Hazard symbol - Wikipedia

Poison symbol Hazardsymbol FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Warningsymbolonlocationsorproducts "Dangerofdeath"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeNear-death(disambiguation). Skullandcrossbones,acommonsymbolforpoisonandothersourcesoflethaldanger(GHShazardpictograms) Hazardsymbolsorwarningsymbolsarerecognisablesymbolsdesignedtowarnabouthazardousordangerousmaterials,locations,orobjects,includingelectriccurrents,poisons,andradioactivity.Theuseofhazardsymbolsisoftenregulatedbylawanddirectedbystandardsorganizations.Hazardsymbolsmayappearwithdifferentcolors,backgrounds,borders,andsupplementalinformationinordertospecifythetypeofhazardandthelevelofthreat(forexample,toxicityclasses).Warningsymbolsareusedinmanyplacesinlieuoforadditiontowrittenwarningsastheyarequicklyrecognized(fasterthanreadingawrittenwarning)andmorecommonlyunderstood(thesamesymbolcanberecognizedashavingthesamemeaningtospeakersofdifferentlanguages). Contents 1Listofcommonsymbols 2Genericwarningsymbol 3Poisonsymbol 4Ionizingradiationsymbol 5Biohazardsymbol 5.1History 5.2Geometry 6Chemicalsymbols 6.1GHSsymbolsandstatements 6.2Europe 6.3Canada 6.4UnitedStates 7Non-standardsymbols 8Seealso 9References 10Externallinks Listofcommonsymbols[edit] ThisarticlecontainsuncommonUnicodecharacters.Withoutproperrenderingsupport,youmayseequestionmarks,boxes,orothersymbolsinsteadoftheintendedcharacters. Typeofhazard Unicodeglyph Unicode Image Genericcaution ⚠ U+26A0 Poison ☠ U+2620 Ionizingradiation ☢ U+2622 Ionizingradiation–high-levelsource Non-ionizingradiation Biologicalhazard ☣ U+2623 Carcinogen Highvoltage ⚡︎ U+26A1 Laserhazard Accident ⛌ U+26CC Disabledcar ⛍ U+26CD Icyroad ⛐ U+26D0 MorehazardsymbolscanbefoundonthelistofGHShazardpictogramsandthelistofISO7010warningpictograms Genericwarningsymbol[edit] Furtherinformation:Warningsign Germanroadwarningsymbol Onroadsidewarningsigns,anexclamationmarkisoftenusedtodrawattentiontoagenericwarningofdanger,hazards,andtheunexpected.InEurope,thistypeofsignisusediftherearenomore-specificsignstodenoteaparticularhazard.[1]Whenusedfortrafficsigns,itisaccompaniedbyasupplementarysigndescribingthehazard,usuallymountedundertheexclamationmark. Thissymbolhasalsobeenmorewidelyadoptedforgenericuseinmanyothercontextsnotassociatedwithroadtraffic.Itoftenappearsonhazardousequipmentorininstructionmanualstodrawattentiontoaprecaution,whenamore-specificwarningsymbolisnotavailable. Poisonsymbol[edit] Mainarticle:Skullandcrossbones(poison) ☠HazardsymbolIn UnicodeU+2620☠SKULLANDCROSSBONES(HTML ☠) Theskull-and-crossbonessymbol,consistingofahumanskullandtwobonescrossedtogetherbehindtheskull,istodaygenerallyusedasawarningofdangerofdeath,particularlyinregardtopoisonoussubstances. Thesymbol,orsomevariationthereof,specificallywiththebones(orswords)belowtheskull,wasalsofeaturedontheJollyRoger,thetraditionalflagofEuropeanandAmericanseagoingpirates.ItisalsopartoftheCanadianWHMIShomesymbolsplacedoncontainerstowarnthatthecontentsarepoisonous. IntheUnitedStates,duetoconcernsthattheskull-and-crossbonessymbol'sassociationwithpiratesmightencouragechildrentoplaywithtoxicmaterials,theMr.Yuksymbolisalsousedtodenotepoison. Ionizingradiationsymbol[edit] Seealso:Radiationhazardwarningsigns ☢RadioactivesignIn UnicodeU+2622☢RADIOACTIVESIGN(HTML ☢) Theinternationalradiationsymbol(alsoknownasthetrefoil)firstappearedin1946,attheUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyRadiationLaboratory.[2]Atthetime,itwasrenderedasmagenta,andwassetonabluebackground.TheoriginalversionusedintheUnitedStatesismagentaagainstayellowbackground,anditisdrawnwithacentralcircleofradiusR,aninternalradiusof1.5Randanexternalradiusof5Rfortheblades,whichareseparatedfromeachotherby60°.Thetrefoilisblackintheinternationalversion,whichisalsousedintheUnitedStates.[3] Thesigniscommonlyreferredtoasaradioactivitywarningsign,butitisactuallyawarningsignofionizingradiation.Ionizingradiationisamuchbroadercategorythanradioactivityalone,asmanynon-radioactivesourcesalsoemitpotentiallydangerouslevelsofionizingradiation.Thisincludesx-rayapparatus,radiotherapylinearaccelerators,andparticleaccelerators.Non-ionizingradiationcanalsoreachpotentiallydangerouslevels,butthiswarningsignisdifferentfromthetrefoilionizingradiationwarningsymbol.[4] OnFebruary15,2007,twogroups—theInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)andtheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)—jointlyannouncedtheadoptionofanewionizingradiationwarningsymboltosupplementthetraditionaltrefoilsymbol.Thenewsymbol,tobeusedonsealedradiationsources,isaimedatalertinganyone,anywheretothedangerofbeingclosetoastrongsourceofionizingradiation.[5]Itdepicts,onaredbackground,ablacktrefoilwithwavesofradiationstreamingfromit,alongwithablackskullandcrossbones,andarunningfigurewithanarrowpointingawayfromthescene.Theradiatingtrefoilsuggeststhepresenceofradiation,whiletheredbackgroundandtheskullandcrossboneswarnofdanger.Thefigurerunningawayfromthesceneismeanttosuggesttakingactiontoavoidthelabeledmaterial.Thenewsymbolisnotintendedtobegenerallyvisible,butrathertoappearoninternalcomponentsofdevicesthathouseradiationsourcessothatifanybodyattemptstodisassemblesuchdevicestheywillseeanexplicitwarningnottoproceedanyfurther.[6][7] ISO 361Internationalionizingradiationtrefoilsymbol YellowandmagentaionizingradiationtrefoilusedintheUS Earlyionizingradiationsymbol(1946) ISO21482high-levelsealed-sourceionizingradiationsymbol Biohazardsymbol[edit] Mainarticle:Biologicalhazard ☣HazardsymbolIn UnicodeU+2623☣BIOHAZARDSIGN(HTML ☣) Thebiohazardsymbolisusedinthelabelingofbiologicalmaterialsthatcarryasignificanthealthrisk,includingviralandbacteriologicalsamples,includinginfecteddressingsandusedhypodermicneedles(seesharpswaste).[8] History[edit] ThebiohazardsymbolwasdevelopedbytheDowChemicalCompanyin1966fortheircontainmentproducts.[9] AccordingtoCharlesBaldwin,[9]anenvironmental-healthengineerwhocontributedtoitsdevelopment:"Wewantedsomethingthatwasmemorablebutmeaningless,sowecouldeducatepeopleastowhatitmeans."InanarticleinSciencein1967,thesymbolwaspresentedasthenewstandardforallbiologicalhazards("biohazards").Thearticleexplainedthatover40symbolsweredrawnupbyDowartists,andallofthesymbolsinvestigatedhadtomeetanumberofcriteria:"(i)strikinginforminordertodrawimmediateattention;(ii)uniqueandunambiguous,inordernottobeconfusedwithsymbolsusedforotherpurposes;(iii)quicklyrecognizableandeasilyrecalled;(iv)easilystenciled;(v)symmetrical,inordertoappearidenticalfromallanglesofapproach;and(vi)acceptabletogroupsofvaryingethnicbackgrounds."Thechosenscoredthebestonnationwidetestingformemorability.[8] Geometry[edit] Allpartsofthebiohazardsigncanbedrawnwithacompassandstraightedge.Thebasicoutlineofthesymbolisaplaintrefoil,whichisthreecirclesoverlappingeachotherequallylikeinatripleVenndiagramwiththeoverlappingpartserased.Thediameteroftheoverlappingpartisequaltohalftheradiusofthethreecircles.Thenthreeinnercirclesaredrawninwith2⁄3radiusoftheoriginalcirclessothatitistangenttotheoutsidethreeoverlappingcircles.Atinycircleincenterhasadiameter1⁄2oftheradiusofthethreeinnercircles,andarcsareerasedat90°,210°,and330°.Thearcsoftheinnercirclesandthetinycircleareconnectedbyaline.Finally,theringunderisdrawnfromthedistancetotheperimeteroftheequilateraltrianglethatformsbetweenthecentersofthethreeintersectingcircles.Anoutercircleoftheringunderisdrawnandfinallyenclosedwiththearcsfromthecenteroftheinnercircleswithashorterradiusfromtheinnercircles.[3] Chemicalsymbols[edit] Achemicalhazardsymbolisapictogramappliedtocontainersofdangerouschemicalcompoundstoindicatethespecifichazard,andthustherequiredprecautions.Thereareseveralsystemsoflabels,dependingonthepurpose,suchasonthecontainerforend-use,oronavehicleduringtransportation. GHSsymbolsandstatements[edit] Mainarticle:GHShazardpictograms TheUnitedNationshasdesignedGHShazardpictogramsandGHShazardstatementstointernationallyharmonizechemicalhazardwarnings.SeveralEuropeancountrieshavestartedtoimplementthesenewglobalstandards,butolderwarningsymbolsarestillusedinmanypartsoftheworld. Europe[edit] Mainarticle:Europeanhazardsymbols Europeanstandardsaresetby: CLPregulation(2008)forchemicalcontainers,followinginternationalGHSrecommendations;seeEuropeanCLP/GHShazardsymbols EuropeanAgreementconcerningtheInternationalCarriageofDangerousGoodsbyRoad(ADR)foradditionalpackagingfortransportation.Vehiclescarryingdangerousgoodsmustbeequippedwithorangesigns,wheretheuppercodenumberidentifiesthetypeofhazard,andthelowercodenumberidentifiesthespecificsubstance.Thesesymbolscannotbereadilyinterpretedwithouttheaidofatabletotranslatethenumericalcodes. ExamplesofEuropeanwarningforflammablesubstances ObsoleteGermansymbol HighlyFlammablesymbol CLP/GHSsymbol ADREuropeanhazardsign,meaning"highlyflammable"(33)—"gasoline"(1203) Canada[edit] Mainarticle:WorkplaceHazardousMaterialsInformationSystem ExampleWHMISsymbol TheWorkplaceHazardousMaterialsInformationSystem,orWHMIS,isCanada'snationalworkplacehazardcommunicationstandard. UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:NFPA704 Seealso:ToxicSubstancesControlAct NFPA704standardhazardstickerorplacard TheUS-basedNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)hasastandardNFPA704usingadiamondwithfourcoloredsectionseachwithanumberindicatingseverity0–4(0fornohazard,4indicatesaseverehazard).Theredsectiondenotesflammability.Thebluesectiondenoteshealthrisks.Yellowrepresentsreactivity(tendencytoexplode).Thewhitesectiondenotesspecialhazardinformation.OneexampleofaspecialhazardwouldbethecapitalletterWcrossedout(picturedleft),indicatingitiswaterreactant. Non-standardsymbols[edit] SignonafencearoundtheBeromünsterReserveBroadcastingTowerinSwitzerland,warningofhighvoltageanddangerofdeath Alargenumberofwarningsymbolswithnon-standarddesignsareinusearoundtheworld. Somewarningsymbolshavebeenredesignedtobemorecomprehensibletochildren,suchastheMr.Ouch(depictinganelectricitydangerasasnarling,spikycreature)andMr.Yuk(agreenfrownyfacestickingitstongueout,torepresentpoison)designsintheUnitedStates. Seealso[edit] Bouba/kikieffect –Non-arbitraryattachmentofsoundstoobjectshapes Pictogram ISO7010–ISOstandardforsafetysymbols ISO7001–ISOstandardforpublicinformationsymbols. GHShazardpictograms–SymbolsusedbytheGloballyHarmonizedSystemofClassificationandLabellingofChemicals Safetysign References[edit] ^"Aserieseuropeantrafficsigns". ^"OriginoftheRadiationWarningSymbol(Trefoil)".MuseumofRadiationandRadioactivity.Retrieved6November2021.Thethree-bladedradiationwarningsymbol,aswecurrentlyknowit,was"doodled"outattheUniversityofCaliforniaRadiationLaboratoryinBerkeleysometimein1946byasmallgroupofpeople. ^ab"Biohazardandradioactivesymbol,designandproportions"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onDecember31,2013. ^"IonizingRadiation".CAREXCanada.Retrieved13December2015. ^"NewSymbolLaunchedtoWarnPublicAboutRadiationDangers".Retrieved2007-02-15.ThissymbolisincludedinISO21482:2007. ^"NewSymbolLaunchedtoWarnPublicAboutRadiationDangers".IAEA.Retrieved2010-12-20. ^"DeccanHerald–Dropit".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2009-02-10. ^abBaldwin,CL;Runkle,RS(Oct13,1967)."Biohazardssymbol:developmentofabiologicalhazardswarningsignal"(PDF).Science.158(3798):264–5.Bibcode:1967Sci...158..264B.doi:10.1126/science.158.3798.264.PMID 6053882.S2CID 38466300.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onMarch24,2012.Retrieved29August2011. ^ab"BiohazardSymbolHistory".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly16,2011. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoHazardsigns. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoDIN4844-2warningsigns. HazchemGuidefromTheNationalChemicalEmergencyCentre EuropeanChemicalsBureau Directive2001/59/EC Hazchempanelinformation vteToxicology Historyofpoison Toxinology Fields Aquatictoxicology Ecotoxicology Occupationaltoxicology Entomotoxicology Environmentaltoxicology Forensictoxicology Medicaltoxicology Invitrotoxicology Toxicogenomics Concepts Acceptabledailyintake Acutetoxicity Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Fixed-doseprocedure Lethaldose Poison Toxiccapacity Toxicant Toxin Toxicityclass Venom Treatments Activatedcarbon Antidote Cathartic Chelationtherapy Gastriclavage Hemodialysis Hemoperfusion Wholebowelirrigation Incidents 1858Bradfordsweetspoisoning 2007petfoodrecalls Bhopaldisaster Minamatadisease NiigataMinamatadisease PoisoningofAlexanderLitvinenko Sevesodisaster ConsumptionofTidePods Visakhapatnamgasleak Listofpoisonings Relatedtopics Biologicalwarfare Carcinogen Foodsafety Hazardsymbol Listofextremelyhazardoussubstances Mutagen Occupationalsafetyandhealth Category Commons WikiProject Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazard_symbol&oldid=1053837475" Categories:PictogramsInfographicsOccupationalsafetyandhealthSymbolsHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataCommonscategorylinkislocallydefined Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةবাংলাБългарскиCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEspañolEuskaraفارسیFrançaisItalianoKurdîമലയാളംBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSuomiSvenskaTürkçe粵語中文 Editlinks