Spanish language - Wikipedia

"the other Spanish languages"). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán ... Spanishlanguage FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Romancelanguage SpanishCastilianespañolcastellanoPronunciation[espaˈɲol][kasteˈʎano][a]Nativespeakers586milliontotalspeakers489millionnativespeakers (2020)[1]75millionL2speakersandspeakerswithlimitedcapacity+22millionstudents[1]LanguagefamilyIndo-European ItalicRomanceWesternRomanceIbero-RomanceWestIberian(inonetaxonomy:Castilianlanguages)[2])SpanishEarlyformsOldLatin ClassicalLatin VulgarLatin OldSpanish EarlyModernSpanish WritingsystemLatin(Spanishalphabet)SpanishBrailleSignedformsSignedSpanish(Mexico,Spainandpresumablyelsewhere)OfficialstatusOfficiallanguage in 20countries Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia CostaRica Cuba DominicanRepublic Ecuador ElSalvador EquatorialGuinea Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Spain Uruguay Venezuela Dependententity PuertoRico Significantminority Andorra Belize Gibraltar UnitedStates Secondaryoroptional Philippines SahrawiArabDemocraticRepublic Internationalorganizations AfricanUnion AssociationofCaribbeanStates CaribbeanCommunity CELAC EuropeanUnion ALADI LatinAmericanParliament Mercosur OSCE OrganizationofAmericanStates UnitedNations UnionofSouthAmericanNations OrganizationofIbero-AmericanStates Regulated byAssociationofSpanishLanguageAcademies(RealAcademiaEspañolaand22othernationalSpanishlanguageacademies)LanguagecodesISO639-1esISO639-2spaISO639-3spaGlottologstan1288Linguasphere51-AAA-b  Spanishasofficiallanguage.   Unofficial,butspokenbymorethan25%ofthepopulation.   Unofficial,butspokenby10–20%ofthepopulation.   Unofficial,butspokenby5–9%ofthepopulation.   Spanish-basedcreolelanguagesspoken.ThisarticlecontainsIPAphoneticsymbols.Withoutproperrenderingsupport,youmayseequestionmarks,boxes,orothersymbolsinsteadofUnicodecharacters.ForanintroductoryguideonIPAsymbols,seeHelp:IPA. Spanish(españolorcastellano,lit. 'Castilian'[b])isaRomancelanguageoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilythatevolvedfromcolloquialspokenLatinintheIberianPeninsula.Today,itisagloballanguagewithnearly500millionnativespeakers,mainlyintheAmericasandSpain.Itistheworld'ssecond-mostspokennativelanguageafterMandarinChinese,[3][4]andtheworld'sfourth-mostspokenlanguageoverallafterEnglish,MandarinChinese,andHindi,aswellastheworld'smostwidelyspokenRomancelanguage. SpanishisapartoftheIbero-Romancegroupoflanguages,whichevolvedfromseveraldialectsofVulgarLatininIberiaafterthecollapseoftheWesternRomanEmpireinthe5thcentury.TheoldestLatintextswithtracesofSpanishcomefrommid-northernIberiainthe9thcentury,[5]andthefirstsystematicwrittenuseofthelanguagehappenedinToledo,aprominentcityoftheKingdomofCastile,inthe13thcentury.ModernSpanishwasthentakentotheviceroyaltiesoftheSpanishEmpirebeginningin1492,mostnotablytotheAmericas,aswellasterritoriesinAfricaandthePhilippines.[6] AsaRomancelanguage,SpanishisadescendantofLatinandhasoneofthesmallerdegreesofdifferencefromit(about20%)alongsideSardinianandItalian.[7]Around75%ofmodernSpanishvocabularyisderivedfromLatin,includingLatinborrowingsfromAncientGreek.[8][9]AlongsideEnglishandFrench,itisalsooneofthemosttaughtforeignlanguagesthroughouttheworld.[10]Spanishdoesnotfeatureprominentlyasascientificlanguage;however,itisbetterrepresentedinareaslikehumanitiesandsocialsciences.[11]SpanishisalsothethirdmostusedlanguageoninternetwebsitesafterEnglishandChinese.[12]SpanishisoneofthesixofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNations,anditisalsousedasanofficiallanguagebytheEuropeanUnion,theOrganizationofAmericanStates,theUnionofSouthAmericanNations,theCommunityofLatinAmericanandCaribbeanStates,theAfricanUnionandmanyotherinternationalorganizations.[13] Contents 1Nameofthelanguageandetymology 1.1Nameofthelanguage 1.2Etymology 2History 3Geographicaldistribution 3.1Europe 3.2Americas 3.2.1HispanicAmerica 3.2.2UnitedStates 3.3Africa 3.4Asia 3.5Oceania 4Grammar 5Phonology 5.1Segmentalphonology 5.2Prosody 6Speakerpopulation 6.1Spanishspeakersbycountry 7Dialectalvariation 7.1Phonology 7.2Morphology 7.2.1Voseo 7.2.1.1DistributioninSpanish-speakingregionsoftheAmericas 7.2.2Ustedes 7.2.3Usted 7.2.4Third-personobjectpronouns 7.3Vocabulary 8Relationtootherlanguages 8.1Judaeo-Spanish 9Writingsystem 10Organizations 10.1RoyalSpanishAcademy 10.2AssociationofSpanishLanguageAcademies 10.3CervantesInstitute 10.4Officialusebyinternationalorganizations 11Seealso 11.1Spanishwordsandphrases 11.2Spanish-speakingworld 11.3InfluencesontheSpanishlanguage 11.4DialectsandlanguagesinfluencedbySpanish 11.5Spanishdialectsandvarieties 12Notes 13References 13.1Citations 13.2Sources 14Externallinks Nameofthelanguageandetymology[edit] Mainarticle:NamesgiventotheSpanishlanguage Mapindicatingplaceswherethelanguageiscalledcastellano(inred)orespañol(inblue) Nameofthelanguage[edit] InSpainandinsomeotherpartsoftheSpanish-speakingworld,Spanishiscallednotonlyespañolbutalsocastellano(Castilian),thelanguagefromthekingdomofCastile,contrastingitwithotherlanguagesspokeninSpainsuchasGalician,Basque,Asturian,Catalan,AragoneseandOccitan. TheSpanishConstitutionof1978usesthetermcastellanotodefinetheofficiallanguageofthewholeSpanishStateincontrasttolasdemáslenguasespañolas(lit."theotherSpanishlanguages").ArticleIIIreadsasfollows: ElcastellanoeslalenguaespañolaoficialdelEstado. ...LasdemáslenguasespañolasserántambiénoficialesenlasrespectivasComunidadesAutónomas... CastilianistheofficialSpanishlanguageoftheState. ...TheotherSpanishlanguagesshallalsobeofficialintheirrespectiveAutonomousCommunities... TheRoyalSpanishAcademy(RealAcademiaEspañola),ontheotherhand,currentlyusesthetermespañolinitspublications,butfrom1713to1923calledthelanguagecastellano. TheDiccionariopanhispánicodedudas(alanguageguidepublishedbytheRoyalSpanishAcademy)statesthat,althoughtheRoyalSpanishAcademypreferstousethetermespañolinitspublicationswhenreferringtotheSpanishlanguage,bothterms—españolandcastellano—areregardedassynonymousandequallyvalid.[14] Etymology[edit] ThetermcastellanocomesfromtheLatinwordcastellanus,whichmeans"oforpertainingtoafortorcastle".[15] Differentetymologieshavebeensuggestedforthetermespañol(Spanish).AccordingtotheRoyalSpanishAcademy,españolderivesfromtheProvençalwordespaignolandthat,inturn,derivesfromtheVulgarLatin*hispaniolus.ItcomesfromtheLatinnameoftheprovinceofHispaniathatincludedthecurrentterritoryoftheIberianPeninsula.[16] ThereareotherhypothesesapartfromtheonesuggestedbytheRoyalSpanishAcademy.SpanishphilologistMenéndezPidalsuggestedthattheclassichispanusorhispanicustookthesuffix-onefromVulgarLatin,asithappenedwithotherwordssuchasbretón(Breton)orsajón(Saxon).Theword*hispanioneevolvedintotheOldSpanishespañón,whicheventually,becameespañol.[citationneeded] History[edit] Mainarticle:HistoryoftheSpanishlanguage TheVisigothicCartulariesofValpuesta,writteninalateformofLatin,weredeclaredin2010bytheRoyalSpanishAcademyastherecordoftheearliestwordswritteninCastilian,predatingthoseoftheGlosasEmilianenses.[17] TheSpanishlanguageevolvedfromVulgarLatin,whichwasbroughttotheIberianPeninsulabytheRomansduringtheSecondPunicWar,beginningin210BC.Previously,severalpre-Romanlanguages(alsocalledPaleohispaniclanguages)—somerelatedtoLatinviaIndo-European,andsomethatarenotrelatedatall—werespokenintheIberianPeninsula.TheselanguagesincludedBasque(stillspokentoday),Iberian,CeltiberianandGallaecian. ThefirstdocumentstoshowtracesofwhatistodayregardedastheprecursorofmodernSpanisharefromthe9thcentury.ThroughouttheMiddleAgesandintothemodernera,themostimportantinfluencesontheSpanishlexiconcamefromneighboringRomancelanguages—Mozarabic(AndalusiRomance),Navarro-Aragonese,Leonese,Catalan,Portuguese,Galician,Occitan,andlater,FrenchandItalian.SpanishalsoborrowedaconsiderablenumberofwordsfromArabic,aswellasaminorinfluencefromtheGermanicGothiclanguagethroughthemigrationoftribesandaperiodofVisigothruleinIberia.Inaddition,manymorewordswereborrowedfromLatinthroughtheinfluenceofwrittenlanguageandtheliturgicallanguageoftheChurch.TheloanwordsweretakenfrombothClassicalLatinandRenaissanceLatin,theformofLatininuseatthattime. AccordingtothetheoriesofRamónMenéndezPidal,localsociolectsofVulgarLatinevolvedintoSpanish,inthenorthofIberia,inanareacenteredinthecityofBurgos,andthisdialectwaslaterbroughttothecityofToledo,wherethewrittenstandardofSpanishwasfirstdeveloped,inthe13thcentury.[18]Inthisformativestage,Spanishdevelopedastronglydifferingvariantfromitsclosecousin,Leonese,and,accordingtosomeauthors,wasdistinguishedbyaheavyBasqueinfluence(seeIberianRomancelanguages).ThisdistinctivedialectspreadtosouthernSpainwiththeadvanceoftheReconquista,andmeanwhilegatheredasizablelexicalinfluencefromtheArabicofAl-Andalus,muchofitindirectly,throughtheRomanceMozarabicdialects(some4,000Arabic-derivedwords,makeuparound8%ofthelanguagetoday).[19]ThewrittenstandardforthisnewlanguagewasdevelopedinthecitiesofToledo,inthe13thto16thcenturies,andMadrid,fromthe1570s.[18] ThedevelopmentoftheSpanishsoundsystemfromthatofVulgarLatinexhibitsmostofthechangesthataretypicalofWesternRomancelanguages,includinglenitionofintervocalicconsonants(thusLatinvīta>Spanishvida).ThediphthongizationofLatinstressedshorteando—whichoccurredinopensyllablesinFrenchandItalian,butnotatallinCatalanorPortuguese—isfoundinbothopenandclosedsyllablesinSpanish,asshowninthefollowingtable: Latin Spanish Ladino Aragonese Asturian Galician Portuguese Catalan Gascon/Occitan French Sardinian Italian Romanian English petra piedra pedra pedra,pèira pierre pedra,perda pietra piatrǎ 'stone' terra tierra terra tèrra terre terra țară 'land' moritur muere muerre morre mor morís meurt mòrit muore moare 'dies(v.)' mortem muerte morte mort mòrt mort morte,morti morte moarte 'death' ChronologicalmapshowinglinguisticevolutioninsouthwestEurope SpanishismarkedbythepalatalizationoftheLatindoubleconsonantsnnandll(thusLatin annum>Spanishaño,andLatinanellum>Spanish anillo). TheconsonantwrittenuorvinLatinandpronounced[w]inClassicalLatinhadprobably"fortified"toabilabialfricative/β/inVulgarLatin.InearlySpanish(butnotinCatalanorPortuguese)itmergedwiththeconsonantwrittenb(abilabialwithplosiveandfricativeallophones).InmodernSpanish,thereisnodifferencebetweenthepronunciationoforthographicbandv,withsomeexceptionsinCaribbeanSpanish.[citationneeded] PeculiartoSpanish(aswellastotheneighboringGascondialectofOccitan,andattributedbysomescholarstoaBasquesubstratum)wasthemutationofLatininitialfintoh-wheneveritwasfollowedbyavowelthatdidnotdiphthongize.Theh-,stillpreservedinspelling,isnowsilentinmostvarietiesofthelanguage,althoughinsomeAndalusianandCaribbeandialectsitisstillaspiratedinsomewords.BecauseofborrowingsfromLatinandfromneighboringRomancelanguages,therearemanyf-/h-doubletsinmodernSpanish:FernandoandHernando(bothSpanishfor"Ferdinand"),ferreroandherrero(bothSpanishfor"smith"),fierroandhierro(bothSpanishfor"iron"),andfondoandhondo(bothSpanishfor"deep",butfondomeans"bottom"whilehondomeans"deep");hacer(Spanishfor"tomake")iscognatetotherootwordofsatisfacer(Spanishfor"tosatisfy"),andhecho("made")issimilarlycognatetotherootwordofsatisfecho(Spanishfor"satisfied"). Comparetheexamplesinthefollowingtable: Latin Spanish Ladino Aragonese Asturian Galician Portuguese Catalan Gascon/Occitan French Sardinian Italian Romanian English filium hijo fijo(orhijo) fillo fíu fillo filho fill filh,hilh fils fizu,fìgiu,fillu figlio fiu 'son' facere hacer fazer fer facer fazer fer far,faire,har(orhèr) faire fàghere,fàere,fàiri fare aface 'todo' febrem fiebre(calentura) febre fèbre,frèbe,hrèbe(orherèbe) fièvre calentura febbre febră 'fever' focum fuego fueu fogo foc fuòc,fòc,huèc feu fogu fuoco foc 'fire' SomeconsonantclustersofLatinalsoproducedcharacteristicallydifferentresultsintheselanguages,asshownintheexamplesinthefollowingtable: Latin Spanish Ladino Aragonese Asturian Galician Portuguese Catalan Gascon/Occitan French Sardinian Italian Romanian English clāvem llave clave clau llave chave chave clau clé giae,crae,crai chiave cheie 'key' flamma llama flama chama chama,flama flama flamme framma fiamma flamă 'flame' plēnum lleno pleno plen llenu cheo cheio,pleno ple plen plein prenu pieno plin 'plenty,full' octō ocho güeito ocho,oito oito oito(oito) vuit,huit uèch,uòch,uèit huit oto otto opt 'eight' multum muchomuy munchomuy muitomui munchumui moitomoi muito molt molt (arch.) très, beaucoup,moult meda molto mult 'much,very,many' AntoniodeNebrija,authorofGramáticadelalenguacastellana,thefirstgrammarofamodernEuropeanlanguage.[20] Inthe15thand16thcenturies,Spanishunderwentadramaticchangeinthepronunciationofitssibilantconsonants,knowninSpanishasthereajustedelassibilantes,whichresultedinthedistinctivevelar[x]pronunciationoftheletter⟨j⟩and—inalargepartofSpain—thecharacteristicinterdental[θ]("th-sound")fortheletter⟨z⟩(andfor⟨c⟩before⟨e⟩or⟨i⟩).SeeHistoryofSpanish(ModerndevelopmentoftheOldSpanishsibilants)fordetails. TheGramáticadelalenguacastellana,writteninSalamancain1492byElioAntoniodeNebrija,wasthefirstgrammarwrittenforamodernEuropeanlanguage.[21]Accordingtoapopularanecdote,whenNebrijapresentedittoQueenIsabellaI,sheaskedhimwhatwastheuseofsuchawork,andheansweredthatlanguageistheinstrumentofempire.[22]Inhisintroductiontothegrammar,dated18August1492,Nebrijawrotethat"...languagewasalwaysthecompanionofempire."[23] Fromthesixteenthcenturyonwards,thelanguagewastakentotheSpanish-discoveredAmericaandtheSpanishEastIndiesviaSpanishcolonizationofAmerica.MigueldeCervantes,authorofDonQuixote,issuchawell-knownreferenceintheworldthatSpanishisoftencalledlalenguadeCervantes("thelanguageofCervantes").[24] Inthetwentiethcentury,SpanishwasintroducedtoEquatorialGuineaandtheWesternSahara,andtoareasoftheUnitedStatesthathadnotbeenpartoftheSpanishEmpire,suchasSpanishHarleminNewYorkCity.FordetailsonborrowedwordsandotherexternalinfluencesuponSpanish,seeInfluencesontheSpanishlanguage. Geographicaldistribution[edit] Seealso:Hispanophone GeographicaldistributionoftheSpanishlanguage  Officialorco-officiallanguage  1,000,000+  100,000+  20,000+ActivelearningofSpanish.[25] Spanishistheprimarylanguagein20countriesworldwide.Asof2020,itisestimatedthatabout463millionpeoplespeakSpanishasanativelanguage,makingitthesecondmostspokenlanguagebynumberofnativespeakers.Anadditional75millionspeakSpanishasasecondorforeignlanguage,makingitthefourthmostspokenlanguageintheworldoverallafterEnglish,MandarinChinese,andHindiwithatotalnumberof538millionspeakers.[26]SpanishisalsothethirdmostusedlanguageontheInternet,afterEnglishandChinese.[27] Europe[edit] Mainarticle:PeninsularSpanish PercentageofpeoplewhoselfreportedlyknowenoughSpanishtoholdaconversation,intheEU,2005  Nativecountry  Morethan8.99%  Between4%and8.99%  Between1%and3.99%  Lessthan1% InEurope,SpanishisanofficiallanguageofSpain,thecountryafterwhichitisnamedandfromwhichitoriginated.ItisalsowidelyspokeninGibraltarandAndorra.[28] SpanishisalsospokenbyimmigrantcommunitiesinotherEuropeancountries,suchastheUnitedKingdom,France,Italy,andGermany.[29]SpanishisanofficiallanguageoftheEuropeanUnion. Americas[edit] HispanicAmerica[edit] Mainarticle:SpanishlanguageintheAmericas MostSpanishspeakersareinHispanicAmerica;ofallcountrieswithamajorityofSpanishspeakers,onlySpainandEquatorialGuineaareoutsidetheAmericas.Nationally,Spanishistheofficiallanguage—eitherdefactoordejure—ofArgentina,Bolivia(co-officialwithQuechua,Aymara,Guarani,and34otherlanguages),Chile,Colombia,CostaRica,Cuba,DominicanRepublic,Ecuador,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Mexico(co-officialwith63indigenouslanguages),Nicaragua,Panama,Paraguay(co-officialwithGuaraní),[30]Peru(co-officialwithQuechua,Aymara,and"theotherindigenouslanguages"[31]),PuertoRico(co-officialwithEnglish),[32]Uruguay,andVenezuela. SpanishhasnoofficialrecognitionintheformerBritishcolonyofBelize;however,perthe2000census,itisspokenby43%ofthepopulation.[33][34]Mainly,itisspokenbythedescendantsofHispanicswhohavebeenintheregionsincetheseventeenthcentury;however,Englishistheofficiallanguage.[35] DuetotheirproximitytoSpanish-speakingcountries,TrinidadandTobagoandBrazilhaveimplementedSpanishlanguageteachingintotheireducationsystems.TheTrinidadgovernmentlaunchedtheSpanishasaFirstForeignLanguage(SAFFL)initiativeinMarch2005.[36]In2005,theNationalCongressofBrazilapprovedabill,signedintolawbythePresident,makingitmandatoryforschoolstoofferSpanishasanalternativeforeignlanguagecourseinbothpublicandprivatesecondaryschoolsinBrazil.[37]InSeptember2016thislawwasrevokedbyMichelTemerafterimpeachmentofDilmaRousseff.[38]InmanybordertownsandvillagesalongParaguayandUruguay,amixedlanguageknownasPortuñolisspoken.[39] UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:SpanishlanguageintheUnitedStates Seealso:NewMexicanSpanishandIsleñoSpanish PercentageoftheU.S.populationaged5andoverwhospeaksSpanishathomein2019,bystates. Accordingto2006censusdata,44.3 millionpeopleoftheU.S.populationwereHispanicorHispanicAmericanbyorigin;[40]38.3 millionpeople,13percentofthepopulationoverfiveyearsoldspeakSpanishathome.[41]TheSpanishlanguagehasalonghistoryofpresenceintheUnitedStatesduetoearlySpanishand,later,Mexicanadministrationoverterritoriesnowformingthesouthwesternstates,alsoLouisianaruledbySpainfrom1762to1802,aswellasFlorida,whichwasSpanishterritoryuntil1821,andPuertoRicowhichwasSpanishuntil1898. SpanishisbyfarthemostcommonsecondlanguageintheUS,withover50 milliontotalspeakersifnon-nativeorsecond-languagespeakersareincluded.[42]WhileEnglishisthedefactonationallanguageofthecountry,Spanishisoftenusedinpublicservicesandnoticesatthefederalandstatelevels.SpanishisalsousedinadministrationinthestateofNewMexico.[43]ThelanguagealsohasastronginfluenceinmajormetropolitanareassuchasthoseofLosAngeles,Miami,SanAntonio,NewYork,SanFrancisco,Dallas,andPhoenix;aswellasmorerecently,Chicago,LasVegas,Boston,Denver,Houston,Indianapolis,Philadelphia,Cleveland,SaltLakeCity,Atlanta,Nashville,Orlando,Tampa,RaleighandBaltimore-Washington,D.C.dueto20th-and21st-centuryimmigration. Africa[edit] Mainarticle:EquatoguineanSpanish SpanishlanguagesignageinMalabo,capitalcityofEquatorialGuinea. InAfrica,EquatorialGuineagaineditsindependencefromSpainon1968,butmaintainsSpanishasitsofficiallanguagealongsideFrenchandPortuguese,beingcurrentlytheonlyAfricancountrywhereSpanishisanofficiallanguage. [44]Itisalsothemostwidelyspokenlanguage(considerablymorethantheothertwoofficiallanguages),andaccordingtotheInstitutoCervantes87.7%ofthepopulationarefluentinSpanish.[45]Fangisthemostspokenlanguagebynumberofnativespeakers.[46][47]SpanishisalsoanofficiallanguageoftheAfricanUnion. SpanishisalsospokenintheintegralterritoriesofSpaininNorthAfrica,whichincludethecitiesofCeutaandMelilla,theCanaryIslandslocatedsome100 km(62 mi)offthenorthwestcoastofmainlandAfrica,andminusculeoutpostsknownasplazasdesoberanía.InnorthernMorocco,aformerSpanishprotectorate,approximately20,000peoplespeakSpanishasasecondlanguage,whileArabicisthedejureofficiallanguageandFrenchisasecondadministrativelanguage.SpanishisspokenbyverysmallcommunitiesinAngoladuetoCubaninfluencefromtheColdWarandinSouthSudanamongSouthSudanesenativesthatrelocatedtoCubaduringtheSudanesewarsandreturnedfortheircountry'sindependence.[48] InWesternSahara,formerlySpanishSahara,Spanishwasofficiallyspokenduringthelatenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies.Today,SpanishispresentalongsideArabicintheSahrawiArabDemocraticRepublic,althoughthisentityreceiveslimitedinternationalrecognitionandthenumberofSpanishspeakersisunknown.[49][50] Asia[edit] Seealso:ChavacanoandSpanishlanguageinthePhilippines LaSolidaridadnewspaperandJuanLuna(aFilipinoIlustrado). SpanishwasanofficiallanguageofthePhilippinesfromthebeginningofSpanishadministrationin1565toaconstitutionalchangein1973.DuringSpanishcolonization(1565–1898),itwasthelanguageofgovernment,trade,andeducation,andwasspokenasafirstlanguagebySpaniardsandeducatedFilipinos.Inthemid-nineteenthcentury,thecolonialgovernmentsetupafreepubliceducationsystemwithSpanishasthemediumofinstruction.WhilethisincreasedtheuseofSpanishthroughouttheislandsandledtotheformationofaclassofSpanish-speakingintellectualscalledtheIlustrados,onlypopulationsinurbanareasorwithplaceswithasignificantSpanishpresenceusedthelanguageonadailybasisorlearneditasasecondorthirdlanguage.BytheendofSpanishrulein1898,onlyabout10%ofthepopulationhadknowledgeofSpanish,mostlythoseofSpanishdescentorelitestanding.[51] DespiteAmericanadministrationofthePhilippinesafterthedefeatofSpainintheSpanish–AmericanWar,SpanishcontinuedtobeusedinPhilippineliteratureandpressduringtheearlyyearsofAmericanadministration.Graduallyhowever,theAmericangovernmentbeganpromotingtheuseofEnglishattheexpenseofSpanish,characterizingitasanegativeinfluenceofthepast.Eventually,bythe1920s,Englishbecametheprimarylanguageofadministrationandeducation.[52]Nevertheless,despiteasignificantdecreaseininfluenceandspeakers,SpanishremainedanofficiallanguageofthePhilippinesuponindependencein1946,alongsideEnglishandFilipino,astandardizedversionofTagalog. EarlyflagoftheFilipinorevolutionaries("LonglivethePhilippineRepublic!!!").ThefirsttwoconstitutionswerewritteninSpanish. Spanishwasbrieflyremovedfromofficialstatusin1973undertheadministrationofFerdinandMarcos,butregainedofficialstatustwomonthslaterunderPresidentialDecreeNo.155,dated15March1973.[53]Itremainedanofficiallanguageuntil1987,withtheratificationofthepresentconstitution,inwhichitwasre-designatedasavoluntaryandoptionalauxiliarylanguage.[54]In2010,PresidentGloriaMacapagalArroyoencouragedthereintroductionofSpanish-languageteachinginthePhilippineeducationsystem.[55]However,theinitiativefailedtogainanytraction,withthenumberofsecondaryschoolsatwhichthelanguageiseitheracompulsorysubjectorofferedasanelectiveremainingverylimited.[56]Today,whilethemostoptimisticestimatesplacethenumberofSpanishspeakersinthePhilippinesataround1.8millionpeople,interestinthelanguageisgrowing,withsome20,000studentsstudyingthelanguageeveryyear.[57] AsidefromstandardSpanish,aSpanish-basedcreolelanguagecalledChavacanodevelopedinthesouthernPhilippines.However,itisnotmutuallyintelligiblewithSpanish.[58]ThenumberofChavacano-speakerswasestimatedat1.2millionin1996.[59]ThelocallanguagesofthePhilippinesalsoretainsignificantSpanishinfluence,withmanywordsderivedfromMexicanSpanish,owingtotheadministrationoftheislandsbySpainthroughNewSpainuntil1821,untildirectgovernancefromMadridafterwardsto1898.[60][61] Oceania[edit] AnnouncementinSpanishonEasterIsland,welcomingvisitorstoRapaNuiNationalPark SpanishistheofficialandmostspokenlanguageonEasterIsland,whichisgeographicallypartofPolynesiainOceaniaandpoliticallypartofChile.However,EasterIsland'straditionallanguageisRapaNui,anEasternPolynesianlanguage. AsalegacyofcomprisingtheformerSpanishEastIndies,SpanishloanwordsarepresentinthelocallanguagesofGuam,NorthernMarianaIslands,Palau,MarshallIslandsandMicronesia.[62][63] Grammar[edit] Mainarticle:Spanishgrammar MigueldeCervantes,consideredbymanythegreatestauthorofSpanishliterature,andauthorofDonQuixote,widelyconsideredthefirstmodernEuropeannovel. MostofthegrammaticalandtypologicalfeaturesofSpanisharesharedwiththeotherRomancelanguages.Spanishisafusionallanguage.Thenounandadjectivesystemsexhibittwogendersandtwonumbers.Inaddition,articlesandsomepronounsanddeterminershaveaneutergenderintheirsingularform.Thereareaboutfiftyconjugatedformsperverb,with3tenses:past,present,future;2aspectsforpast:perfective,imperfective;4moods:indicative,subjunctive,conditional,imperative;3persons:first,second,third;2numbers:singular,plural;3verboidforms:infinitive,gerund,andpastparticiple.Theindicativemoodistheunmarkedone,whilethesubjunctivemoodexpressesuncertaintyorindetermination,andiscommonlypairedwiththeconditional,whichisamoodusedtoexpress"would"(asin,"IwouldeatifIhadfood);theimperativeisamoodtoexpressacommand,commonlyaonewordphrase–"¡Di!","Talk!". VerbsexpressT-Vdistinctionbyusingdifferentpersonsforformalandinformaladdresses.(Foradetailedoverviewofverbs,seeSpanishverbsandSpanishirregularverbs.) Spanishsyntaxisconsideredright-branching,meaningthatsubordinateormodifyingconstituentstendtobeplacedafterheadwords.Thelanguageusesprepositions(ratherthanpostpositionsorinflectionofnounsforcase),andusually—thoughnotalways—placesadjectivesafternouns,asdomostotherRomancelanguages. Spanishisclassifiedasasubject–verb–objectlanguage;however,asinmostRomancelanguages,constituentorderishighlyvariableandgovernedmainlybytopicalizationandfocusratherthanbysyntax.Itisa"pro-drop",or"null-subject"language—thatis,itallowsthedeletionofsubjectpronounswhentheyarepragmaticallyunnecessary.Spanishisdescribedasa"verb-framed"language,meaningthatthedirectionofmotionisexpressedintheverbwhilethemodeoflocomotionisexpressedadverbially(e.g.subircorriendoorsalirvolando;therespectiveEnglishequivalentsoftheseexamples—'torunup'and'toflyout'—showthatEnglishis,bycontrast,"satellite-framed",withmodeoflocomotionexpressedintheverbanddirectioninanadverbialmodifier). Subject/verbinversionisnotrequiredinquestions,andthustherecognitionofdeclarativeorinterrogativemaydependentirelyonintonation. Phonology[edit] SpanishspokeninSpain Mainarticle:Spanishphonology TheSpanishphonemicsystemisoriginallydescendedfromthatofVulgarLatin.Itsdevelopmentexhibitssometraitsincommonwiththeneighboringdialects—especiallyLeoneseandAragonese—aswellasothertraitsuniquetoSpanish.SpanishisuniqueamongitsneighborsintheaspirationandeventuallossoftheLatininitial/f/sound(e.g.Cast.harinavs.Leon.andArag.farina).[64]TheLatininitialconsonantsequencespl-,cl-,andfl-inSpanishtypicallybecomell-(originallypronounced[ʎ]),whileinAragonesetheyarepreservedinmostdialects,andinLeonesetheypresentavarietyofoutcomes,including[tʃ],[ʃ],and[ʎ].WhereLatinhad-li-beforeavowel(e.g.filius)ortheending-iculus,-icula(e.g.auricula),OldSpanishproduced[ʒ],thatinModernSpanishbecamethevelarfricative[x](hijo,oreja,whereneighboringlanguageshavethepalatallateral[ʎ](e.g.Portuguesefilho,orelha;Catalanfill,orella). Segmentalphonology[edit] Spanishvowelchart,fromLadefoged&Johnson(2010:227) TheSpanishphonemicinventoryconsistsoffivevowelphonemes(/a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,/u/)and17to19consonantphonemes(theexactnumberdependingonthedialect[65]).Themainallophonicvariationamongvowelsisthereductionofthehighvowels/i/and/u/toglides—[j]and[w]respectively—whenunstressedandadjacenttoanothervowel.Someinstancesofthemidvowels/e/and/o/,determinedlexically,alternatewiththediphthongs/je/and/we/respectivelywhenstressed,inaprocessthatisbetterdescribedasmorphophonemicratherthanphonological,asitisnotpredictablefromphonologyalone. TheSpanishconsonantsystemischaracterizedby(1)threenasalphonemes,andoneortwo(dependingonthedialect)lateralphoneme(s),whichinsyllable-finalpositionlosetheircontrastandaresubjecttoassimilationtoafollowingconsonant;(2)threevoicelessstopsandtheaffricate/tʃ/;(3)threeorfour(dependingonthedialect)voicelessfricatives;(4)asetofvoicedobstruents—/b/,/d/,/ɡ/,andsometimes/ʝ/—whichalternatebetweenapproximantandplosiveallophonesdependingontheenvironment;and(5)aphonemicdistinctionbetweenthe"tapped"and"trilled"r-sounds(single⟨r⟩anddouble⟨rr⟩inorthography). Inthefollowingtableofconsonantphonemes,/ʎ/ismarkedwithanasterisk(*)toindicatethatitispreservedonlyinsomedialects.Inmostdialectsithasbeenmergedwith/ʝ/inthemergercalledyeísmo.Similarly,/θ/isalsomarkedwithanasterisktoindicatethatmostdialectsdonotdistinguishitfrom/s/(seeseseo),althoughthisisnotatruemergerbutanoutcomeofdifferentevolutionofsibilantsinSouthernSpain. Thephoneme/ʃ/isinparentheses()toindicatethatitappearsonlyinloanwords.Eachofthevoicedobstruentphonemes/b/,/d/,/ʝ/,and/ɡ/appearstotherightofapairofvoicelessphonemes,toindicatethat,whilethevoicelessphonemesmaintainaphonemiccontrastbetweenplosive(oraffricate)andfricative,thevoicedonesalternateallophonically(i.e.withoutphonemiccontrast)betweenplosiveandapproximantpronunciations. Consonantphonemes[66] Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Nasal m n ɲ Stop p b t d tʃ ʝ k ɡ Continuant f θ* s (ʃ) x Lateral l ʎ* Flap ɾ Trill r Prosody[edit] Spanishisclassifiedbyitsrhythmasasyllable-timedlanguage:eachsyllablehasapproximatelythesamedurationregardlessofstress.[67][68] Spanishintonationvariessignificantlyaccordingtodialectbutgenerallyconformstoapatternoffallingtonefordeclarativesentencesandwh-questions(who,what,why,etc.)andrisingtoneforyes/noquestions.[69][70]Therearenosyntacticmarkerstodistinguishbetweenquestionsandstatementsandthus,therecognitionofdeclarativeorinterrogativedependsentirelyonintonation. Stressmostoftenoccursonanyofthelastthreesyllablesofaword,withsomerareexceptionsatthefourth-to-lastorearliersyllables.Stresstendstooccurasfollows:[71][better source needed] inwordsthatendwithamonophthong,onthepenultimatesyllable whenthewordendsinadiphthong,onthefinalsyllable. inwordsthatendwithaconsonant,onthelastsyllable,withtheexceptionoftwogrammaticalendings:-n,forthird-person-pluralofverbs,and-s,forpluralofnounsandadjectivesorforsecond-person-singularofverbs.However,eventhoughasignificantnumberofnounsandadjectivesendingwith-narealsostressedonthepenult(joven,virgen,mitin),thegreatmajorityofnounsandadjectivesendingwith-narestressedontheirlastsyllable(capitán,almacén,jardín,corazón). Preantepenultimatestress(stressonthefourth-to-lastsyllable)occursrarely,onlyonverbswithcliticpronounsattached(e.g.guardándoselos'savingthemforhim/her/them/you'). Inadditiontothemanyexceptionstothesetendencies,therearenumerousminimalpairsthatcontrastsolelyonstresssuchassábana('sheet')andsabana('savannah');límite('boundary'),limite('he/shelimits')andlimité('Ilimited');líquido('liquid'),liquido('Iselloff')andliquidó('he/shesoldoff'). Theorthographicsystemunambiguouslyreflectswherethestressoccurs:intheabsenceofanaccentmark,thestressfallsonthelastsyllableunlessthelastletteris⟨n⟩,⟨s⟩,oravowel,inwhichcasesthestressfallsonthenext-to-last(penultimate)syllable.Exceptionstothoserulesareindicatedbyanacuteaccentmarkoverthevowelofthestressedsyllable.(SeeSpanishorthography.) Speakerpopulation[edit] Spanishistheofficial,ornationallanguagein18countriesandoneterritoryintheAmericas,Spain,andEquatorialGuinea.Withapopulationofover410million,HispanophoneAmericaaccountsforthevastmajorityofSpanishspeakers,ofwhichMexicoisthemostpopulousSpanish-speakingcountry.IntheEuropeanUnion,Spanishisthemothertongueof8%ofthepopulation,withanadditional7%speakingitasasecondlanguage.[72]Additionally,SpanishisthesecondmostspokenlanguageintheUnitedStatesandisbyfarthemostpopularforeignlanguageamongstudents.[73]In2015,itwasestimatedthatover50millionAmericansspokeSpanish,about41millionofwhomwerenativespeakers.[74]Withcontinuedimmigrationandincreaseduseofthelanguagedomesticallyinpublicspheresandmedia,thenumberofSpanishspeakersintheUnitedStatesisexpectedtocontinuegrowingovertheforthcomingdecades.[75] Spanishspeakersbycountry[edit] ThefollowingtableshowsthenumberofSpanishspeakersinsome79countries. WorldwideSpanishfluency(greyand*signifiesofficiallanguage) Country Population[76] Spanishasanativelanguagespeakers[77] Nativespeakersandproficientspeakersasasecondlanguage[78] TotalnumberofSpanishspeakers(includinglimitedcompetencespeakers)[78][79][80] Mexico* 128,972,439[81] 119,557,451(92.7%)[82] 124,845,321(96,8%)[1] 127,037,852(98.5%)[80] UnitedStates 328,239,523[83] 41,757,391[84](13.5%)[85] 41,757,391[86][87](82%ofU.S.HispanicsspeakSpanishverywell(accordingtoa2011survey).[88]Thereare60.5millionHispanicsintheU.S.asof2019[89]+2.8mill.nonHispanicSpanishspeakers[90]) 56,657,391[1](41.8 millionasafirstlanguage+14.9 millionasasecondlanguage.Toavoiddoublecounting,thenumberdoesnotinclude8 millionSpanishstudentsandsomeofthe8.4 millionundocumentedHispanicsnotaccountedbytheCensus Colombia* 51,049,498[91] 50,199,498(98.9%) 50,641,102(99.2%)[1] Spain* 47,026,208[1] 43,546,005(92%)[1] 46,383,381(98%)[92] Argentina* 45,808,747[93][95] 44,297,059(96.7%)[96] 44938381(98,1%)[1] 45,533,895(99.4%)[80] Venezuela* 32,605,423[97] 31,507,179(1,098,244withothermothertongue)[98] 31,725,077(97.3%)[1] 32,214,158(98.8%)[80] Peru* 33,149,016[99] 27,480,534(82.9%)[100][101] 29,834,114(86.6%)[1] Chile* 19,678,363[102] 18,871,550(281,600withothermothertongue)[103] 18,871,550(95.9%)[1] 19,540,614(99.3%)[80] Ecuador* 17,424,000[104] 16204320(93%)[105] 16,692,192(95.8%)[1] 16,845,732(98.1%)[80] Guatemala* 18,055,025[106] 12,620,462(69.9%)[107] 14,137,085(78.3%)[1] 15,599,542(86.4%)[80] Cuba* 11,209,628[108] 11187209(99.8%)[1] 11,187,209(99.8%)[1] DominicanRepublic* 10,448,499[109] 10197735(97.6%)[1] 10197735(97.6%)[1] 10,302,220(99.6%)[80] Bolivia* 11,584,000[110] 7,031,488(60.7%)[111] 9,614,720(83%)[1] 10,182,336(87.9%)[80] Honduras* 9,251,313[112] 9039287(207,750withothermothertongue)[113] 9,039,287(98.7%)[1] ElSalvador* 6,765,753[114] 6745456[115] 6,745,456(99.7%)[1] France 65,635,000[116] 477,564(1%[117]of47,756,439[118]) 1,910,258(4%[92]of47,756,439[118]) 6,685,901(14%[119]of47,756,439[118]) Nicaragua* 6,218,321[114][76] 6,037,990(97.1%)(490,124withothermothertongue)[114][120] 6,218,321(180,331limitedproficiency)[114] Brazil 211,671,000[121] 460,018[1] 460,018 6,056,018(460,018nativespeakers+96,000limitedproficiency+5,500,000canholdaconversation)[122] Italy 60,795,612[123] 255,459[124] 1,037,248(2%[92]of51,862,391[118]) 5,704,863(11%[119]of51,862,391[118]) CostaRica* 4,890,379[125] 4,806,069(84,310withothermothertongue)[126] 4,851,256(99.2%)[80] Paraguay* 7,252,672[127] 4,460,393(61.5%)[128] 4,946,322(68,2%)[1] Panama* 3,764,166[129] 3,263,123(501,043withothermothertongue)[130] 3,504,439(93.1%)[80] Uruguay* 3,480,222[131] 3,330,022(150,200withothermothertongue)[132] 3,441,940(98.9%)[80] PuertoRico* 3,474,182[133] 3,303,947(95.1%)[134] 3,432,492(98.8%)[80] UnitedKingdom 64,105,700[135] 120,000[136] 518,480(1%[92]of51,848,010[118]) 3,110,880(6%[119]of51,848,010[118]) Philippines* 101,562,305[137] 438,882[138] 3,016,773[139][140][141][142][143][144][145] Germany 81,292,400[146] 644,091(1%[92]of64,409,146[118]) 2,576,366(4%[119]of64,409,146[118]) Morocco 34,378,000[147] 6,586[148] 6,586 1,664,823[1][149](10%)[150] EquatorialGuinea* 1,622,000[151] 1,683[152] 918,000[80](90.5%)[80][153] Romania 21,355,849[154] 182,467(1%[92]of18,246,731[118]) 912,337(5%[119]of18,246,731[118]) Portugal 10,636,888[155] 323,237(4%[92]of8,080,915[118]) 808,091(10%[119]of8,080,915[118]) Canada 34,605,346[156] 553,495[157] 643,800(87%[158]of740,000[159])[160] 736,653[79] Netherlands 16,665,900[161] 133,719(1%[92]of13,371,980[118]) 668,599(5%[119]of13,371,980[118]) Sweden 9,555,893[162] 77,912(1%[117]of7,791,240[118]) 77,912(1%of7,791,240) 467,474(6%[119]of7,791,240[118]) Australia 21,507,717[163] 111,400[164] 111,400 447,175[165] Belgium 10,918,405[166] 89,395(1%[92]of8,939,546[118]) 446,977(5%[119]of8,939,546[118]) Benin 10,008,749[167] 412,515(students)[79] IvoryCoast 21,359,000[168] 341,073(students)[79] Poland 38,092,000 324,137(1%[92]of32,413,735[118]) 324,137(1%of32,413,735) Austria 8,205,533 70,098(1%[92]of7,009,827[118]) 280,393(4%[119]of7,009,827[118]) Algeria 33,769,669 223,422[148] Belize 324,528[169] 165,000[170] 165,296[169] Senegal 12,853,259 205,000(students)[79] Denmark 5,484,723 45,613(1%[92]of4,561,264[118]) 182,450(4%[119]of4,561,264[118]) Israel 7,112,359 130,000[148] 175,231[171] Japan 127,288,419 100,229[172] 100,229 167,514(60,000students)[79] Gabon 1,545,255[173] 167,410(students)[79] Switzerland 7,581,520 150,782(2,24%)[174][175] 150,782 165,202(14,420students)[176] Ireland 4,581,269[177] 35,220(1%[92]of3,522,000[118]) 140,880(4%[119]of3,522,000[118]) Finland 5,244,749 133,200(3%[119]of4,440,004[118]) Bulgaria 7,262,675 130,750(2%[92]of6,537,510[118]) 130,750(2%[119]of6,537,510[118]) BonaireandCuraçao 223,652 10,699[148] 10,699[148] 125,534[148] Norway 5,165,800 21,187[178] 103,309[79] CzechRepublic 10,513,209[179] 90,124(1%[119]of9,012,443[118]) Hungary 9,957,731[180] 83,206(1%[119]of8,320,614[118]) Aruba 101,484[181] 6,800[148] 6,800[148] 75,402[148] TrinidadandTobago 1,317,714[182] 4,100[148] 4,100[148] 65,886[148](5%)[183] Cameroon 21,599,100[184] 63,560(students)[79] Andorra 84,484 33,305[148] 33,305[148] 54,909[148] Slovenia 35,194(2%[92]of1,759,701[118]) 52,791(3%[119]of1,759,701[118]) NewZealand 21,645[185] 21,645 47,322(25,677students)[79] Slovakia 5,455,407 45,500(1%[119]of4,549,955[118]) China 1,339,724,852[186] 30,000(students)[187] Gibraltar 29,441[188] 22,758(77.3%[189]) Lithuania 2,972,949[190] 28,297(1%[119]of2,829,740[118]) Luxembourg 524,853 4,049(1%[117]of404,907[118]) 8,098(2%[92]of404,907[118]) 24,294(6%[119]of404,907[118]) Russia 143,400,000[191] 3,320[148] 3,320[148] 23,320[148] WesternSahara* 513,000[192] n.a.[193] 22,000[148] Guam 19,092[194] USVirginIslands 16,788[195] 16,788[148] 16,788[148] Latvia 2,209,000[196] 13,943(1%[119]of1,447,866[118]) Turkey 73,722,988[197] 1,134[148] 1,134[148] 13,480[148][198] Cyprus 2%[119]of660,400[118] India 1,210,193,422[199] 9,750(students)[200] Estonia 9,457(1%[119]of945,733[118]) Jamaica 2,711,476[201] 8,000[202] 8,000[202] 8,000[202] Namibia 3,870[203] Egypt 3,500[204] Malta 3,354(1%[119]of335,476[118]) EuropeanUnion(excludingSpain)* 460,624,488[205] 2,397,000(934,984alreadycounted)[206] Total 7,626,000,000(TotalWorldPopulation)[207] 479,607,963[208][160](6.2 %)[209] 501,870,034[160](6.5 %) 555,428,616[208][1][210](7.2 %)[211] Dialectalvariation[edit] AworldmapattemptingtoidentifythemaindialectsofSpanish. Mainarticle:Spanishdialectsandvarieties Whilebeingmutuallyintelligible,thereareimportantvariations(phonological,grammatical,andlexical)inthespokenSpanishofthevariousregionsofSpainandthroughouttheSpanish-speakingareasoftheAmericas. ThevarietywiththemostspeakersisMexicanSpanish.Itisspokenbymorethantwentypercentoftheworld'sSpanishspeakers(morethan112 millionofthetotalofmorethan500 million,accordingtothetableabove).Oneofitsmainfeaturesisthereductionorlossofunstressedvowels,mainlywhentheyareincontactwiththesound/s/.[212][213] InSpain,northerndialectsarepopularlythoughtofasclosertothestandard,althoughpositiveattitudestowardsoutherndialectshaveincreasedsignificantlyinthelast50years.Evenso,thespeechofMadrid,whichhastypicallysouthernfeaturessuchasyeísmoands-aspiration,isthestandardvarietyforuseonradioandtelevision.[214][215][216][217]However,thevarietyusedinthemediaisthatofMadrid'seducatedclasses,wheresoutherntraitsarelessevident,incontrastwiththevarietyspokenbyworking-classMadrid,wherethosetraitsarepervasive.TheeducatedvarietyofMadridisindicatedbymanyastheonethathasmostinfluencedthewrittenstandardforSpanish.[218] Phonology[edit] Thefourmainphonologicaldivisionsarebasedrespectivelyon(1)thephoneme/θ/("theta"),(2)thedebuccalizationofsyllable-final/s/,(3)thesoundofthespelled⟨s⟩,(4)andthephoneme/ʎ/("turnedy"),[219] Thephoneme/θ/(spelledcbeforeeoriandspelled⟨z⟩elsewhere),avoicelessdentalfricativeasinEnglishthing,ismaintainedbyamajorityofSpain'spopulation,especiallyinthenorthernandcentralpartsofthecountry.Inotherareas(somepartsofsouthernSpain,theCanaryIslands,andtheAmericas),/θ/doesnotexistand/s/occursinstead.ThemaintenanceofphonemiccontrastiscalleddistincióninSpanish,whilethemergerisgenerallycalledseseo(inreferencetotheusualrealizationofthemergedphonemeas[s])or,occasionally,ceceo(referringtoitsinterdentalrealization,[θ],insomepartsofsouthernSpain).InmostofHispanicAmerica,thespelled⟨c⟩before⟨e⟩or⟨i⟩,andspelled⟨z⟩isalwayspronouncedasavoicelessdentalsibilant. Thedebuccalization(pronunciationas[h],orloss)ofsyllable-final/s/isassociatedwiththesouthernhalfofSpainandlowlandAmericas:CentralAmerica(exceptcentralCostaRicaandGuatemala),theCaribbean,coastalareasofsouthernMexico,andSouthAmericaexceptAndeanhighlands.Debuccalizationisfrequentlycalled"aspiration"inEnglish,andaspiracióninSpanish.Whenthereisnodebuccalization,thesyllable-final/s/ispronouncedasvoiceless"apico-alveolar"sibilantorasavoicelessdentalsibilantinthesamefashionasinthenextparagraph. Thesoundthatcorrespondstotheletter⟨s⟩ispronouncedinnorthernandcentralSpainasavoiceless"apico-alveolar"sibilant[s̺](alsodescribedacousticallyas"grave"andarticulatorilyas"retracted"),withaweak"hushing"soundreminiscentofretroflexfricatives.InAndalusia,CanaryIslandsandmostofHispanicAmerica(exceptinthePaisaregionofColombia)itispronouncedasavoicelessdentalsibilant[s],muchlikethemostfrequentpronunciationofthe/s/ofEnglish.Because/s/isoneofthemostfrequentphonemesinSpanish,thedifferenceofpronunciationisoneofthefirsttobenotedbyaSpanish-speakingpersontodifferentiateSpaniardsfromSpanish-speakersoftheAmericas.[citationneeded] Thephoneme/ʎ/,spelled⟨ll⟩,apalatallateralconsonantthatcanbeapproximatedbythesoundofthe⟨lli⟩ofEnglishmillion,tendstobemaintainedinless-urbanizedareasofnorthernSpainandinhighlandareasofSouthAmerica.Meanwhile,inthespeechofmostotherSpanish-speakers,itismergedwith/ʝ/("curly-tailj"),anon-lateral,usuallyvoiced,usuallyfricative,palatalconsonant,sometimescomparedtoEnglish/j/(yod)asinyachtandspelled⟨y⟩inSpanish.Aswithotherformsofallophonyacrossworldlanguages,thesmalldifferenceofthespelled⟨ll⟩andthespelled⟨y⟩isusuallynotperceived(thedifferenceisnotheard)bypeoplewhodonotproducethemasdifferentphonemes.SuchaphonemicmergeriscalledyeísmoinSpanish.InRioplatenseSpanish,themergedphonemeisgenerallypronouncedasapostalveolarfricative,eithervoiced[ʒ](asinEnglishmeasureortheFrench⟨j⟩)inthecentralandwesternpartsofthedialectalregion(zheísmo),orvoiceless[ʃ](asintheFrench⟨ch⟩orPortuguese⟨x⟩)inandaroundBuenosAiresandMontevideo(sheísmo).[220] Morphology[edit] ThemainmorphologicalvariationsbetweendialectsofSpanishinvolvedifferingusesofpronouns,especiallythoseofthesecondpersonand,toalesserextent,theobjectpronounsofthethirdperson. Voseo[edit] Mainarticle:Voseo Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(October2012)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) AnexaminationofthedominanceandstressofthevoseofeatureinHispanicAmerica.DatageneratedasillustratedbytheAssociationofSpanishLanguageAcademies.Thedarkerthearea,thestrongeritsdominance. VirtuallyalldialectsofSpanishmakethedistinctionbetweenaformalandafamiliarregisterinthesecond-personsingularandthushavetwodifferentpronounsmeaning"you":ustedintheformalandeithertúorvosinthefamiliar(andeachofthesethreepronounshasitsassociatedverbforms),withthechoiceoftúorvosvaryingfromonedialecttoanother.Theuseofvos(and/oritsverbforms)iscalledvoseo.Inafewdialects,allthreepronounsareused,withusted,tú,andvosdenotingrespectivelyformality,familiarity,andintimacy.[221] Invoseo,vosisthesubjectform(vosdecís,"yousay")andtheformfortheobjectofapreposition(voyconvos,"Iamgoingwithyou"),whilethedirectandindirectobjectforms,andthepossessives,arethesameasthoseassociatedwithtú:Vossabésquetusamigosterespetan("Youknowyourfriendsrespectyou"). Theverbformsofgeneralvoseoarethesameasthoseusedwithtúexceptinthepresenttense(indicativeandimperative)verbs.Theformsforvosgenerallycanbederivedfromthoseofvosotros(thetraditionalsecond-personfamiliarplural)bydeletingtheglide[i̯],or/d/,whereitappearsintheending:vosotrospensáis>vospensás;vosotrosvolvéis>vosvolvés,pensad!(vosotros)>pensá!(vos),volved!(vosotros)>volvé!(vos). Generalvoseo(RiverPlateSpanish) Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Present Simplepast Imperfectpast Future Conditional Present Past pensás pensaste pensabas pensarás pensarías pienses pensaraspensases pensá volvés volviste volvías volverás volverías vuelvas volvierasvolvieses volvé dormís dormiste dormías dormirás dormirías duermas durmierasdurmieses dormí Theformsinboldcoincidewithstandardtú-conjugation. InChileanvoseoontheotherhand,almostallverbformsaredistinctfromtheirstandardtú-forms. Chileanvoseo Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Present Simplepast Imperfectpast Future Conditional Present Past pensáis pensaste pensabais pensarás pensaríais pensís pensaraispensases piensa volvís volviste volvíais volverás volveríais volváis volvieraisvolvieses vuelve dormís dormiste dormíais dormirás dormiríais durmáis durmierasdurmieses duerme Theformsinboldcoincidewithstandardtú-conjugation. Theuseofthepronounvoswiththeverbformsoftú(vospiensas)iscalled"pronominalvoseo".Conversely,theuseoftheverbformsofvoswiththepronountú(túpensásortúpensái)iscalled"verbalvoseo". InChile,forexample,verbalvoseoismuchmorecommonthantheactualuseofthepronounvos,whichisusuallyreservedforhighlyinformalsituations. AndinCentralAmericanvoseo,onecanseeevenfurtherdistinction. CentralAmericanvoseo Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Present Simplepast Imperfectpast Future Conditional Present Past pensás pensaste pensabas pensarás pensarías pensés pensaraspensases pensá volvés volviste volvías volverás volverías volvás volvierasvolvieses volvé dormís dormiste dormías dormirás dormirías durmás durmierasdurmieses dormí Theformsinboldcoincidewithstandardtú-conjugation. DistributioninSpanish-speakingregionsoftheAmericas[edit] AlthoughvosisnotusedinSpain,itoccursinmanySpanish-speakingregionsoftheAmericasastheprimaryspokenformofthesecond-personsingularfamiliarpronoun,withwidedifferencesinsocialconsideration.[222][better source needed]Generally,itcanbesaidthattherearezonesofexclusiveuseoftuteo(theuseoftú)inthefollowingareas:almostallofMexico,theWestIndies,Panama,mostofColombia,Peru,VenezuelaandcoastalEcuador. TuteoasaculturedformalternateswithvoseoasapopularorruralforminBolivia,inthenorthandsouthofPeru,inAndeanEcuador,insmallzonesoftheVenezuelanAndes(andmostnotablyintheVenezuelanstateofZulia),andinalargepartofColombia.SomeresearchersmaintainthatvoseocanbeheardinsomepartsofeasternCuba,andothersassertthatitisabsentfromtheisland.[223] Tuteoexistsasthesecond-personusagewithanintermediatedegreeofformalityalongsidethemorefamiliarvoseoinChile,intheVenezuelanstateofZulia,ontheCaribbeancoastofColombia,intheAzueroPeninsulainPanama,intheMexicanstateofChiapas,andinpartsofGuatemala. AreasofgeneralizedvoseoincludeArgentina,Nicaragua,easternBolivia,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Honduras,CostaRica,Paraguay,UruguayandtheColombiandepartmentsofAntioquia,Caldas,Risaralda,QuindioandValledelCauca.[221] Ustedes[edit] Ustedesfunctionsasformalandinformalsecond-personpluralinallofHispanicAmerica,theCanaryIslands,andpartsofAndalusia.Itagreeswithverbsinthe3rdpersonplural.MostofSpainmaintainstheformal/familiardistinctionwithustedesandvosotrosrespectively.TheuseofustedeswiththesecondpersonpluralissometimesheardinAndalusia,butit'snon-standard. Usted[edit] Ustedistheusualsecond-personsingularpronouninaformalcontext,butitisusedjointlywiththethird-personsingularvoiceoftheverb.Itisusedtoconveyrespecttowardsomeonewhoisagenerationolderorisofhigherauthority("you,sir"/"you,ma'am").ItisalsousedinafamiliarcontextbymanyspeakersinColombiaandCostaRicaandinpartsofEcuadorandPanama,totheexclusionoftúorvos.ThisusageissometimescalledustedeoinSpanish. InCentralAmerica,especiallyinHonduras,ustedisoftenusedasaformalpronountoconveyrespectbetweenthemembersofaromanticcouple.UstedisalsousedthatwaybetweenparentsandchildrenintheAndeanregionsofEcuador,ColombiaandVenezuela. Third-personobjectpronouns[edit] Mostspeakersuse(andtheRealAcademiaEspañolaprefers)thepronounsloandlafordirectobjects(masculineandfemininerespectively,regardlessofanimacy,meaning"him","her",or"it"),andleforindirectobjects(regardlessofgenderoranimacy,meaning"tohim","toher",or"toit").Theusageissometimescalled"etymological",asthesedirectandindirectobjectpronounsareacontinuation,respectively,oftheaccusativeanddativepronounsofLatin,theancestorlanguageofSpanish. Deviationsfromthisnorm(morecommoninSpainthanintheAmericas)arecalled"leísmo","loísmo",or"laísmo",accordingtowhichrespectivepronoun,le,lo,orla,hasexpandedbeyondtheetymologicalusage(leasadirectobject,orloorlaasanindirectobject). Vocabulary[edit] SomewordscanbesignificantlydifferentindifferentHispanophonecountries.MostSpanishspeakerscanrecognizeotherSpanishformseveninplaceswheretheyarenotcommonlyused,butSpaniardsgenerallydonotrecognizespecificallyAmericanusages.Forexample,Spanishmantequilla,aguacateandalbaricoque(respectively,'butter','avocado','apricot')correspondtomanteca(wordusedforlardinPeninsularSpanish),palta,anddamasco,respectively,inArgentina,Chile(exceptmanteca),Paraguay,Peru(exceptmantecaanddamasco),andUruguay. Relationtootherlanguages[edit] Furtherinformation:ComparisonofPortugueseandSpanish SpanishiscloselyrelatedtotheotherWestIberianRomancelanguages,includingAsturian,Aragonese,Galician,Ladino,Leonese,MirandeseandPortuguese. ItisgenerallyacknowledgedthatPortugueseandSpanishspeakerscancommunicateinwrittenform,withvaryingdegreesofmutualintelligibility.[224][225][226][227]MutualintelligibilityofthewrittenSpanishandPortugueselanguagesisremarkablyhigh,andthedifficultiesofthespokenformsarebasedmoreonphonologythanongrammaticalandlexicaldissimilarities.Ethnologuegivesestimatesofthelexicalsimilaritybetweenrelatedlanguagesintermsofprecisepercentages.ForSpanishandPortuguese,thatfigureis89%.Italian,ontheotherhandisphonologicallysimilartoSpanish,buthasalowerlexicalsimilarityof82%.MutualintelligibilitybetweenSpanishandFrenchorbetweenSpanishandRomanianislowerstill,givenlexicalsimilarityratingsof75%and71%respectively.[228][229]ComprehensionofSpanishbyFrenchspeakerswhohavenotstudiedthelanguageismuchlower,atanestimated45%.Ingeneral,thankstothecommonfeaturesofthewritingsystemsoftheRomancelanguages,interlingualcomprehensionofthewrittenwordisgreaterthanthatoforalcommunication. TheSpanishvocabularyhasbeeninfluencedbyseverallanguages:AsinotherEuropeanlanguages,ClassicalGreekwords(Hellenisms)areabundantinseveralfields,mainlyinArt,Science,Politics,Nature,etc.[230]ItsvocabularyhasalsobeeninfluencedbyArabic,havingdevelopedduringtheAl-AndaluseraintheIberianPeninsula,witharound8%ofitsvocabularyhavingArabiclexicalroots.[231][232][233][234]IthasalsobeeninfluencedbyBasque,Iberian,Celtiberian,Visigothic,andotherneighboringIbero-Romancelanguages.[235][234]Additionally,ithasabsorbedvocabularyfromotherlanguages,particularlyotherRomancelanguagessuchasFrench,Italian,Mozarabic,Portuguese,Galician,Catalan,Occitan,andSardinian,aswellasfromQuechua,Nahuatl,andotherindigenouslanguagesoftheAmericas.[236] ThefollowingtablecomparestheformsofsomecommonwordsinseveralRomancelanguages: Latin Spanish Galician Portuguese Astur-Leonese Aragonese Catalan French Italian Romanian English nōs(alterōs)1,2"we(others)" nosotros nós,nosoutros3 nós3 nós,nosotros nusatros nosaltres(arch.nós) nous4 noi,noialtri5 noi 'we' frātre(m)germānu(m)"truebrother" hermano irmán irmão hermanu chirmán germà(arch.frare)6 frère fratello frate 'brother' die(m) mārtis (Classical)"dayofMars"tertia(m) fēria(m)(Late Latin)"third(holi)day" martes martes,terza feira terça-feira martes martes dimarts mardi martedì marți 'Tuesday' cantiōne(m)canticu(m) canción7(arch.cançón) canción,cançom8 canção canción(alsocanciu) canta cançó chanson canzone cântec 'song' magisplūs más(arch.plus) máis mais(arch.chusorplus) más más(alsomés) més(arch.pusorplus) plus più mai 'more' manu(m) sinistra(m) mano izquierda9(arch. mano siniestra) man esquerda9 mão esquerda9(arch. mão sẽestra) manu izquierda9(or esquierda;alsomanzorga) man cucha mà esquerra9(arch. mà sinistra) main gauche mano sinistra mâna stângă 'left hand' rēs,rĕm "thing"nūlla(m) remnāta(m)"nobornthing"mīca(m) "crumb" nada nada(alsorenandres) nada(necaandnularésinsomeexpressions;arch.rem) nada(alsounres) cosa res rien,nul niente,nullamica(negativeparticle) nimic,nul 'nothing' cāseu(m)fōrmāticu(m)"form-cheese" queso queixo queijo quesu queso formatge fromage formaggio/cacio caș10 'cheese' 1.InRomanceetymology,LatintermsaregivenintheAccusativesincemostformsderivefromthiscase. 2.Asin"usveryselves",anemphaticexpression. 3.AlsonósoutrosinearlymodernPortuguese(e.g.TheLusiads),andnosoutrosinGalician. 4.AlternativelynousautresinFrench. 5.noialtriinmanySouthernItaliandialectsandlanguages. 6.MedievalCatalan(e.g.Llibredelsfets). 7.Modifiedwiththelearnedsuffix-ción. 8.Dependingonthewrittennormused(seeReintegrationism). 9.FromBasqueesku,"hand"+erdi,"half,incomplete".NoticethatthisnegativemeaningalsoappliesforLatinsinistra(m)("dark,unfortunate"). 10.Romaniancaș(fromLatincāsevs)meansatypeofcheese.TheuniversaltermforcheeseinRomanianisbrânză(fromunknownetymology).[237] Judaeo-Spanish[edit] Furtherinformation:Judaeo-Spanish TheRashiscript,originallyusedtoprintJudaeo-Spanish. AnoriginalletterinHaketia,writtenin1832. Judaeo-Spanish,alsoknownasLadino,[238]isavarietyofSpanishwhichpreservesmanyfeaturesofmedievalSpanishandPortugueseandisspokenbydescendantsoftheSephardiJewswhowereexpelledfromSpaininthe15thcentury.[238]Conversely,inPortugalthevastmajorityofthePortugueseJewsconvertedandbecame'NewChristians'.Therefore,itsrelationshiptoSpanishiscomparablewiththatoftheYiddishlanguagetoGerman.LadinospeakerstodayarealmostexclusivelySephardiJews,withfamilyrootsinTurkey,Greece,ortheBalkans,andlivingmostlyinIsrael,Turkey,andtheUnitedStates,withafewcommunitiesinHispanicAmerica.[238]Judaeo-SpanishlackstheNativeAmericanvocabularywhichwasacquiredbystandardSpanishduringtheSpanishcolonialperiod,anditretainsmanyarchaicfeatureswhichhavesincebeenlostinstandardSpanish.Itcontains,however,othervocabularywhichisnotfoundinstandardSpanish,includingvocabularyfromHebrew,French,GreekandTurkish,andotherlanguagesspokenwheretheSephardimsettled. Judaeo-Spanishisinseriousdangerofextinctionbecausemanynativespeakerstodayareelderlyaswellaselderlyolim(immigrantstoIsrael)whohavenottransmittedthelanguagetotheirchildrenorgrandchildren.However,itisexperiencingaminorrevivalamongSephardicommunities,especiallyinmusic.InLatinAmericancommunities,thedangerofextinctionisalsoduetoassimilationbymodernSpanish. ArelateddialectisHaketia,theJudaeo-SpanishofnorthernMorocco.ThistootendedtoassimilatewithmodernSpanish,duringtheSpanishoccupationoftheregion. Writingsystem[edit] Mainarticle:Spanishorthography SpanishlanguageAmanuscriptoftheCantardemioCid,13thcentury Overview Pronunciation stress Orthography Names History Old Middle Influences Judaeo-Spanish Grammar Determiners Nouns gender Pronouns personal object Adjectives Prepositions Verbs conjugation irregularverbs Dialects Andalusian Andean Argentine Belizean Bolivian Canarian Caribbean CentralAmerican Chilean Colombian CostaRican Cuban Dominican Ecuadorian Equatoguinean Guatemalan Honduran Mexican Murcian NewMexican Nicaraguan Panamanian Peninsular Peruvian Philippine PuertoRican Rioplatense Saharan Salvadorian Standard Uruguayan Dialectology seseo yeísmo voseo leísmo loísmo Interlanguages Belgranodeutsch Llanito Portuñol Spanglish Castrapo Creoles RoquetasPidgin ChavacanoorChabacano PalenqueroorPalenque Teaching Hispanism RAE InstitutoCervantes vte SpanishiswrittenintheLatinscript,withtheadditionofthecharacter⟨ñ⟩(eñe,representingthephoneme/ɲ/,aletterdistinctfrom⟨n⟩,althoughtypographicallycomposedofan⟨n⟩withatilde).Formerlythedigraphs⟨ch⟩(che,representingthephoneme/t͡ʃ/)and⟨ll⟩(elle,representingthephoneme/ʎ/or/ʝ/),werealsoconsideredsingleletters.However,thedigraph⟨rr⟩(errefuerte,'strongr',erredoble,'doubler',orsimplyerre),whichalsorepresentsadistinctphoneme/r/,wasnotsimilarlyregardedasasingleletter.Since1994⟨ch⟩and⟨ll⟩havebeentreatedasletterpairsforcollationpurposes,thoughtheyremainedapartofthealphabetuntil2010.Wordswith⟨ch⟩arenowalphabeticallysortedbetweenthosewith⟨cg⟩and⟨ci⟩,insteadoffollowing⟨cz⟩astheyusedto.Thesituationissimilarfor⟨ll⟩.[239][240] Thus,theSpanishalphabethasthefollowing27letters: A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,Ñ,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z. Since2010,noneofthedigraphs(ch,ll,rr,gu,qu)areconsideredlettersbytheRoyalSpanishAcademy.[241] Theletterskandwareusedonlyinwordsandnamescomingfromforeignlanguages(kilo,folklore,whisky,kiwi,etc.). WiththeexclusionofaverysmallnumberofregionaltermssuchasMéxico(seeToponymyofMexico),pronunciationcanbeentirelydeterminedfromspelling.Undertheorthographicconventions,atypicalSpanishwordisstressedonthesyllablebeforethelastifitendswithavowel(notincluding⟨y⟩)orwithavowelfollowedby⟨n⟩oran⟨s⟩;itisstressedonthelastsyllableotherwise.Exceptionstothisruleareindicatedbyplacinganacuteaccentonthestressedvowel. Theacuteaccentisused,inaddition,todistinguishbetweencertainhomophones,especiallywhenoneofthemisastressedwordandtheotheroneisaclitic:compareel('the',masculinesingulardefinitearticle)withél('he'or'it'),orte('you',objectpronoun)withté('tea'),de(preposition'of')versusdé('give'[formalimperative/third-personpresentsubjunctive]),andse(reflexivepronoun)versussé('Iknow'orimperative'be'). Theinterrogativepronouns(qué,cuál,dónde,quién,etc.)alsoreceiveaccentsindirectorindirectquestions,andsomedemonstratives(ése,éste,aquél,etc.)canbeaccentedwhenusedaspronouns.Accentmarksusedtobeomittedoncapitalletters(awidespreadpracticeinthedaysoftypewritersandtheearlydaysofcomputerswhenonlylowercasevowelswereavailablewithaccents),althoughtheRealAcademiaEspañolaadvisesagainstthisandtheorthographicconventionstaughtatschoolsenforcetheuseoftheaccent. Whenuiswrittenbetweengandafrontvoweleori,itindicatesa"hardg"pronunciation.Adiaeresisüindicatesthatitisnotsilentasitnormallywouldbe(e.g.,cigüeña,'stork',ispronounced[θiˈɣweɲa];ifitwerewritten*cigueña,itwouldbepronounced*[θiˈɣeɲa]). Interrogativeandexclamatoryclausesareintroducedwithinvertedquestionandexclamationmarks(¿and¡,respectively)andclosedbytheusualquestionandexclamationmarks. Organizations[edit] ArmsoftheRoyalSpanishAcademy TheRoyalSpanishAcademyHeadquartersinMadrid,Spain. RoyalSpanishAcademy[edit] Mainarticle:RoyalSpanishAcademy TheRoyalSpanishAcademy(Spanish:RealAcademiaEspañola),foundedin1713,[242]togetherwiththe21othernationalones(seeAssociationofSpanishLanguageAcademies),exercisesastandardizinginfluencethroughitspublicationofdictionariesandwidelyrespectedgrammarandstyleguides.[243] Becauseofinfluenceandforothersociohistoricalreasons,astandardizedformofthelanguage(StandardSpanish)iswidelyacknowledgedforuseinliterature,academiccontextsandthemedia. AssociationofSpanishLanguageAcademies[edit] Mainarticle:AssociationofSpanishLanguageAcademies CountriesmembersoftheASALE.[244] TheAssociationofSpanishLanguageAcademies(AsociacióndeAcademiasdelaLenguaEspañola,orASALE)istheentitywhichregulatestheSpanishlanguage.ItwascreatedinMexicoin1951andrepresentstheunionofalltheseparateacademiesintheSpanish-speakingworld.Itcomprisestheacademiesof23countries,orderedbydateofAcademyfoundation:Spain(1713),[245]Colombia(1871),[246]Ecuador(1874),[247]Mexico(1875),[248]ElSalvador(1876),[249]Venezuela(1883),[250]Chile(1885),[251]Peru(1887),[252]Guatemala(1887),[253]CostaRica(1923),[254]Philippines(1924),[255]Panama(1926),[256]Cuba(1926),[257] Paraguay(1927),[258]DominicanRepublic(1927),[259]Bolivia(1927),[260]Nicaragua(1928),[261]Argentina(1931),[262]Uruguay(1943),[263]Honduras(1949),[264]PuertoRico(1955),[265]UnitedStates(1973)[266]andEquatorialGuinea(2016).[267] CervantesInstitute[edit] Mainarticle:InstitutoCervantes CervantesInstituteheadquarters,Madrid TheInstitutoCervantes(CervantesInstitute)isaworldwidenonprofitorganizationcreatedbytheSpanishgovernmentin1991.Thisorganizationhasbranchedoutinover20differentcountries,with75centersdevotedtotheSpanishandHispanicAmericanculturesandSpanishlanguage.TheultimategoalsoftheInstitutearetopromoteuniversallytheeducation,thestudy,andtheuseofSpanishasasecondlanguage,tosupportmethodsandactivitiesthathelptheprocessofSpanish-languageeducation,andtocontributetotheadvancementoftheSpanishandHispanicAmericanculturesinnon-Spanish-speakingcountries.Theinstitute's2015report"Elespañol,unalenguaviva"(Spanish,alivinglanguage)estimatedthattherewere559 millionSpanishspeakersworldwide.Itslatestannualreport"Elespañolenelmundo2018"(Spanishintheworld2018)counts577 millionSpanishspeakersworldwide.AmongthesourcescitedinthereportistheU.S.CensusBureau,whichestimatesthattheU.S.willhave138 millionSpanishspeakersby2050,makingitthebiggestSpanish-speakingnationonearth,withSpanishthemothertongueofalmostathirdofitscitizens.[268] Officialusebyinternationalorganizations[edit] Foramorecomprehensivelist,seeListofcountrieswhereSpanishisanofficiallanguage§ InternationalorganizationswhereSpanishisofficial. SpanishisoneoftheofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNations,theEuropeanUnion,theWorldTradeOrganization,theOrganizationofAmericanStates,theOrganizationofIbero-AmericanStates,theAfricanUnion,theUnionofSouthAmericanNations,theAntarcticTreatySecretariat,theLatinUnion,theCaricom,theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,theInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank,andnumerousotherinternationalorganizations. Seealso[edit] Languageportal FundéuBBVA ListofSpanish-languagepoets Spanishasasecondorforeignlanguage Spanish-languageliterature Spanish-languagemusic Spanishwordsandphrases[edit] Cuento ListofEnglish–Spanishinterlingualhomographs LongestwordinSpanish MostcommonwordsinSpanish Spanishprofanity Spanishproverbs Spanish-speakingworld[edit] CountrieswhereSpanishisanofficiallanguage Hispanicculture Hispanicization Hispanidad Hispanism Panhispanism InfluencesontheSpanishlanguage[edit] ArabicinfluenceontheSpanishlanguage ListofSpanishwordsofGermanicorigin ListofSpanishwordsofPhilippineorigin DialectsandlanguagesinfluencedbySpanish[edit] Caló Chamorro Frespañol Llanito Palenquero Papiamento Philippinelanguages Chavacano Portuñol Spanglish MediaLengua ListofEnglishwordsofSpanishorigin Spanishdialectsandvarieties[edit] Spanishdialectsandvarieties EuropeanSpanish AndalusianSpanish CanarianSpanish Castrapo(GalicianSpanish) Castúo(ExtremaduranSpanish) MurcianSpanish SpanishintheAmericas NorthAmericanSpanish CentralAmericanSpanish CaribbeanSpanish SouthAmericanSpanish SpanishintheUnitedStates SpanishinAfrica EquatoguineanSpanish SaharanSpanish SpanishinAsia SpanishinthePhilippines Notes[edit] ^Inyeísmodialects,castellanoispronounced[kasteˈʝano]. ^ReferstothemedievalKingdomofCastileandthebroaderculturalregionofCastile,wheretheSpanishlanguageoriginated. 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FundéuRAE,FoundationofEmergingSpanish.Anon-profitorganizationwithcollaborationoftheRAEwhichmissionistoclarifydoubtsandambiguitiesofSpanish. Educationalwebsites ProfeDeEle,ExercisestargetedtowardSpanishlanguageteachers(ELE) AprenderEspanol,Spanishactivitiesandmaterial vteVarietiesofSpanishbycontinentAfricaandAsia Canarian Equatoguinean Philippine Saharan Americas(Pan-American)Caribbean Cuban Dominican PuertoRican CentralAmerica Belizean CostaRican Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Pachuco Panamanian Salvadoran NorthAmerica American Caló(Chicano) Isleño NewMexican PuertoRican Mexican SouthAmerica Amazonic Andean Bolivian Chilean Chilote ChiloéArchipelago Colombian Cordobés CentralArgentina Cuyano CentralwesternArgentina Ecuadorian Equatorial CoastalEcuador Llanero LosLlanosColombia/Venezuela Maracucho ZuliaState Paisa PaisaRegion Paraguayan Peruvian Ribereño CoastalPeru Rioplatense CoastalArgentina Uruguayan Venezuelan Europe(Peninsular) Andalusian Canarian Castilian Castrapo(Galicia) Castúo(Extremadura) Murcian spokenbyCatalanspeakers Other Standard Llanito Judaeo-Spanish Caló(Para-Romani) Spanglish Portuñol(mixedlanguage) Palenquero(creole) Chavacano(creole) MediaLengua(mixedlanguage) Papiamento(Portuguese-basedcreolewithSpanishinfluence) Extinct CocolicheandLunfardo CoastalArgentina,Uruguay Malespín CentralAmerica Bozal vteRomancelanguages(classification)Italo-WesternItalo-DalmatianCentral Italian dialects Central Tuscan Corsican Gallurese Sassarese Southern Neapolitan NorthernCalabrese Sicilian SouthernCalabrese Others Dalmatian Istriot Judaeo-Italian WesternIbero-RomanceGalician-Portuguese Portuguese dialects European Brazilian Uruguayan African Asian Creoles Galician Galician-Asturian/Eonavian Fala Judaeo-Portuguese Caló Astur-Leonese Asturian Cantabrian Extremaduran Leonese Mirandese Spanish Spanish dialects Equatoguinean European LatinAmerican Philippine Saharan Creoles OldSpanish Judaeo-Spanish Caló Pyrenean-Mozarabic Navarro-Aragonese Aragonese Judaeo-Aragonese Mozarabic Occitano-RomanceCatalan Catalan dialects Eastern Algherese Balearic Central Northern Western North-Western Valencian Judaeo-Catalan Caló Occitan Auvergnat Gascon Aranese Béarnese Languedocien Limousin Provençal Niçard Mentonasc Vivaro-Alpine OldProvençal Judaeo-Provençal Caló Gallo-RomanceLanguesd'oïl Burgundian Champenois Franc-Comtois French dialects Standard African Aostan Belgian Cambodian Canadian Indian Laotian Swiss Vietnamese OldFrench MiddleFrench Judaeo-French Creoles Gallo Lorrain Norman Anglo-Norman Picard Poitevin-Saintongeais Poitevin Saintongeais Walloon Others Franco-Provençal/Arpitan Valdôtain Savoyard NorthItaliandialectsGallo-Italic Ligurian Brigasc Genoese Intemelio Monégasque Lombard Western Eastern Emilian-Romagnol Emilian Bolognese Parmigiano Romagnol Piedmontese Judaeo-Piedmontese Gallo-ItalicofSicily Gallo-ItalicofBasilicata Others Venetian Fiuman Talian Triestine MediterraneanLinguaFranca Rhaeto-Romance Friulian Ladin Romansh Eastern Romanian Moldovan Vlach Aromanian Istro-Romanian Megleno-Romanian Others AfricanRomance BritishLatin MoselleRomance PannonianRomance Sardinian Campidanese Logudorese Reconstructed Proto-Romance ItalicsindicateextinctlanguagesBoldindicateslanguageswithmorethan5millionspeakersLanguagesbetweenparenthesesarevarietiesofthelanguageontheirleft. 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