthesonofaEuropeanAmericanmotherandaLuofatherfromKenya.Heacknowledgesbothparents.HisofficialWhiteHousebiographydescribeshimasAfricanAmerican.[68]InHawai'i,theU.S.stateinwhichhewasborn,hewouldbecalled"hapa",whichistheHawaiianwordfor"mixedethnicheritage".[69] Oceania[edit] Fiji[edit] Fijihaslongbeenamulti-ethniccountry,withavastmajorityofpeoplehavingmulti-racialheritageseveniftheydonotself-identifyinthatmanner.TheindigenousFijiansareofmixedMelanesianandPolynesianancestry,resultingfromyearsofmigrationofislandersfromvariousplacesmixingwitheachother.FijiIslandersfromtheLaugrouphaveintermarriedwithTongansandotherPolynesiansovertheyears.TheoverwhelmingmajorityoftherestoftheindigenousFijians,though,canbegeneticallytracedtohavingmixedPolynesian/Melanesianancestry. TheIndo-Fijianpopulationisalsoahodge-podgeofSouthAsianimmigrants(calledGirmitsinFiji),whocameasindenturedlabourersbeginningin1879.Whileafewoftheselabourersmanagedtobringwives,manyofthemeithertookorweregivenwivesoncetheyarrivedinFiji.TheGirmits,whoareclassifiedassimply"Indians"tothisday,camefrommanypartsoftheIndiansubcontinentofpresent-dayIndia,PakistanandtoalesserdegreeBangladeshandMyanmar.ItiseasytorecognizetheIndianmixturespresentinFijiandseeobvioustracesofSouthernandNorthernIndiansandothergroupswhohavebeencategorisedtogether.Tosomedegree,evenmoreofthisphenomenonwouldhavelikelyhappenedifthereligiousgroupsrepresented(primarilyHindu,MuslimandSikh)hadnotresistedtosomedegreemarriagebetweenreligiousgroups,whichtendedtobefrommoresimilarpartsoftheIndiansubcontinent. Overtheyears,particularlyinthesugarcane-growingregionsofWesternVitiLevuandpartsofVanuaLevu,Indo-FijiansandIndigenousFijianshavemixed.OthershaveChinese/Fijianancestry,Indo-Fijian/SamoanorRotumanancestryandEuropean/Fijianancestry(oftencalled"partFijians").Thelatterareoftendescendantsofshipwreckedsailorsandsettlerswhocameduringthecolonialperiod.MigrationfromadozenormoredifferentPacificcountries(Tuvalu,SolomonIslands,Vanuatu,SamoaandWallisandFutunabeingthemostprevalent)haveaddedtothevariousethnicitiesandintermarriages. LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean[edit] Mainarticles:RaceandethnicityinLatinAmericaandCasta Seealso:Mestizo,Pardo,Zambo,Mulatto,andDouglapeople JamaicandancehallartistSeanPaul'smotherisofEnglishandChineseJamaicandescent;hispaternalgrandmotherwasAfro-CaribbeanandhispaternalgrandfatherwasaSephardicJewfromPortugal.[70] MestizoisthecommonwordusedtodescribemultiracialpeopleinLatinAmerica,especiallypeoplewithNativeAmericanandSpanishorotherEuropeanancestry.MestizosmakeupalargeportionofLatinAmericans,comprisingamajorityinmanycountries. InLatinAmerica,racialmixturewasofficiallyacknowledgedfromcolonialtimes.Therewasofficialnomenclatureforeveryconceivablemixturepresentinthevariouscountries.Initially,thisclassificationwasusedasatypeofcastesystem,whererightsandprivilegeswereaccordeddependingonone'sofficialracialclassification.OfficialcastedistinctionswereabolishedinmanycountriesoftheSpanish-speakingAmericasastheybecameindependentofSpain.Severaltermshaveremainedincommonusage. RaceandracialmixturehaveplayedasignificantroleinthepoliticsofmanyLatinAmericancountries.Inmostcountries,forexampleMexico,PuertoRico,DominicanRepublicandPanama,amajorityofthepopulationcanbedescribedasbiracialormultiracial(dependingonthecountry).InMexico,over80%ofthepopulationismestizoinsomedegreeoranother.[71] TheMexicanphilosopherandeducatorJoséVasconcelosauthoredanessayonthesubject,LaRazaCósmica,celebratingracialmixture.Venezuelanex-presidentHugoChávez,himselfofSpanish,indigenousandAfricanancestry,madepositivereferencestothemixedraceancestryofmostLatinAmericansfromtimetotime. ColonialismthroughouttheWestIndieshascreateddiversepopulationsonmanyislands,includingpeopleofmultiracialidentities.OfnoteisthemixtureofWestAfricancommunities,mostbroughttotheregionasslavesandEastIndiansettlersmostofwhomcameasindenturedlaboraftertheabolitionofslavery.TrinidadandTobago,GuyanaandSurinameclaimthehighestpopulationsofsuchmixtures,knownlocallyasdouglas.Inadditiontosuchmixtures,manyinhabitantsoftheWestIndiescanalsohaveanycombinationofAmerindian,Latino,European,Chinese,ArabandJewishheritage. Brazil[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(November2009)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Mainarticles:PardoBraziliansandMixed-raceBrazilian AdrianaLimaisofPortuguese,[72]Afro-Brazilian,NativeBrazilian,Swiss,WestIndianandJapaneseancestry,whichclassifiesherasaPardoBrazilian.[73] Accordingtothe2010officialcensus,43.13%ofBraziliansidentifiedthemselvesaspardoskincolor.[74]Thatoptionisnormallymarkedbypeoplethatconsiderthemselvesmultiracial(mestiço).TheMixedRaceDayorMestizoDay(DiadoMestiço),on27June,isofficialeventinStatesofAmazonas,RoraimaeParaíbaandaholidayintwocities.Thetermpardoisformallyusedintheofficialcensusbutisnotusedbythepopulation.InBraziliansociety,mostpeoplewhoaremultiracialcallthemselvesmoreno:light-morenoordark-moreno.Thosetermsarenotconsideredoffensiveandfocusmoreonskincolorthanonethnicity(itisconsideredmorelikeotherhumancharacteristicssuchasbeingshortortall). ThemostcommonmultiracialgroupsarebetweenEuropeanandAfrican(mulatto)andAmerindianandEuropean(cabocloormameluco).ButtherearealsoAfricanandAmerindian(cafuzo)andEastAsian(mostlyJapanese)andEuropean/other(ainokoormorerecently,hāfu).Allgroupsaremoreorlessfoundthroughoutthewholecountry.Brazilianmultiracialswiththefollowingthreeorigins,Amerindian,EuropeanandAfrican,makeupthemajority.Itissaidtoday[who?]that89%orevenmoreofthe"Pardo"populationinBrazilhasatleastoneAmerindianancestor(mostofbrancosorWhiteBrazilianpopulationhavesomeAmerindianorAfricanancestrytoodespitenearlyhalfofthecountry'spopulationself-labelingas"Caucasian"inthecensuses.[citationneeded]InBrazil,itisverycommonformultiracialpeopletoclaimthattheyhavenoAmerindianancestry,butstudieshavefound[who?]thatifaBrazilianmultiracialcantracetheirancestrybacktonearlyeighttoninegenerations,theywillhaveatleastoneAmerindianancestorfromtheirmaternalsideofthefamily. SincemultiracialrelationsinBraziliansocietyhaveoccurredformanygenerations,somepeoplefinditdifficulttotracetheirownethnicancestry.Todayamajorityofmixed-raceBraziliansdonotreallyknowtheirethnicancestry.TheiruniquefeaturesmakethemBrazilian-lookinginskincolor,lipsandnoseshapeorhairtexture,buttheyareawareonlythattheirancestorswereprobablyPortuguese,AfricanorAmerindian.Also,therewasaverylargenumberofotherEuropeans(countedinthemillions)whocontributedtotheBrazilianracialmakeup,Japanese(thelargestJapanesepopulationoutsideJapan),Italian(thelargestItalianpopulationoutsideItaly)Lebanese(thelargestpopulationofLebaneseoutsideLebanon),Germans,PolesandRussians.ThereisalsoahighpercentageofBraziliansofJewishdescent,perhapshundredsofthousands,mostlyfoundinthenortheastofthecountrywhocannotbesureoftheirancestryastheydescendfromtheso-called"Crypto-Jews"(JewswhopracticedJudaisminsecretbutoutwardlypretendedtobeCatholics),alsocalledMarranosorNewChristians,oftenconsideredPortuguese.Accordingtosomesources,onethirdoffamiliesarrivedfromPortugalduringcolonizationwereofJewishorigin.[citationneeded] ThereisahighlevelofintegrationbetweenallgroupsbutalsoagreatsocialandeconomicdifferencebetweenEuropeandescendants(morecommoninupperandmiddleclasses)andAfrican,Amerindianandmultiracialdescendants(morecommontinlowerclasses),whichiscalledBrazilianapartheid. Seealso[edit] Amalgamation(history) Interracialmarriage Half-caste Meltingpot Miscegenation MixedRaceDay Race(humanclassification) Raceandgenetics Multiethnicsociety One-droprule OriginsofTutsiandHutu Passing(racialidentity) Plaçage Pre-Columbiantrans-oceaniccontacthypotheses Raceandsociety Racetraitor WilliamLorenKatz Guran Notes[edit] ^"DefinitionofmultiracialinEnglish".OxfordDictionaries.OxfordUniversityPress.2013.Retrieved2December2013. ^"Creole".etymonline.com.Retrieved6July2020. ^etymonline.comhttps://www.etymonline.com/search.Retrieved6July2020.{{citeweb}}:Missingorempty|title=(help) ^"Mestizo".etymonline.com.Retrieved6July2020. ^"Melungeon".etymonline.com.Retrieved6July2020. ^"Quadroon".etymonline.com.Retrieved6July2020. ^"Sambo".etymonline.com.Retrieved6July2020. ^"Eurasian".etymonline.com.Retrieved6July2020. ^"U.S.DepartmentofStatePeopleProfilesLatinAmericanCountries".Archivedfromtheoriginalon27May2020.Retrieved23March2020. 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References[edit] "MultiracialChildren".AmericanAcademyofChildandAdolescentPsychiatry.October1999.Retrieved14July2008. Freyre,Gilberto;Putnam,Samuel(1946).TheMastersandtheSlaves:AStudyintheDevelopmentofBrazilianCivilization.NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf.ISBN 978-0-520-05665-7.OCLC 7001196. Joyner,Kara;Kao,Grace(August2005)."InterracialRelationshipsandtheTransitiontoAdulthood".AmericanSociologicalReview.AmericanSociologicalAssociation.70(4):563–81.doi:10.1177/000312240507000402.S2CID 145262347. Hudecek,SauLe(2017).TheRebirthofHope:MyJourneyfromVietnamWarChildtoAmericanCitizen.Texas:TexasChristianUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0875654324. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoMultiracialpeople. TheMultiracialActivist,anonlineactivistpublicationregisteredwiththeLibraryofCongress,focusedonmultiracialindividualsandinterracialfamiliessince1997 ProjectRACE,anorganizationleadingthemovementforamultiracialclassification Advocacygroups AssociationofMultiEthnicAmericans,Inc.,US BlendedPeopleofAmerica,US-basednonprofitorganizationrepresentingtheinterestsofthemixed-racecommunity BrazilianMultiracialMovement,Brazilianmixed-raceorganization TheHafuProject,astudyofhalf-Japanesepeople,London-,Munich-,Tokyo-basednonprofitorganisation MAVINFoundation,anorganizationadvocatingformixed-heritagepeopleandfamilies MixedRaceUKArchived17June2020attheWaybackMachine,UK-basednonprofitorganizationrepresentingtheinterestsofthemixed-racecommunity MosaicUK,aUK-basedorganisationformixed-racefamilies PeopleinHarmonyUK Swirl,US-basedmixedcommunity vteMultiracialtopicsTerms Bụiđời Lukkhrueng Eurasian Hāfu Filipinomestizo Anglo-Burmese EurasianSingaporean Anglo-Indian Burgher DutchIndo Amerasian Topasses Hapa Hùnxuě'ér Métis Mestizo mestiço(ainoko) pardo(caboclo) mameluco cafuzo juçaras caiçaras mulatos sarará Mixed-blood Afro-Asians Quadroon Sacatra AmazonianJews History Plaçage Interethnicmarriage Interracialmarriage Meltingpot Miscegenation One-droprule OriginsofHutu,TutsiandTwa Passing Pre-Columbiantrans-oceaniccontacttheories Cherokeefreedmencontroversy Lists Listoflukkhruengpeople Listofcontemporaryethnicgroups Seealso Raceofthefuture AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries UnitedStates Other NationalArchives(US) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&oldid=1088306799" Categories:MultiracialaffairsRace(humancategorization)Hiddencategories:CS1errors:missingtitleCS1errors:bareURLWebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1:longvolumevalueCS1Dutch-languagesources(nl)CS1maint:archivedcopyastitleCS1Portuguese-languagesources(pt)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromSeptember2017ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromJanuary2020AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJuly2011ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2018Allarticlesthatmayhaveoff-topicsectionsWikipediaarticlesthatmayhaveoff-topicsectionsfromDecember2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromAugust2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJune2020ArticlescontainingLatin-languagetextArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromNovember2009Allarticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesArticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesfromSeptember2016ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromSeptember2016CommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNARAidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AzərbaycancaBân-lâm-gúCatalàDanskEestiΕλληνικάEsperantoFrançais한국어BahasaIndonesiaעבריתKiswahiliLatina日本語PortuguêsSimpleEnglishСрпски/srpskiSvenska粵語中文 Editlinks