logic gate (AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XNOR)

The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the manner of the logical operation "and" followed by negation. · The NOR gate is a ... Home Topics Computerscience Electronics logicgate(AND,OR,XOR,NOT,NAND,NORandXNOR) Sharethisitemwithyournetwork: By TechTargetContributor Alogicgateisadevicethatactsasabuildingblockfordigital circuits.Theyperformbasiclogicalfunctionsthatarefundamentaltodigitalcircuits.Mostelectronicdevicesweusetodaywillhavesomeformoflogicgatesinthem.Forexample,logicgatescanbeusedintechnologiessuchassmartphones,tabletsorwithinmemorydevices. Inacircuit,logicgateswillmakedecisionsbasedonacombinationofdigitalsignalscomingfromitsinputs.Mostlogicgateshavetwoinputsandoneoutput.Logicgatesarebasedon Boolean algebra.Atanygivenmoment,everyterminalisinoneofthetwo binary conditions,falseor true.Falserepresents0,andtruerepresents1.Dependingonthetypeoflogicgatebeingusedandthecombinationofinputs,thebinaryoutputwilldiffer.Alogicgatecanbethoughtoflikealightswitch,whereinonepositiontheoutputisoff--0,andinanother,itison--1.Logicgatesarecommonlyusedinintegratedcircuits(IC). Basiclogicgates Therearesevenbasiclogicgates:AND,OR,XOR,NOT,NAND,NOR,andXNOR. AND | OR | XOR | NOT | NAND | NOR | XNOR The ANDgate issonamedbecause,if0iscalled"false"and1iscalled"true,"thegateactsinthesamewayasthelogical"and"operator.ThefollowingillustrationandtableshowthecircuitsymbolandlogiccombinationsforanANDgate.(Inthesymbol,theinputterminalsareatleftandtheoutputterminalisatright.)Theoutputis"true"whenbothinputsare"true."Otherwise,theoutputis"false."Inotherwords,theoutputis1onlywhenbothinputsoneANDtwoare1. ANDgate Input1 Input2 Output         1   1     1 1 1 The ORgate getsitsnamefromthefactthatitbehavesafterthefashionofthelogicalinclusive"or."Theoutputis"true"ifeitherorbothoftheinputsare"true."Ifbothinputsare"false,"thentheoutputis"false."Inotherwords,fortheoutputtobe1,atleastinputoneORtwomustbe1. ORgate Input1 Input2 Output         1 1 1   1 1 1 1   The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate actsinthesamewayasthelogical"either/or."Theoutputis"true"ifeither,butnotboth,oftheinputsare"true."Theoutputis"false"ifbothinputsare"false"orifbothinputsare"true."Anotherwayoflookingatthiscircuitistoobservethattheoutputis1iftheinputsaredifferent,but0iftheinputsarethesame.    XORgate Input1 Input2 Output         1 1 1   1 1 1     Alogical inverter,sometimescalleda NOTgate todifferentiateitfromothertypesofelectronicinverterdevices,hasonlyoneinput.Itreversesthelogicstate.Iftheinputis1,thentheoutputis0.Iftheinputis0,thentheoutputis1.      InverterorNOTgate Input Output 1     1   The NANDgate operatesasanANDgatefollowedbyaNOTgate.Itactsinthemannerofthelogicaloperation"and"followedbynegation.Theoutputis"false"ifbothinputsare"true."Otherwise,theoutputis"true." NANDgate Input1 Input2 Output     1   1 1 1   1 1 1     The NORgate isacombinationORgatefollowedbyaninverter.Itsoutputis"true"ifbothinputsare"false."Otherwise,theoutputis"false." NORgate Input1 Input2 Output     1   1   1     1 1     The XNOR(exclusive-NOR)gate isacombinationXORgatefollowedbyaninverter.Itsoutputis"true"iftheinputsarethesame,and"false"iftheinputsaredifferent. XNORgate Input1 Input2 Output     1   1   1     1 1 1 Complexoperationscanbeperformedusingcombinationsoftheselogicgates.Intheory,thereisnolimittothenumberofgatesthatcanbearrayedtogetherinasingledevice.Butinpractice,thereisalimittothenumberofgatesthatcanbepackedintoagivenphysicalspace.ArraysoflogicgatesarefoundindigitalICs.AsICtechnologyadvances,therequiredphysicalvolumeforeachindividuallogicgatedecreasesanddigitaldevicesofthesameorsmallersizebecomecapableofperformingever-more-complicatedoperationsatever-increasingspeeds. Compositionoflogicgates Highorlowbinaryconditionsarerepresentedbydifferent voltage levels.Thelogicstateofaterminalcan,andgenerallydoes,oftenchangeasthecircuitprocessesdata.Inmostlogicgates,thelowstateisapproximatelyzero volts (0V),whilethehighstateisapproximatelyfivevoltspositive(+5V). Logicgatescanbemadeof resistors andtransistorsordiodes.Aresistorcancommonlybeusedasapull-uporpull-downresistor.Pull-upandpull-downresistorsareusedwhenthereareanyunusedlogicgateinputstoconnecttoalogiclevel1or0.Thispreventsanyfalseswitchingofthegate.Pull-upresistorsareconnectedtoVcc(+5V),andpull-downresistorsareconnectedtoground(0V). Commonlyusedlogicgatesare TTL andCMOS.TTL,orTransistor-TransistorLogic,ICswilluseNPNandPNPtypeBipolarJunction Transistors.CMOS,orComplementaryMetal-Oxide-Silicon,ICsareconstructedfromMOSFETorJFETtype FieldEffectTransistors.TTLIC'smaycommonlybelabeledasthe7400seriesofchips,whileCMOSICsmayoftenbemarkedasa4000seriesofchips. 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