Qingming Festival - Wikipedia

Qingming Jie (清明节) Ching Ming Festival (清明節) Tomb Sweeping Day (掃墳節) · Han Chinese, Hakka people, Chitty and Ryukyuans · Remembering ancestors · Cleaning ... QingmingFestival FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch TraditionalChinesefestivalonthe4th,5th,or6thofAprildependingontheyear "Qingming"redirectshere.Forthesolarterm,seeQingming(solarterm). Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "QingmingFestival" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(April2012)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) QingmingBurningpapergiftsforthedeparted.OfficialnameQingmingJie(清明节) ChingMingFestival(清明節)TombSweepingDay(掃墳節)Observed byHanChinese,Hakkapeople,Chitty[1]andRyukyuansSignificanceRememberingancestorsObservancesCleaningandsweepingofgraves,ancestorworship,offeringfoodtodeceased,burningjosspaperDate15thdayfromtheSpringEquinox4,5or6April QingmingFestivalTraditional Chinese清明節SimplifiedChinese清明节Literalmeaning"PureBrightnessFestival"TranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinQīngmíngjiéGwoyeuRomatzyhChingmingjyeWade–GilesCh'ing1-ming2chieh2IPA[tɕʰíŋ.mǐŋ tɕjě]WuSuzhouneseTshinmintsihHakkaPha̍k-fa-sṳChhîn-mìn-chietYue:CantoneseYaleRomanizationChīng-mìhngjitJyutpingCing1-ming4zit3IPA[tsʰéŋ.mȅŋ tsīːt̚]SouthernMinHokkienPOJChheng-bêng-cheh/Chhiⁿ-miâ-chehTâi-lôTshing-bîngtseh/Tshinn-miâtsuehEasternMinFuzhouBUCChĭng-mìng-cáik TheQingmingfestival[2]orChingMingFestival,[3]alsoknownasTomb-SweepingDayinEnglish(sometimesalsocalledChineseMemorialDayorAncestors'Day),[4][5]isatraditionalChinesefestivalobservedbytheHanChineseofmainlandChina,HongKong,Macau,TaiwanandbytheethnicChineseofMalaysia,Singapore,Cambodia,Indonesia,Philippines,Thailand,VietnamandPanama.ItfallsonthefirstdayofthefifthsolartermofthetraditionalChineselunisolarcalendar.Thismakesitthe15thdayaftertheSpringEquinox,either4,5or6Aprilinagivenyear.[6][7][8]DuringQingming,Chinesefamiliesvisitthetombsoftheirancestorstocleanthegravesites,praytotheirancestorsandmakeritualofferings.Offeringswouldtypicallyincludetraditionalfooddishesandtheburningofjosssticksandjosspaper.Theholidayrecognizesthetraditionalreverenceofone'sancestorsinChineseculture. TheQingmingFestivalhasbeenobservedbytheChineseforover2500years,althoughtheobservancehaschangedsignificantly.ItbecameapublicholidayinmainlandChinain2008,whereitisassociatedwiththeconsumptionofqingtuan,greendumplingsmadeofglutinousriceandChinesemugwortorbarleygrass. InTaiwan,thepublicholidaywasinthepastobservedon5ApriltohonorthedeathofChiangKai-shekonthatdayin1975,butwithChiang'spopularitywaning,thisconventionisnotbeingobserved.Aconfectioncalledcaozaiguoorshuchuguo,madewithJerseycudweed,isconsumedthere. AsimilarholidayisobservedintheRyukyuIslands,calledShīmīinthelocallanguage.[9] Contents 1Origin 2Observance 2.1MalaysiaandSingapore 3Othercustoms 3.1Games 3.2Buddhism 4Chineseteaculture 4.1Weather 5Inpainting 6Inliterature 7Seealso 8Referencesandfurtherreading 9Notes 10Externallinks Origin[edit] Seealso:ColdFoodFestival ThefestivaloriginatedfromtheColdFoodorHanshiFestivalwhichrememberedJieZitui,anoblemanofthestateofJin(modernShanxi)duringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.AmidtheLiJiUnrest,hefollowedhismasterPrinceChong'erin655 BCtoexileamongtheDitribesandaroundChina.Supposedly,heonceevencutfleshfromhisownthightoprovidehislordwithsoup.In636 BC,DukeMuofQininvadedJinandenthronedChong'erasitsduke,wherehewasgenerousinrewardingthosewhohadhelpedhiminhistimeofneed.Owingeithertohisownhigh-mindednessortotheduke'sneglect,however,Jiewaslongpassedover.HefinallyretiredtotheforestaroundMountMianwithhiselderlymother.Thedukewenttotheforestin636BCbutcouldnotfindthem.HethenorderedhismentosetfiretotheforestinordertoforceJieout.WhenJieandhismotherwerekilledinstead,thedukewasovercomewithremorseanderectedatempleinhishonor.ThepeopleofShanxisubsequentlyreveredJieasanimmortalandavoidedlightingfiresforaslongasamonthinthedepthsofwinter,apracticesoinjurioustochildrenandtheelderlythatthearea'srulersunsuccessfullyattemptedtobanitforcenturies.Acompromisefinallydevelopedwhereitwasrestrictedto3daysaroundtheQingmingsolarterminmid-spring. ThepresentimportanceoftheholidayiscreditedtoEmperorXuanzongofTang.WealthycitizensinChinawerereportedlyholdingtoomanyextravagantandostentatiouslyexpensiveceremoniesinhonoroftheirancestors.InAD732,Xuanzongsoughttocurbthispracticebydeclaringthatsuchrespectscouldbeformallypaidonlyonceayear,onQingming.[10] Observance[edit] AnIndonesianChinesefamilyprayfortheirdeceasedmembersatQingmingFestivalof2013undertheHeavenGateofSanggarAgung QingmingatthecemeterybyKolkataChinese QingmingFestivaliswhenChinesepeopletraditionallyvisitancestraltombstosweepthem.ThistraditionhasbeenlegislatedbytheEmperorswhobuiltmajesticimperialtombstonesforeverydynasty.Forthousandsofyears,theChineseimperials,nobility,peasantry,andmerchantsalikehavegatheredtogethertorememberthelivesofthedeparted,tovisittheirtombstonestoperformConfucianfilialpietybytombsweeping,tovisitburialgrounds,graveyardsorinmodernurbancities,thecitycolumbaria,toperformgroundskeepingandmaintenanceandtocommittoprayfortheirancestorsintheuniquelyChineseconceptoftheafterlifeandtoofferremembrancesoftheirancestorstolivingbloodrelatives,theirkithandkin.Insomeplaces,peoplebelievethatsweepingthetombisonlyallowedduringthisfestival,astheybelievethedeadwillgetdisturbedifthesweepingisdoneonotherdays. Theyoungandoldalikekneeldowntoofferprayersbeforetombstonesoftheancestors,offertheburningofjossinboththeformsofincensesticks(joss-sticks)andsilver-leafedpaper(josspaper),sweepthetombsandofferfood,tea,wine,chopsticks,and/orlibationsinmemoryoftheancestors.Dependingonthereligionoftheobservers,somepraytoahigherdeitytohonourtheirancestors,whileothersmaypraydirectlytotheancestralspirits. TheseriteshavealongtraditioninAsia,especiallyamongtheimperialtywholegislatedtheseritualsintoanationalreligion.Theyhavebeenpreservedespeciallybythepeasantryandaremostpopularwithfarmerstoday,whobelievethatcontinuedobservanceswillensurefruitfulharvestsaheadbyappeasingthespiritsintheotherworld. Religioussymbolsofritualpurity,suchaspomegranateandwillowbranches,arepopularatthistime.SomepeoplecarrywillowbrancheswiththemonQingmingorstickwillowbranchesontheirgatesand/orfrontdoors.TherearesimilaritiestopalmleavesusedonPalmSundaysinChristianity;botharereligiousrituals.Furthermore,thebeliefisthatthewillowbrancheswillhelpwardofftheunappeased,troubledandtroublingspirits,and/orevilspiritsthatmaybewanderingintheearthlyrealmsonQingming. AftergatheringonQingmingtoperformConfucianclanandfamilydutiesatthetombstones,graveyardsorcolumbaria,participantsspendtherestofthedayinclanorfamilyoutings,beforetheystartthespringplowing.Theyoftensinganddance.Qingmingisalsoatimewhenyoungcouplestraditionallystartcourting.AnotherpopularthingtodoistoflykitesintheshapesofanimalsorcharactersfromChineseopera.[11]Anothercommonpracticeistocarryflowersinsteadofburningpaper,incense,orfirecrackers.[12] Traditionally,afamilywillburnspiritmoney(josspaper)andpaperreplicasofmaterialgoodssuchascars,homes,phonesandpaperservants.ThisactionusuallyhappensduringtheQingmingfestival.[13]InChineseculture,itisbelievedthatpeoplestillneedallofthosethingsintheafterlife.Thenfamilymemberstaketurnstokowtowthreetoninetimes(dependingonthefamilyadherencetotraditionalvalues)beforethetomboftheancestors.TheKowtowingritualinfrontofthegraveisperformedintheorderofpatriarchalsenioritywithinthefamily.Aftertheancestorworshipatthegravesite,thewholefamilyorthewholeclanfeastonthefoodanddrinktheyhavebroughtfortheworshipeitheratthesiteorinnearbygardensinthememorialpark,signifyingthefamily'sreunionwithitsancestors.Anotherritualrelatedtothefestivalisthecockfight,[14]aswellasbeingavailablewithinthathistoricandculturalcontextatKaifengMillenniumCityPark(QingmingRiversideLandscapeGarden).[15][16] TheholidayisoftenmarkedbypeoplepayingrespectstothosewhoareconsiderednationalorlegendaryheroesorthoseexemplaryChinesefigureswhodiedineventsconsideredpoliticallysensitive.[17]TheAprilFifthMovementandtheTiananmenIncidentweremajoreventsinChinesehistorywhichoccurredonQingming.AfterPremierZhouEnlaidiedin1976,thousandshonoredhimduringthefestivaltopaytheirrespects.ManyalsopayrespectstovictimsoftheTiananmenSquareprotestsin1989andZhaoZiyang.[18] MalaysiaandSingapore[edit] ColoredpapersplacedonagraveduringQingmingFestival,BukitBrownCemetery,Singapore Despitethefestivalhavingnoofficialstatus,theoverseasChinesecommunitiesinSoutheastAsiannations,suchasthoseinSingaporeandMalaysia,takethisfestivalseriouslyandobserveitstraditionsfaithfully.SomeQingmingritualsandancestralvenerationdecorumobservedbytheoverseasChineseinMalaysiaandSingaporecanbedatedbacktoMingandQingdynasties,astheoverseascommunitieswerenotaffectedbytheCulturalRevolutioninMainlandChina.QingminginMalaysiaisanelaboratefamilyfunctionoraclanfeast(usuallyorganizedbytherespectiveclanassociation)tocommemorateandhonourrecentlydeceasedrelativesattheirgravesitesanddistantancestorsfromChinaathomealtars,clantemplesormakeshiftaltarsinBuddhistorTaoisttemples.FortheoverseasChinesecommunity,theQingmingfestivalisverymuchasolemnfamilyeventand,atthesametime,afamilyobligation.Theyseethisfestivalasatimeofreflectionforhonouringandgivingthankstotheirforefathers.OverseasChinesenormallyvisitthegravesoftheirrecentlydeceasedrelativesontheweekendnearesttotheactualdate.Accordingtotheancientcustom,gravesitevenerationisonlypermissibletendaysbeforeandaftertheQingmingFestival.Ifthevisitisnotontheactualdate,normallyvenerationbeforeQingmingisencouraged.TheQingmingFestivalinMalaysiaandSingaporenormallystartsearlyinthemorningbypayingrespecttodistantancestorsfromChinaathomealtars.Thisisfollowedbyvisitingthegravesofcloserelativesinthecountry.SomefollowtheconceptoffilialpietytotheextentofvisitingthegravesoftheirancestorsinmainlandChina. Othercustoms[edit] Games[edit] DuringtheTangdynasty,EmperorXuanzongofTangpromotedlarge-scaletugofwargames,usingropesofupto167metres(548 ft)withshorterropesattachedandmorethan500peopleoneachendoftherope.Eachsidealsohaditsownteamofdrummerstoencouragetheparticipants.[19]Inhonorofthesecustoms,familiesoftengohikingorkiting,playChinesesoccerortug-of-warandplanttrees.[20] Buddhism[edit] TheQingmingfestivalisalsoapartofspiritualandreligiouspracticesinChina.Forexample,Buddhismteachesthatthosewhodiewithguiltareunabletoeatintheafterlife,exceptonthedayoftheQingmingfestival.[21] Chineseteaculture[edit] Seealso:Chineseteaculture TheQingmingfestivalholidayhasasignificanceintheChineseteaculturesincethisspecificdaydividesthefreshgreenteasbytheirpickingdates.Greenteasmadefromleavespickedbeforethisdatearegiventheprestigious'pre-qingming'(清明前)designationwhichcommandsamuchhigherpricetag.Theseteasareprizedforhavingmuchlighterandsubtleraromasthanthosepickedafterthefestival.[citationneeded] Weather[edit] TheQingmingfestivalwasoriginallyconsideredthedaywiththebestspringweather,whenmanypeoplewouldgooutandtravel.TheOldBookofTangdescribesthiscustomandmentionsofitmaybefoundinancientpoetry.[22] Inpainting[edit] Mainarticle:AlongtheRiverDuringtheQingmingFestival ThefamousSongdynastyQingmingscrollattributedtoZhangZeduanmayportrayKaifengcity,thecapitaloftheSongDynasty,butdoesnotincludeanyoftheactivitiesassociatedwiththeholiday,however,andtheterm"Qingming"maynotrefertotheholiday. Inliterature[edit] QingmingwasfrequentlymentionedinChineseliterature.Amongthese,themostfamousoneisprobablyDuMu'spoem(simplytitled"Qingming"): TraditionalChinese SimplifiedChinese Pinyin Englishtranslation 清明時節雨紛紛 清明时节雨纷纷 qīngmíngshíjiéyǔfēnfēn DrizzlingduringQingming 路上行人欲斷魂 路上行人欲断魂 lùshàngxíngrényùduànhún Dwellersontheroadseemlifeless 借問酒家何處有 借问酒家何处有 jièwènjiǔjiāhéchùyǒu Pleasesir,wherecanIfindabar 牧童遙指杏花村 牧童遥指杏花村 mùtóngyáozhǐxìnghuācūn Aherdsboypointingtoavillageafar-theApricotFlowers. AlthoughthedateisnotpresentlyaholidayinVietnam,theQingmingfestivalismentioned(underthenameThanhMinh)intheepicpoemTheTaleofKieu,whentheprotagonistKieumeetsaghostofadeadoldlady.Thedescriptionofthesceneryduringthisfestivalisoneofthebest-knownpassagesofVietnameseliterature: HánNôm Vietnamese Englishtranslation 𣈜春𡥵燕迻梭， Ngàyxuânconénđưathoi Swiftswallowsandspringdayswereshuttlingby; 韶光𠃩𨔿㐌外𦒹𨑮。

Thiềuquangchínchụcđãngoàisáumươi Ofninetyradiantonesthreescorehadfled. 𦹵𡽫撑羡蹎𡗶， Cỏnon-xanhtậnchântrời Younggrassspreadallitsgreentoheaven'srim; 梗梨𤽸點沒𢽼񣡢花， Cànhlêtrắngđiểmmộtvàibônghoa Someblossomsmarkedpearbrancheswithwhitedots. 清明𥪞節𣎃𠀧， ThanhMinhtrongtiếtthángba NowcametheFeastofLightinthethirdmonth 礼羅掃墓，噲羅踏清。

LễlàTảomộ,hộilàĐạpthanh Withgraveyardritesandjunketsonthegreen. 𧵆賒奴㘃燕񣡢， Gầnxanônứcyếnoanh Asmerrypilgrimsflockedfromnearandfar, 姉㛪懺所步行制春。

Chịemsắmsửabộhànhchơixuân Thesistersandtheirbrotherwentforastroll. Seealso[edit] Chinaportal Holidaysportal AlongtheRiverDuringChingMingFestivalbyZhangZeduan ColdFoodFestival,threeconsecutivedaysstartingthedaybeforetheQingmingFestival DayoftheDead,aMexicancelebrationsimilartotheQingmingFestival DoubleNinthFestival,theotherdaytovisitandcleanupthecemeteriesinHongKong BonFestival,theJapanesecounterpartoftheGhostFestival Hansik,arelatedKoreanholidayonthesameday DustClearing,asimilarritualintheMiddle-East Radonitsa/Pomynky,asimilarholidayofEasternSlavs TraditionalChineseholidays FilialpietyinChineseculture TheParentaliainRomanculture Referencesandfurtherreading[edit] Aijmer,Göran(1978),"AncestorsintheSpringtheQingmingFestivalinCentralChina",JournaloftheHongKongBranchoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety,18:59–82,JSTOR 23889632 Notes[edit] ^"MeettheChettiMelaka,orPeranakanIndians,strivingtosavetheirvanishingculture".ChannelNewsAsia.21October2018. ^"QingmingFestival".Retrieved28March2022. ^"108yearsofChingMingFestivalcontinuousholidaytrafficevacuationinformation".NortheastandYilanCoastNationalScenicAreaAdministration.25March2019. ^"Generalholidaysfor2015".GovHK.Retrieved25August2014. ^"MacauGovernmentTouristOffice".MacauTourism.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16March2016.Retrieved25August2014. ^"TraditionalChineseFestivals".china.org.cn.5April2007.Retrieved25August2014. ^"TombSweepingDay".Taiwan.gov.tw.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7April2014.Retrieved25August2014. ^"ChingMingFestival|HongKongTourismBoard". ^"Archivedcopy".www.wonder-okinawa.jp.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15December2007.Retrieved14January2022.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^"寒食清明节:纪念晋国大夫介之推".Cathay.ce.cn.Retrieved25August2014. ^"中华人民共和国外交部".Archivedfromtheoriginalon15April2009.Retrieved8April2009. ^"AsiaNews-SouthAsiaNews-Latestheadlines–News,Photos,Videos".UPIAsia.com.22July2012.Retrieved25August2014. ^Chung,ShengKuan;Li,Dan(2November2017)."AnArtisticandSpiritualExplorationofChineseJossPaper".ArtEducation.70(6):28–35.doi:10.1080/00043125.2017.1361770.ISSN 0004-3125.S2CID 187756852. ^"FestivalofPureBrightness".Uiowa.edu.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19November2014.Retrieved25August2014. ^"MillenniumCityPark,Kaifeng,Henan".Travelchinaguide.com.Retrieved25August2014. ^"QingmingRiversideLandscapeGarden".Cultural-china.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12August2015.Retrieved25August2014. ^"Celebration".ChinaDaily.3March2013.Retrieved18March2014. ^"ChinaclampsdownonQingMing".StraitsTimes.8April2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20March2014.Retrieved18March2014. ^TangdynastyFengYan:NotesofFeng,volume6 ^"ChineseTraditionalHolidays".QingmingFestivalCustoms.ChinaInternetNewsCenter. ^"BuddhismandQingmingFestival".ChineseScholars.Retrieved26March2019. ^Xu,Liu."OldBookofTang":13.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) Externallinks[edit] MediarelatedtoQingmingFestivalatWikimediaCommons 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