Authority - Wikipedia

In the fields of sociology and political science, authority is the legitimate power of a person or group over other people. ... In a civil state, authority is ... Authority FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Politicalpoweroverothers Thisarticleisaboutauthorityasapoliticalconcept.Forotheruses,seeAuthority(disambiguation). TheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesisthehighestjudicialauthorityintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. Inthefieldsofsociologyandpoliticalscience,authorityisthelegitimatepowerofapersonorgroupoverotherpeople.[1]Inacivilstate,authorityispracticedinwayssuchajudicialbranchoranexecutivebranchofgovernment.[2] Intheexerciseofgovernance,thetermsauthorityandpowerareinaccuratesynonyms.Thetermauthorityidentifiesthepoliticallegitimacy,whichgrantsandjustifiestheruler’srighttoexercisethepowerofgovernment;andthetermpoweridentifiestheabilitytoaccomplishanauthorizedgoal,eitherbycomplianceorbyobedience;hence,authorityisthepowertomakedecisionsandthelegitimacytomakesuchlegaldecisionsandordertheirexecution.[3] Contents 1History 2Politicalphilosophy 3Sociology 4UnitedKingdomandtheCommonwealthrealms 5UnitedStates 6Seealso 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks History[edit] AncientunderstandingsofauthoritytracebacktoRomeanddrawlaterfromCatholic(Thomistic)thoughtandothertraditionalunderstandings.Inmoremodernterms,formsofauthorityincludetransitionalauthorityexhibitedinforexampleCambodia,[4]publicauthorityintheformofpopularpower,and,inmoreadministrativeterms,bureaucraticormanagerialtechniques.Intermsofbureaucraticgovernance,onelimitationofthegovernmentalagentsoftheexecutivebranch,asoutlinedbyGeorgeA.Krause,isthattheyarenotasclosetothepopularwillaselectedrepresentativesare.[5]Theclaimsofauthoritycanextendtonationalorindividualsovereignty,whichisbroadlyorprovisionallyunderstoodasaclaimtopoliticalauthoritythatislegitimated.[6] Historicalapplicationsofauthorityinpoliticaltermsincludetheformationofthecity-stateofGeneva,andexperimentaltreatisesinvolvingthetopicofauthorityinrelationtoeducationincludeEmilebyJean-JacquesRousseau.AsDavidLaitindefines,authorityisakeyconcepttobedefinedindeterminingtherangeandroleofpoliticaltheory,scienceandinquiry.[7]Therelevanceofagroundedunderstandingofauthorityincludesthebasicfoundationandformationofpolitical,civiland/orecclesiasticalinstitutionsorrepresentatives.Inrecentyears,however,authorityinpoliticalcontextshasbeenchallengedorquestioned. Politicalphilosophy[edit] Therehavebeenseveralcontributionstothedebateofpoliticalauthority.Amongothers,HannahArendt,CarlJoachimFriedrich,ThomasHobbes,AlexandreKojèveandCarlSchmitthaveprovidedsomeofthemostinfluentialtexts. InEuropeanpoliticalphilosophy,thejurisdictionofpoliticalauthority,thelocationofsovereignty,thebalancingofnotionsoffreedomandauthority,[8]andtherequirementsofpoliticalobligationshavebeencorequestionsfromthetimeofPlatoandAristotletothepresent.Mostdemocraticsocietiesareengagedinanongoingdiscussionregardingthelegitimateextentoftheexerciseofgovernmentalauthority.IntheUnitedStates,forinstance,thereisaprevailingbeliefthatthepoliticalsystemasinstitutedbytheFoundingFathersshouldaccordthepopulaceasmuchfreedomasreasonable;thatgovernmentshouldlimititsauthorityaccordingly,knownaslimitedgovernment. Politicalanarchismisaphilosophywhichrejectsthelegitimacyofpoliticalauthorityandadherencetoanyformofsovereignruleorautonomyofanation-state.AnargumentforpoliticalanarchyismadebyMichaelHuemerinhisbookTheProblemofPoliticalAuthority.Ontheotherside,oneofthemainargumentsforthelegitimacyofthestateissomeformofthesocialcontracttheorydevelopedbyThomasHobbesinhis1668book,Leviathan,orbyJean-JacquesRousseauinhispoliticalwritingsonthesocialcontract. Sociology[edit] Furtherinformation:Authority(sociology) Sincetheemergenceofthesocialsciences,authorityhasbecomeasubjectofresearchinavarietyofempiricalsettings:thefamily(parentalauthority),smallgroups(informalauthorityofleadership),intermediateorganizationssuchasschools,churches,armies,industriesandbureaucracies(organizationalandbureaucraticauthority),andsociety-wideorinclusiveorganizations,rangingfromthemostprimitivetribalsocietytothemodernnation-stateandintermediateorganization(politicalauthority). Thedefinitionofauthorityincontemporarysocialscienceremainsamatterofdebate.MaxWeberinhisessay"PoliticsasaVocation"(1919)dividedlegitimateauthorityintothreetypes.Others,likeHowardBloom,suggestaparallelbetweenauthorityandrespect/reverenceforancestors.[9] UnitedKingdomandtheCommonwealthrealms[edit] ThepoliticalauthorityintheBritishcontextcanbetracedtoJamesVIandIofScotlandwhowrotetwopoliticaltreatisescalledBasilikonDoronandTheTrveLaweoffreeMonarchies:Or,TheReciprockandMvtvallDvtieBetwixtafreeKing,andhisnaturallSubiecteswhichadvocatedhisrighttoruleonthebasisoftheconceptofthedivinerightofkings,atheologicalconceptthathasabasisinmultiplereligions,butinthiscase,Christianity,tracingthisrighttotheapostolicsuccession. SovereignkingsandqueensintheUnitedKingdomandtheCommonwealthRealmsareconsideredthefoundationsofjudicial,legislativeandexecutiveauthority. UnitedStates[edit] TheunderstandingofpoliticalauthorityandtheexerciseofpoliticalpowersintheAmericancontexttracesbacktothewritingsoftheFoundingFathers,includingtheargumentsputforwardinTheFederalistPapersbyJamesMadison,AlexanderHamiltonandtheFirstChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatesJohnJay,andlaterspeechesbythe16thPresidentoftheUnitedStatesAbrahamLincoln."Ourgovernmentrestsinpublicopinion,"PresidentAbrahamLincolnsaidin1856.[10]Inhis1854SpeechatPeoria,Illinois,Lincolnespousedtheproposition“thateachmanshoulddopreciselyashepleaseswithallwhichisexclusivelyhisown,"aprincipleexisting"atthefoundationofthesenseofjustice."[11]Thissenseofpersonalownershipandstewardshipwasintegraltothepracticeofself-governmentasAbrahamLincolnsawitbyaRepublicannationanditspeople.Thiswasbecause,asAbrahamLincolnalsodeclared,"Nomanisgoodenoughtogovernanotherman,withoutthatother'sconsent."[12] TheU.S.Presidentiscalledtogiveaccounttothelegislaturefortheconductofthewholegovernment,includingthatofregulatoryagencies.ThePresidentinfluencestheappointments,thebudgetingprocessandhastherightandcapacitytoreviewregulatoryrulesonacase-by-casebasis.SincethetimeoftheReaganadministrationthePresidentwasinformedwithacost–benefitanalysisoftheregulation.[13]ThecreationofaregulatoryagencyrequiresanactoftheCongresswhichspecifiesitsjurisdiction,therelatedauthorityanddelegatedpowers.Regulatoryauthoritiescanbequalifiedasindependentagenciesorexecutivebranchagencies,achoicewhichisthereasonofstrugglebetweentheCongressandthePresidentaswellaswiththeAmericanCourts.Thelatter'sroleislimitedbytheauthorities'powertoregulatepropertyrightswithoutthedueprocessrightsmandatorilyappliedbythecourts.[13] Seealso[edit] Authoritybias Authority(management) Anti-authoritarianism Appealtoauthority Auctoritas Authoritarianism Cognitiveauthority Discipline Fidelity Milgramexperiment Morale Politicaltheology Protection Pettyauthority Questionauthority Religiousauthority References[edit] ^Bealey,Frank(1999).TheBlackwellDictionaryofPoliticalScience:AUser'sGuidetoItsTerms.pp. 22–23.ISBN 0-631-20694-9. ^TheNewFontanaDictionaryofModernThoughtThirdEdition,AllanBullockandStephenTrombley,Eds.p.115. ^TheNewFontanaDictionaryofModernThoughtThirdEdition,AllanBullockandStephenTrombley,Eds.pp.677–678. ^Widyono,Benny(Oct2014)."UnitedNationsTransitionalAuthorityinCambodia(UNTAC)". ^Krause,GeorgeA.(2010).Durant,RobertF.(ed.)."LegislativeDelegationofAuthoritytoBureaucraticAgencies".TheOxfordHandbookofAmericanBureaucracy.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.p. 524. ^Glanville,Luke(2016).Bellamy,AlexJ.(ed.)."Sovereignty".TheOxfordHandbookoftheResponsibilitytoProtect.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.p. 153. ^Laitin,David(1998)."TowardaPoliticalScienceDiscipline:AuthorityPatternsRevisited".ComparativePoliticalStudies.31(4):423–443.doi:10.1177/0010414098031004002.S2CID 146736449. ^Cristi,Renato(2005).HegelonFreedomandAuthority.Cardiff,Wales:UniversityofWalesPress. ^Bloom,Howard(2010).TheGeniusoftheBeast:aradicalre-visionofcapitalism.Amherst,NewYork:PrometheusBooks.p. 186.ISBN 978-1-59102-754-6.Tovalidateanargument,wereferbacktoourancestors–ortosomeonewho,whilestillalive,hasalreadygarneredthesortofauthorityonlyancestorsnormallyhave. ^Guelzo,AllenC.(2012).LincolnSpeeches.NewYork:PenguinBooks.p. xxi. ^Guelzo,AllenC.(2012).LincolnSpeeches.NewYork:PenguinBooks.p. 47. ^Guelzo,AllenC.(2012).LincolnSpeeches.NewYork:PenguinBooks.p. 48. ^abJohnFerejohn(2004).TheAuthorityofRegulationandtheControlofRegulators.Droitetéconomiedelarégulation.Cairn.info.pp. 35–37.ISBN 9782724686463.OCLC 7292576035.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonOctober3,2020–viaarchive.is. Furtherreading[edit] GiorgioAgamben,StateofException(2005) HannahArendt,"AuthorityintheTwentiethCentury."ReviewofPolitics(1956) HannahArendt,OnViolence(1970) JózefMariaBocheński,WasistAutorität?(1974) RenatoCristi,HegelonFreedomandAuthority(2005) CarlJoachimFriedrich,Authority.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress(1958) CarlJoachimFriedrich,AnIntroductiontoPoliticalTheory:TwelveLecturesatHarvard.NewYork:Harper&Row(1967) CarlJoachimFriedrich,TraditionandAuthority.London:Macmillan(1972) RobertE.Goodin(ed),TheOxfordHandbookofPoliticalScience(2011) PatrickHayden,HannahArendt:KeyConcepts(2014),esp.Chapter8 AlexandreKojève,"TheNotionofAuthority"(2014) RafaelDomingoOsle,Auctoritas(1999) GailRadford,TheRiseofthePublicAuthority:StatebuildingandEconomicDevelopmentinTwentieth-CenturyAmerica(2013) CarlSchmitt,DerBegriffdesPolitischen[TheConceptofthePolitical](1932) MaxWeber,EconomyandSociety(1922) MaxWeber,PoliticsasaVocation(1919) Externallinks[edit] Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:Authority "PoliticalObligation".InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy. AppealtoAuthorityBreakdown Christiano,Tom."Authority".InZalta,EdwardN.(ed.).StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy. FouressayspublishedintheInternationalJournalofPhilosophicalStudiesfromtheRobertPapazianEssayPrizeCompetitiononAuthority AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) Nationallibraries Spain France(data) Ukraine UnitedStates Latvia Japan Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authority&oldid=1061110974" Categories:AuthorityGroupprocessesPhilosophyoflawPoliticalphilosophySocialconceptsSocialethicsHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticlescontainingGerman-languagetextArticleswithInternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophylinksArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithEMUidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithLNBidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAsturianuAzərbaycancaभोजपुरीCatalàČeštinaChiShonaDanskDeutschEestiEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתҚазақшаKiswahiliKreyòlayisyenКыргызчаLatinaLimburgsМакедонскиമലയാളംNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskپنجابیPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийScotsSimpleEnglishسنڌيSlovenčinaSlovenščinaSoomaaligaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaతెలుగుไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệt吴语粵語中文 Editlinks