Fisher-Price - Wikipedia

Fisher-Price is an American company that produces educational toys for infants, toddlers and preschoolers, headquartered in East Aurora, New York. Fisher-Price FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Americantoycompany Fisher-Price,Inc.TypeSubsidiaryIndustryToysFoundedJune 19,1930;92yearsago (1930-06-19)FoundersHermanFisherIrvingPriceMargaretEvansPriceHelenSchelleRebeccaD.FisherHeadquartersEastAurora,NewYork,U.S.ProductsBabytoys,dollsBrands List Imaginext Laugh&Learn LittlePeople Thomas&Friends RevenueUS$1.07billion(2020)ParentQuakerOatsCompany(1969–1991) Mattel(1993–present)Websitefisher-price.comFootnotes /references[1] Fisher-PriceisanAmericancompanythatproduceseducationaltoysforinfants,toddlersandpreschoolers,headquarteredinEastAurora,NewYork.Thecompanywasfoundedin1930duringtheGreatDepressionbyHermanFisher,IrvingPrice,HelenSchelle,andMargaretEvans-Price. Fisher-PricehasbeenawhollyownedsubsidiaryofMattelsince1993. Contents 1History 2Products 3Recalls 3.1Rock'nPlay 4Currentbrandsandproducts 5BabyGearproducts 6Historicbrandsandproducts 7Videogames 8OtherFisher-Priceproducts 9References 10Externallinks History[edit] Foundedin1930duringtheGreatDepressionbyHermanFisher,IrvingPrice,Price'sillustrator-artistwifeMargaretEvansPrice,andHelenSchelle,thenameFisher-Pricewasestablishedbycombiningtwoofthethreenames.[2][3]Fisherworkedpreviouslyinmanufacturing,sellingandadvertisinggamesforacompanyinChurchville,NewYork.Pricehadretiredfromamajorvarietychainstore,andHelenSchellepreviouslyoperatedPennyWalkerToyShop[4]inBinghamton,NewYork.Fisher-Price'sfundamentaltoy-makingprinciplescenteredonintrinsicplayvalue,ingenuity,strongconstruction,goodvalueforthemoney,andaction.Earlytoysweremadeofheavysteelpartsandponderosapine,whichresistedsplinteringandheldupwelltoheavyuse.Thedetailsandcharmwereaddedwithcolorfullithographiclabels.[5]Mrs.PricewasthefirstArtDirectoranddesignedpush-pulltoysfortheopeningline,basedoncharactersfromherchildren'sbooks. ThemayorofAurora,NewYork,supportedFisherbyraising$100,000incapital.[6]In1931,threeofthefourfounderstook16oftheirwoodentoystotheAmericanInternationalToyFairinNewYorkCityandtheyquicklybecameasuccess.ThefirstFisher-Pricetoyeversoldwas"Dr.Doodle"in1931.[7]Intheearly1950s,Fisher-Priceidentifiedplasticasamaterialthatcouldhelpthecompanyincorporatelonger-lastingdecorationsandbrightercolorsintoitstoys."BuzzyBee"wasthefirstFisher-Pricetoytomakeuseofplastic.[8]Bytheendofthe1950s,Fisher-Pricemanufactured39toysincorporatingplastics.[9] Duringthe1960s,thePlayFamily(laterknownasLittlePeople)productlinewasintroducedandsoonovertookthepopularityofearliertoys.[10]The'FamilyHouse'wasoneofthemorepopularLittlePeopleplaysets.[10]HermanFisherretiredattheageof71in1969andTheQuakerOatsCompanyboughtFisher-Pricethesameyear.[11] In1991,Fisher-PriceregaineditsindependencefromTheQuakerOatsCompanyandbecameapubliclytradedcompany.Twoyearslater,inNovember1993,MattelboughtFisher-Price.Anewmanagementgroupsetthecompany'sfocusonbasic,infantandpreschoolproductsandbeganexpansionintointernationalmarkets.By1997,MatteldecidedtomarketallofitspreschoolproductsundertheFisher-Pricename. In2004,RoyalCaribbeanCruiselineslaunchedFisher-PriceCabanas,playlaboratoriesforchildrenoneachoftheircruiseships.[12] Products[edit] Fisher-Pricehascreatedapproximately5,000differenttoyssincetheearly1930s.[12]OneofFisher-Price'sbest-knownlinesisLittlePeopletoys,whichincludespeopleandanimalfiguresalongwithvariousplaysetssuchasahouse,farm,school,garageandvehicles.Thefigures,whichoriginallywerewoodenpeg-stylecharacters,arenowmoldedofplasticandhavedetailedfeatures.[13] InadditiontoLittlePeople,someofthetoysandtoybrandsthathaveremainedpopularformanyyearsincludePowerWheels,View-Master,RescueHeroes,theChatterTelephone,[4]andtheRock-a-Stack.OtherbrandsmarketedundertheFisher-PricenameovertheyearsincludeDisney,SesameStreet,DoratheExplorer,andSee'nSay. Fisher-Pricealsodesignsandsellsinfantcareproductsandhasbegundevelopingelectronictoys[14]forpreschoolers. In2009,Fisher-PriceboughtalltoyrightstoThomas&FriendsexceptfortheWoodenRailwayline.ThroughMattel's2012acquisitionofHITEntertainment,whichsubsequentlybecameadivisionofFisher-Price,Mattelnowownsthepropertyoutright.Withthis,toysbasedonMiketheKnightandBobtheBuilderhavebeensubsequentlyreleased.[15] Recalls[edit] OnAugust2,2007,Fisher-Pricerecalledclosetoamilliontoys,includingtheDoratheExplorerandSesameStreettoysbecauseofpossiblehazardsduetothetoysbeingcoatedinlead-basedpaint.[16][17] Rock'nPlay[edit] Fisher-Pricerecalledall4.7millionoftheirRock'nPlaysleeperson12April2019,daysafterthecompanyrecalled250,000infantsoothers.[18]Theproductwasintroducedin2009,andholdsthesleepingbabyinaninclinedposition.Morethan30infantshavediedwhilesleepinginaRock'nPlay.TheConsumerProductSafetyCommissionsaidthesedeathsoccurred"aftertheinfantsrolledoverwhileunrestrained,orunderothercircumstances."[19] YearsbeforetheintroductionoftheRock'nPlaysleeper,inthemid-1990s,theAmericanAcademyofPediatrics'BacktoSleepcampaignrecommendedthat"babiesshouldnotsleepforlongperiodsininclineddevices".Inbabiesunderoneyearold,dyingduringsleepistheleadingcauseofaccidentaldeath.Therecommendationthatbabiessleepflatontheirbacks,inanemptycrib,hascutthisdeathrateinhalf.[20] TheRock'nPlaywasdesigned15yearsafterthesesleeprecommendationswerepublished,andaccordingtoaWashingtonPostarticle,violatedthem.Fisher-PricesoldtheRock'nPlaywithoutfirstgettingmedicaladvicefrommorethanonepediatricspecialist,andwithoutdoinganyreal-worldsafetytests.Theycontinuedtosellitforyearsafterthefirstdeathswerereported.[20] Currentbrandsandproducts[edit] Barbie(LittlePeopleonly)(2022-present) BrightBeats DCLeagueofSuper-Petsrelatedproducts(2022-present) EZPlayRailway Imaginext(2002–present) Laugh&Learn(2000–present) Lightyear(Imaginextonly)(2022-present) LittlePeople(updateofthePlayFamilyline)(1959–present) LovingFamilyDollhousesandaccessories MegaBloks(2014–present) Minions:TheRiseofGru(Imaginextonly)(2020–present) PowerWheels(1985–present) QuizardtheLearningWizard RescueHeroes(1997–present) RainforestJumparoo SantiagooftheSeasrelatedproducts(2020-present) SmartToy Spinnyos Thomas&Friends:AllEnginesGorelatedproducts(2021-present) Think&Learn BabyGearproducts[edit] Babybouncers Babymonitors Babyswings Boosterseats Carseats Entertainers&activitycenters Highchairs Infantseats Playyards RainforestCollection Strollers Tubs&potties Historicbrandsandproducts[edit] AdventurePeople Alphabetmagnetboard ALVINNN!andtheChipmunksrelatedproducts(2015-2020) AmazingAnimals Arthur(Powertouch,PixterandEasyLinkonly)(2002-2009) BabyGymnastics BabyLooneyTunesrelatedproducts(2002-2004) TheBackyardigansrelatedproducts(2004-2012) Barbie(SmartCycle,Pixter,vehicletoys)(2004-2007) Barneyrelatedproducts(2001-2006,2018,and1993-2000(MovedfromPlayskool)) BearintheBigBlueHouserelatedproducts(1998-2004) TheBerenstainBearsrelatedproducts(1985-1992) BetweentheLionsrelatedproducts(2000-2002) BlazeandtheMonsterMachinesrelatedproducts(2014-2020) Blue'sCluesrelatedproducts(1998-2004,2007) Blue'sRoomrelatedproducts(2004-2007) BobtheBuilder(Original)(EasyLinkandSmartCycleonly) BobtheBuilder(2015reboot)relatedproducts(2015-2018) BrilliantBasics Butterbean'sCaferelatedproducts(2018-2020) ChatterTelephone[21] Bingrelatedproducts(AustraliaandUKonly) BubbleGuppiesrelatedproducts(2011-2017) Carsrelatedproducts(ShakeNGo,SpiralSpeedway,andGeotraxonly) Cars2relatedproducts(2011-2017) CliffordtheBigRedDog(Powertouch,ComputerCoolSchool,EasyLink,PixterandViewMasteronly)(2002-2009) Cleo&Cuquinrelatedproducts(Othercountriesonly) Construxbuildingtoys CornPopper TheCroodsrelatedproducts(2013-2014) ComputerCoolSchool Cyberchase(Pixteronly)(2002-2006) DanceBabyDance! DCSuperFriends(SmartCycle,Trio,HeroWorldandImaginextonly)(2009-2021) DigitalArtsAndCraftsStudio(2007-2009) DisneyPrincessrelatedproducts(2002-2006) DoodlePro(changednamefromMagnaDoodle) DoraandFriendsrelatedproducts(2014-2017) DoratheExplorerrelatedproducts(2000-2017) DragonTalesrelatedproducts(2000-2004) EasyLinkInternetLaunchPad(2007-2009) ESPNrelatedproducts(2004-2009) TheFairlyOddparents(Powertouch,InteracTV,ICanPlayPianoandPixteronly)(2004-2007) FavoritesofNickJr.(2015-2017) Fimblesrelatedproducts(AustraliaandUKonly) FindingNemo(DisneyBabyonly)(2013-2017) FlipTrack(replacedin2002byGeoTrax,stillcompatiblewithGeoTrax) FP3player Fun2Learn FusionCrew GeoTrax(2002-2011) GoDiegoGorelatedproducts(2005-2011) GoJettersrelatedproducts(Othercountriesonly) GuesswithJessrelatedproducts(AustraliaandUKonly) HandyMannyrelatedproducts(2006-2013) HeroWorld(2010-2013) HigglytownHeroesrelatedproducts(2006-2009) HotWheels(Trio,SmartCycleandPixteronly)(2004-2014) ICanPlayGuitar ICanPlayPiano InteracTV(2004-2007) It'saBigBigWorldrelatedproducts(2006-2009) iXL(2010-2012) JakeandtheNeverLandPiratesrelatedproducts(2011-2017) JimmyNeutron(Powertouch,InteracTV,ICanPlayPiano,andPixteronly)(2004-2007) JollyJumpingJackcribtoy JuliusJr.relatedproducts(2013-2017) JungleJunctionrelatedproducts(2009-2012) JurassicWorld(Imaginextonly)(2015-2018) KidToughElectronics KnowsYourNameDolls(SesameStreet,DoratheExplorer,WinniethePooh,andSpongeBobSquarePants) TheKoalaBrothersrelatedproducts(2004-2009) KryptotheSuperdogrelatedproducts(2004-2007) KungFuPanda2relatedproducts(2011-2012) LazyTownrelatedproducts(2004-2009) LearnThroughMusic(2002-2005) LearnThroughMusicPlus(2005-2007) LittleBillrelatedproducts(2000-2002) LittleEinsteinsrelatedproducts(2006-2010) LittleMommy(Babydollsandtheirvariousaccessories) LunarJimrelatedproducts(AustraliaandUKonly) BabySmartronics LittleSuperstar Madagascar3:Europe'sMostWantedrelatedproducts(2012-2013) MickeyMouserelatedproducts(1998-2004) MickeyandtheRoadsterRacersrelatedproducts(2017-2020) MickeyMouseClubhouserelatedproducts(2006-2017) MiketheKnightrelatedproducts(2011-2017) MiraclesandMilestones MonsterJam(Pixteronly)(2002-2006) MonstersUniversity(Imaginextonly)(2013-2015) MovieViewer TheMr.MenShowrelatedproducts(2009-2010) MyFriendsTigger&Poohrelatedproducts(2007-2011) NickelodeonKnowsYourName(2009-2012) MyFriendDolls(Mikey,Becky,etc.) MissSpider'sSunnyPatchFriendsrelatedproducts(2004-2009) TheMuppetsrelatedproducts(1975-2004) NiHao,Kai-Lanrelatedproducts(2007-2012) OceanWonders TheOctonautsrelatedproducts(2012-2017) OreoMatchinMiddlesGame Peek-a-Blocks PeppaPigrelatedproducts(2013-2017,allmovedtoCharacterToys) ThePenguinsofMadagascar(SmartCycleandiXLonly)(2010-2012) Pixter(2000-2007) Planesrelatedproducts(2013-2015) PlayFamily PocketRockers Pop-onz PowerRangers(Imaginextonly)(2015-2018) PowerTouchLearningSystem Puffalumps Purr-tenders(1987–88) ThePuzzlePlacerelatedproducts(1996-1999) PXL-2000camcorder RainbowRangersrelatedproducts(2018-2020) ReadWithMeDVD RoliePolieOlierelatedproducts(2000-2004) Roll-a-Rounds RolyPoly Scooby-Doo(Imaginext,iXL,SmartCycle,ComputerCoolSchoolandPixteronly)(2004-2020) SesameStreetrelatedproducts(1998-2011,(allmovedtoHasbro,and1993-1997(movedfromTyco)) Shake'nGo!(2005-2017) ShimmerandShinerelatedproducts(2015-2020) ShrekForeverAfter(SmartCycleandiXLonly)(2010-2011) SmartCycle(2007-2017) SmartShopper Snap'nStyleFriends&Fashions SparkArtCreativitySystem SpongeBobSquarePantsrelatedproducts(2004-2007) TheSpongeBobMovie:SpongeontheRun(Imaginextonly)(2020-2021) TheSpongeBobMovie:SpongeOutofWater(Imaginextonly)(2015-2018) StarStationEntertainmentSystem(2004-2007) Storybotsrelatedproducts(2018-2020) SunnyDayrelatedproducts(2017-2020) SuperWhy(ViewMasterandComputerCoolSchoolonly)(2009-2010) Talk-to-Mebookswithrecord"discs"builtintothepages TeamUmizoomirelatedproducts(2010-2015) TeenTitans(Pixteronly)(2004-2006) TeenTitansGo(Imaginextonly)(2017-2020) TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles(Vehicletoysonly)(2012-2017) Thomas&Friends(Original)relatedproducts(2009-2021,movedfromLearningCurve) Toddlerz TootstheTrain ToyStory3relatedproducts(2010-2018) ToyStory4relatedproducts(2019-2022) Trio(2009-2014) VeggieTalesrelatedproducts(1998-2004) View-Master(1939-2020) ViewMasterSuperSounds(2004-2009) Woodsey Waybuloorelatedproducts(2009;AustraliaandUKonly) TheWiggles(EasyLinkandViewMasteronly)(2002-2009) WinniethePoohrelatedproducts(1998-2007,2011-2017) WinxClub(Pixteronly)(2004-2006) WonderPetsrelatedproducts(2008-2012) Wow!Wow!Wubbzy!relatedproducts(2008-2010) Yu-Gi-Oh!(Pixteronly)(2004-2006) Videogames[edit] Startinginthe1980s,sevengameswhichcarriedtheFisher-PricenameweredevelopedbyGameTekforthePCandtheCommodore64,onlysixofwhichwerepublished.In1990,threeofthesetitleswereportedtotheNintendoEntertainmentSystem: FunFlyer(1984)(madebutnevershipped) FirehouseRescue[22](1988) LittlePeopleBowlingAlley(1989) SchoolBusDriver(1989) MyGrandPiano(1989) PerfectFit[23](1990) ICanRemember[24](1990) TitlesdevelopedbyDavidson&Associatesinclude: FisherPriceABC's FisherPrice123's FisherPriceSingAlongs:BarnyardRhythmandMoos FisherPriceDreamDollhouse GreatAdventuresCastle GreatAdventuresPirateShip GreatAdventuresWildWesternTown PuddleBooksSeries LearninginToyland ReadyforSchoolToddler ReadyforSchoolPreschool ReadyforSchoolKindergarten ReadyforSchoolReading ReadyforSchool1stGrade OthertitlespublishedbyFisher-Priceinclude: GreatAdventuresPirateShip[25](1998) TimetoPlayPetShop[26](1999) BigActionConstruction(2001) BigActionGarage(2001)[27] OtherFisher-Priceproducts[edit] OtherFisher-PriceproductsincludeActivegearforfamiliesonthego,books,software,cartravelaccessories,footwear,infantcarriers,music,eyeglassesandvideos. References[edit] ^"GrossSalesofMattelsFisherPriceBrandsWorldwide".Statista.Statista.Retrieved15June2021. ^Snider,Mike."Fisher-PriceopensavirtualmuseumonInstagramtocelebrate90yearsofitstoys".USATODAY.Retrieved2021-12-09. ^"TheFisher-PriceToyMuseumWillMakeYouFeelLikeAKidAgain".Romper.Retrieved2021-12-09. ^abHelmore,Edward(2020-06-13)."Ninetyandstillintotoys:howFisher-Pricepulledatownoutofdepression".TheGuardian.Retrieved2022-04-21. ^"7Fisher-PriceClassicToys".thespruce.com.RetrievedNovember7,2017. ^"11PlayfulFactsAboutFisher-Price".www.mentalfloss.com.2016-05-15.Retrieved2021-06-02. ^"VintageFisher-PriceToys".antique-antiques.com.RetrievedNovember7,2017. ^"Fisher-PricePre-SchoolToysBuyingGuide".Pages.ebay.com. ^"FisherPriceMusicBoxFerrisWheel#969.|CollectorsWeekly".www.collectorsweekly.com.Retrieved2021-06-02. ^ab"LoveBlanche,Sophia,Rose,andDorothy?GetReadyForaGoldenGirlsConventioninIllinois".Q985.Retrieved2021-12-09. ^Hains,RebeccaC.;Jennings,NancyA.(2021-03-30).TheMarketingofChildren'sToys:CriticalPerspectivesonChildren'sConsumerCulture.SpringerNature.ISBN 978-3-030-62881-9. ^abScott,SharonM.(2009-12-09).ToysandAmericanCulture:AnEncyclopedia:AnEncyclopedia.ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-0-313-34799-3. ^"ThisOldToy'sOriginal"LittlePeople"History".www.thisoldtoy.com. ^MadoreT.,James(1994-02-15)."FISHER-PRICEADDS70NEWITEMSINCLUDINGELECTRONICLEARNINGTOYS".BuffaloNews.Retrieved2022-04-21. ^Szalai,Georg(2011-10-24)."MatteltoAcquire'Thomas&Friends'MakerHITEntertainmentfor$680Million".TheHollywoodReporter.Retrieved2021-06-10. ^"Fisher-PriceRecallsLicensedCharacterToysDueToLeadPoisoningHazard". ^"MattelVoluntarySafetyRecallFacts". ^"Fisher-PriceAllegedlyIgnoredRock'n'PlaySafetyIssuesAfterInfantDeaths".Fatherly.2021-06-09.Retrieved2021-12-09. ^Fritz,Angela;Frankel,Todd(12April2019)."Afterreportsofinfantdeaths,nearly5millionFisher-PriceRock'nPlaySleepersarerecalled".TheWashingtonPost.No. 12April2019.Retrieved24November2019. ^abFrankel,Todd(30May2019)."Fisher-Priceinventedapopularbabysleeperwithoutmedicalsafetytestsandkeptsellingit,evenasbabiesdied".TheWashingtonPost.No. 30May2019.Retrieved24November2019. ^Coopee,Todd(11April2016)."ChatterPhonefromFisher-Price1962".ToyTales.ca. ^"FisherPrice:FirehouseRescueReleaseDate".GameFAQs.Retrieved2008-07-26. ^"FisherPrice:PerfectFitReleaseDate".GameFAQs.Retrieved2008-07-26. ^"FisherPrice:ICanRememberReleaseDate".GameFAQs.Retrieved2008-07-26. ^"GreatAdventuresbyFisher-Price:PirateShip(PC)".IGN.Retrieved2016-02-10. ^"Fisher-Price:TimetoPlayPetShop".www.museumofplay.org.Retrieved2016-02-10. ^"Amazon.com:Fisher-PriceBigActionGarage-PC/MAC:VideoGames".Amazon.com.RetrievedJuly20,2017. Externallinks[edit] Officialwebsite vteFisher-PricebrandsToys ChatterTelephone Construx CornPopper Imaginext LittlePeople PlanetHeroes PocketRockers PowerWheels Purr-tenders RescueHeroes Rock-a-Stack Sing-a-ma-jigs Devices FP3player PXL2000 View-Master Founders HermanFisher IrvingPrice MargaretEvansPrice vteMattelToybrands AmericanGirl BittyBaby GirlsofManyLands Barbie MyScene BigJim Blaze ChattyCathy CreatableWorld DivaStarz FijitFriends Flavas FoodFighters Furryville HotWheels LiddleKiddles Magic8-Ball MantaForce MastersoftheUniverse(PrincessofPower) Matchbox MaxSteel MightyMax Mindflex MonsterHigh(EverAfterHigh•Enchantimals) MyChild PixelChix PollyPocket See'nSay Slime Thingmaker/CreepyCrawlers What'sHerFace Xtractaurs Licensed CabbagePatchKids Cars DCSuperHeroGirls DespicableMe Ghostbusters HarryPotter IntelPlay JurassicWorld LadyLovelyLocks Minecraft Pixar RainbowBrite ToyStory TurningMecard WWE GamesTraditional ApplestoApples Balderdash Bezzerwizzer Blokus MadGab Othello Outburst Pictionary Phase10 Rock'EmSock'EmRobots Scrabble(exceptU.S.andCanada) SceneIt? Skip-Bo TossAcross U.B.Funkeys Uno Videoandcomputer Aquarius AutoRace Children'sDiscoverySystem Dungeons&DragonsComputerFantasyGame HyperScan Intellivision II Intellivoice Pixter Entertainmentproperties AngelinaBallerina Barney&Friends BobtheBuilder FiremanSam Pingu Thomas&Friends BusinessunitsCurrent Fisher-Price MattelTelevision MattelFilms MegaBrands Former MNetwork MattelElectronics Corporateacquisitions Bluebird Fuhu HITEntertainment Ideal J.W.Spear&Sons TycoToys Mebetoys RadicaGames View-MasterInternational Boughtandsold CircusWorld FeldEntertainment RinglingBros.andBarnum&BaileyCircus IceFolliesAndHolidayonIce Litigation "BarbieGirl"songcase Barbie'sRestaurantstrademarkdispute TomForsythelawsuit(s) View-Masterfactorylawsuit Other PlayCable PowerGlove TheToyBox Category AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries UnitedStates Artgalleriesandmuseums TePapa(NewZealand) Other MusicBrainzartist Trove(Australia) 1 2 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fisher-Price&oldid=1096665609" Categories:Fisher-PriceMattelsubsidiariesToybrandsToycompaniesoftheUnitedStatesManufacturingcompaniesbasedinNewYork(state)CompaniesbasedinErieCounty,NewYorkAmericancompaniesestablishedin1930Toycompaniesestablishedin19301930establishmentsinNewYork(state)1969mergersandacquisitions1993mergersandacquisitionsHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithTePapaidentifiersArticleswithMusicBrainzidentifiersArticleswithTroveidentifiersArticleswithmultipleidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages CatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEspañolEsperantoفارسیFrançaisItalianoעבריתNederlandsРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSuomiSvenska Editlinks