Taiwan Railways Administration - Wikipedia

Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA) is a railway operator in Taiwan. It is an agency of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, responsible for ... TaiwanRailwaysAdministration FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch RailwayoperatorinTaiwan Thisarticlehasmultipleissues.Pleasehelpimproveitordiscusstheseissuesonthetalkpage.(Learnhowandwhentoremovethesetemplatemessages) Thisarticle'stoneorstylemaynotreflecttheencyclopedictoneusedonWikipedia.SeeWikipedia'sguidetowritingbetterarticlesforsuggestions.(August2019)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "TaiwanRailwaysAdministration" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(November2020)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Thisarticleiswrittenlikeatravelguideratherthananencyclopedicdescriptionofthesubject.Pleasehelpimproveitbyrewritingitinanencyclopedicstyle.Ifatravelguideisintended,useofWikivoyageisstronglysuggested.(January2022) (Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) TaiwanRailwaysAdministrationAlocaltrainatNorthHsinchuOverviewNativename臺鐵[I]LocaleTaiwanTransittypeConventionalrailwayNumberoflines12Numberofstations241Annualridership231,267,955(2018) 0.66%ChiefexecutiveChangChen-yuanWebsiterailway.gov.twOperationBeganoperation1948Operator(s)TaiwanRailwaysAdministrationCharacterMixedNumberofvehicles900TechnicalSystemlength1,065 km(662 mi)Trackgauge1,067 mm(3 ft 6 in)Electrification25kVACoverheadlineswhereelectrifiedTopspeed130 km/h(81 mph) Officialroutemap(zh) TaiwanRailwaysAdministration(TRA)[II]isarailwayoperatorinTaiwan.ItisanagencyoftheMinistryofTransportationandCommunications,responsibleformanaging,maintaining,andrunningconventionalpassengerandfreightrailwayserviceson1097 kmoftrackinTaiwan.[1] SinceTaiwanisheavilyurbanisedwithahighpopulationdensity,railwayshaveplayedanimportantpartindomestictransportationsincethelate19thcentury.Passengertrafficin2018was231,267,955.[2] Theagency'sheadquartersareinZhongzhengDistrict,Taipei.[3] Contents 1Overview 2History 2.1Timeline 3Networkdesign 3.1Mainlinetunneling 3.2Run-throughservices 3.3Railwayfacilityrelocation 3.4Rapidtransitintegration 3.5CommuterrailandHSR 4Infrastructureandscheduling 4.1Passingtracksatlocalstations 4.2Doubleislandplatformsattransferstations 4.3Sideplatformsandthroughtracks 4.4Explicitschedulinganddispatchingpriorities 4.5Schedule,ridershippattern,anddemographics 5Operatingpractices 5.1Stationmasters,trainregulation,anddwellprocess 5.2Conductorsascaptains 5.3Onboardservices 6Ticketing 6.1Farestructure 6.2Farevalidation 6.3Ticketingprocesses 6.4Farevendingmachines 6.5ContactlessSmartcardfarepayment 6.6Railpass 7Passengerinformationsystemsandsignage 7.1Platformsignage,nexttrainidentifiers 7.2Onboarddisplaysandannouncements 7.3Exteriortrainidentification 8Modernisation 9Lines 9.1Currentpassengerlines 9.1.1Branches 9.2Otherlines 9.3Planned 9.3.1Defunct 10Services 10.1Regularservices 10.2Limitedservices 10.3Retiredservices 10.4Chu-kuangExpress 11Vehicles 12Seealso 13Notes 13.1Wordsinnativelanguages 14References 14.1Citations 14.2Sources 15Externallinks Overview[edit] TaiwanRailwaysAdministration臺灣鐵路管理局TáiwānTiělùGuǎnlǐjú(Mandarin)Thòi-vânThiet-luKón-lî-khiu̍k(Hakka)AgencyoverviewFormed1948JurisdictionTaiwanHeadquartersZhongzheng,TaipeiAgencyexecutiveChangChen-yuan,Director-GeneralWebsitewww.railway.gov.tw/tra-tip-web/tip?lang=EN_USChinesenameTraditional Chinese臺灣鐵路管理局SimplifiedChinese台湾铁路管理局TranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinTáiwānTiělùGuǎnlǐjúWade–GilesT'ai2-wan1T'ieh3-lu4Kuan3-li3-chü2TongyongPinyinTáiwanTiělùGuǎnlǐjyúHakkaRomanizationThòi-vànThiet-luKón-lî-khiu̍kSouthernMinHokkienPOJTâi-oânThih-lō·Koán-lí-kio̍kBbánlámPìngyīmDáiwánTīhlôoGuǎnlǐgiók TaiwanGovernor-GeneralRailwaysbuildinginJanuary2016. TheTRApurchasedsixinitialsetsofHitachi8-car130km/htiltingtrains,basedonJRKyushu's885-seriesdesign,forUS$85million,toprovideacceleratedEastCoastservices.TheyarelocallycalledTarokoExpressafterthemountaingorge. Atypicalbranchlineserviceusinganon-airconditionedDR2100seriesDMU,atShifenStationonthePingxilineinthe1990s. RailwayservicesbetweenKeelungandHsinchubeganin1891underChina'sQingdynasty.[4]BecausetherailwaywascompletelyrebuiltandsubstantiallyexpandedundertheTaiwanGovernor-GeneralRailways [zh]operatedbyFormosa'sJapanesecolonialgovernment(1895–1945),thenetwork'sJapaneseinfluenceandheritagepersists.[5]SimilaritiesbetweentheTRAandtheJapanRailways(JR)companiescanbenotedinsignalaspects,signage,tracklayout,farecontrols,stationarchitecture,andoperatingprocedures.AsJapan'ssouthernbaseduringWorldWarII,Taiwan'srailwayssufferedsignificantdamagebyAlliedairraids.TheTaiwanRailwaysAdministrationwasestablishedon5March1948toreconstructandoperaterailwayinfrastructure,withLangChung-lai [zh]asitsfirstDirector-General.[6] TheTRAisagovernmentorganisationthatfallsunderTaiwan'sMinistryofTransportationandCommunication(MOTC)andemploysaround13,500people(4,700intransportationand7,700inmaintenancetitles)anddirectlyoperatessome682routemilesof3’6”(1,067 mm)gaugerailways.[7]Threemainlinesformacompletecirclearoundtheisland.[8]TRA'sWestCoastlineandBadu-Hualiensectionfeaturemostlydouble-track,electrification,moderncolourlightandcab signalling,overrunprotection,andcentralizedtrafficcontrol(CTC).[9]South-linkline,eastcoastTaitung(convertedfrom762 mmgauge),andthree“tourist”branchesarenon-electrified single-trackwithpassingsidings. Sincetheearly1980s,conventionalrailwaycapitalimprovementsarenationallyfundedandmanagedbytheMOTC'sRailwayReconstructionBureau,thenturnedovertoTRAforoperations.[10]Taiwan'schallengingterrainmeantalllinesfeatureextensivetunnelingandlongbridges.Double-trackingfrequentlyrequiresconstructionofparallelsingle-trackrailroadsorbypasstunnelsonnewalignments. TheUS$14.5billionstandardgaugehigh-speedrail(HSR)linewasbuiltandoperatedbyaseparatepublic-privatepartnershipundera35-yearconcession,[11]butTRAprovidesfeederservicestoHSRterminals.AlthoughTRAoperatesallcommuterrail,otherquasi-privateorganizationsoperatesubwaysinTaipeiandKaohsiung.[citationneeded] Localandintercitypassengerservices(5am –1am,veryfewovernighttrains)operateat95.3%on-timeperformance.2008annualpassengerridershipwas179million(incurring5.45billionpassenger-miles),generatingUS$434millioninrevenue.[12]Commutertrainscarry76%ofriders(43%ofpassengermiles).WCMLcarries>90%ofridership.TRA'sloose-carandunit-trainbulkfreightserviceshaulmainlyaggregates(58%oftonnage),cement(26%),andcoal(9%).In2008,9.5milliontonsoffreight(481millionton-miles)generatedUS$28.6millioninrevenue.LimitedcontainerservicesoperatebetweentheportofHualienandsuburbanTaipei,butloadinggaugerestrictionsprecludepiggybackoperations.Duringtyphoonseason,smalltrucksarecarriedonflatcarswhenhighwaysareclosedbyfloodingormudslides.[13] Inyearspast,anextensiveshipper-ownedlightrailwaynetwork(762 mmgauge,neveroperatedbyTRA)handledfreightservicesthroughoutTaiwanandonceboasted1,800routemiles.Largelyabandonedtoday,itservedimportantindustriesincludingsugar,logging,coal,salt,andminerals.[14] UnlikeJREastandHongKong'sMassTransitRailway,revenuesfromancillarybusinessesaccountsforonly17.8%ofTRA'srevenues.[15]TRA'sestimatedfareboxrecoveryratio(includingfreightoperations)is~40%. Staffingcosts,pensionbenefits,capitaldebt,changingdemographics,highwaycompetition,andlowfarepoliciesresultedinaccumulateddeficitsnearingUS$3.3billion.[16]Locallyconsideredlargeand problematic,TRA'sdeficitspaleincomparisontothoseincurredbyEuropeanandU.S.transitagencies,andJapanNationalRailways(JNR)priortoits1987privatization.LikeJNRandU.S.transitauthorities,interestpaymentsonlong-termdebtrepresentsasignificantburdenforTRA.PlanningforTRA'srestructuringhadbeenunderwaysince2000.[17] Recentgrowthinthehighwaysystemandincreasedcompetitionfrombuscompaniesandairlineshasledtoadeclineinlong-distancerailtravel(exceptduringmajorholidayssuchasChineseNewYear),thoughshortandintermediatedistancetravelisstillheavilyutilizedbycommutersandstudents.Thehigh-speedraillineisnotrunbyTRA,andisalsoamajorsourceofcompetition.TooffsetthisTRAhasbegunplacinganemphasisontourismandshort-distancecommuterservice.Thishasledtoseveralspecialtouristtrainsrunningtoscenicareasandhotsprings,theadditionofdiningcars(originallydeemedunnecessaryduetoTaiwan'srelativelysmallsize),andconvertingseveralsmallerbranchlinestoattracttourists.Additionally,severalnewstationshavebeenaddedinmajormetropolitanareas,andlocalcommuterserviceincreased.Itsboxedlunchesremainthecompany'smostpopularproductwithsalestotalingNT$320million(US$10.8million)in2010(around5%ofitsannualrevenue).[18] OnDecember31,2010,theTRAsignedaNT$10.6billioncontractwithSumitomoGroupandNipponSharyotosupply17tiltingtrainsetscapableoftraveling150 km/h(93 mph).[19]Theseeight-carelectricmultipleunits(EMUs)weredeliveredfrom2012to2014forTarokoExpressservicesrunningbetweenTaipeiandHualienontheeastcoastlines.ThesystemachievedasingledayrecordonFebruary5,2011duringChineseNewYearcelebrations,transporting724,000passengersaday.[20] History[edit] TheTeng-yun(Chinese:騰雲),builtbyHohenzollernLocomotiveWorks,wasthefirststeamlocomotiveoperatedinTaiwan. TaiwanRailways'Electro-MotiveDivisionG12-classdiesellocomotiveR51inchargeofanordinarylocalpassengertrain. ThefirstTaiwaneserailwaywascompletedduringtheQingerain1893.[21]In1895,theQingEmpirecededFormosa(Taiwan)totheEmpireofJapanaftertheFirstSino-JapaneseWar.Thelinewasabout100kilometres(62 mi)inlengthbutinapoorconditionwhentheJapanesearrived: Accordinglyworkwascommencedonthelineatonce.TheKīrun-Taihokubranchwascompletelyreconstructedassotoavoidthenumerousshortcurvesandthesteepgrades.ThelineleadingfromTaihokutothesouthreceivedalsosomeattention,thetotalcostoftheseimprovementsreachingnearlytwomillionyen.— J.Davidson,TheIslandofFormosa,[22] WethushavepracticallyanewlinetoKīrunandanothertoShinchiku(formerlyTeckcham).Inadditiontothese,newlineswereconstructedfromTaihokutoTansui,andfromTakaotoShin'eiviaTainan-fu,whichgivesusatotalofninety-threemilesofrail.Thetrunklineconnectingthenorthandsouthisnowincourseofconstruction.— J.Davidson,FormosaunderJapaneserule,[23] TheOfficialJapaneseAnnualReportof1935states(undertitleColonialRailwaysSectionIITaiwan): ItwasnotuntilthecessionoftheIslandofTaiwan(Formosa)fromtheChineseGovernmenttoJapanthattheislandbegantoenjoyrailwayfacilities,forpriorthattimetheonlyrailroadexistingwasasmalllightrailwaybetweenKīrunandShinchikubuiltatthetimeoftheQingDynastyofChina.SoonafterthecessiontheGovernor-GeneralofTaiwanestablishedaplan,withapprobationoftheDiet,tobuildastandardJapanesegaugerailwayconnectingTakaowithKīrunattheexpenseof28.800.000yen.TheworkofconstructionwasstartedfrombothterminiandfinishedinApril1908.This429.3 mile(690.7 km)linenowformsthetrunklineintheislandcommunicationsystem.[citationneeded] TheImperialTaiwanGovernmentRailwaymanagesthreeworkshopsintheIslandviz.oneeachatTaihoku,TakaoandKarenkō.ThelastmentionedisforEastCoastlinerollingstock.— TaiwanRailwaysAdministration,History,[24] Timeline[edit] 1887:ConstructionbeginsonfirstrailwayinTaiwanbetweenKeelungandTaipeiinearlyMarch.[25](ImperialapprobationobtainedbyQingdynastygovernorLiuMing-chuan,aspartofdevelopmentofnewTaiwanProvince.) 1891:Firstraillinecompleted;20miles(32 km)branchfromTwatutiatoKeelung,drivenbyEnglishengineers[26] 1893:FirstFormosarailwaycompleted.[22] 1895:TaiwancededtoJapanbyChinafollowingtheendoftheFirstSino-JapaneseWar.MinistryofTaiwanRailwayestablishedbytheJapaneseGovernment.ReconstructionbeginsofKīrun-Taihokubranchtoavoidnumerousshortcurvesandsteepgrades.WorkisalsoperformedonthelineleadingfromTaihokutothesouth.Totalcostoftheseimprovementsreachingnearlytwomillionyen.RailwayunderdirectcontroloftheMilitaryDepartment. 1897:TherailwaycomesundercontrolofCivilDepartment. 1898:Localislandgovernmentannouncesitsintentionofcarryingontheworkitself.PlansformulatedbyChiefEngineerHasegawa. 1899:WorkstartedonthesouthernlinefromDagu(打狗)northtoTainan,adistanceof28miles(45 km);completedinNovember1900.JapaneseDietgranted30,000,000yenfortenyearstocovercostofmainlinefromTaihokutoTakow.[27] 1900:TheKeelungandHsinchulineswererepaired.Rollingstockwasadded.WorkcommencedontheshortbranchlinefromTaihokutoTansui;completedinJune1901.Over7millionyenspentbyJapanesegovernmentonFormosanrailwaysby1903.[28] 1908:MainlinefromTaihokutoTakaoiscompleted. 1922:TheWestCoastline(Chikunan-Shōka)iscompleted. 1924:TheGiranline(Hatto-Suō)iscompleted. 1926:TheTaitōLine(Karenkō-Taitō)iscompleted. 1941:TheHeitōline(Takao-Bōryō)iscompleted. 1940–1945:TherailwaysarerepeatedlybombedbytheAlliesduringWorldWarII. 1945:TaiwanishandedovertotheROC. 1948:TaiwanRailwaysAdministrationestablished. 1979:WestCoastlinefullyelectrified.TheNorth-linklineiscompleted. 1989:RaillinesrunningthroughdowntownTaipeimovedunderground.ThenewTaipeiMainStationiscompleted.TheShen-aolineceasespassengeroperations. 1991:TheSouth-linklinecompleted,completingtheraillooparoundTaiwan. 1997:Onlinereservationsbecomeavailable. 1998:TheFormerMountainlineceasesoperations. 2000:TheYilanlineiselectrified. 2001:Variousspecialtrainstargetingtouristsareoffered. 2003:TheNorth-linklineiselectrified. 2007:TheTarokoExpressbeginsoperations.ThelaunchofLocalExpresstrainswiththedeliveryofTaiwanRailwayEMU700series.[29]TheNeiwanlineistemporarilyclosedinordertoallowtheconstructionoftheLiujialine. 2010:TheFormerMountainlineisreopenedtosteamtrainsonspecialoccasions.[30]TheFu-HsingSemi-Express(復興)oftheTaiwanRailwaysAdministrationwasphasedoutofregularservicecompletelyafterDecember21,2010. 2011:TheShalunlineisopened.TheLiujialineisopened.[31] 2012:TheLinkoulineceasesalloperations.ThecreationofMissTaiwanRailway(臺灣鐵道少女). 2013:ThePuyumaExpressbeginsoperation.[32]ThePingtunglineisscheduledtobeelectrified,completingtheelectrificationoftheentireraillooparoundTaiwanby2020.[33] 2014:ThenewlocaltrainEMU800beginsoperation.Themaximumspeedoflocaltrainsisincreasedto130 km/h.[34] 2021:ThenewlocaltrainEMU900beginsoperation.[35] 2022:FinalFu-HsingSemi-Expresstrainjourney.[36] Networkdesign[edit] TaipeiMainStation'sless-crowdedundergroundplatformwithaBritishRailEngineeringLimited(BREL)EMU100,deliveredin1978fortheoriginalTaiwanWestCoastlineelectrificationprogram TRA'snetworkandservicesreflectstrongcentralizedplanning.AlthoughTRAisoneofmanypassengertransportoperators,itsinfrastructureallowsmultipleandconvenientconnectionsbetweenmodes.Jointtransportationandland-useplanningmakerailwayprojectseffectiveland-developmenttools.[citationneeded] Mainlinetunneling[edit] TheJapaneseplannedTaipei'srailwaytunnelpriortoWWII.TheirmainimpetuswasthemajorChung-HwaRoad(Route1)trunkhighwaycrossing.Taipei'sRailway“Undergroundization”Project(PhaseI)wasapprovedin1979,includingTaipeiMainStation(TMS),2.8-milesoftwo-trackundergroundrailway,andBanqiaoandNankangyards.Completedin1989andcostingUS$600million,[37]itreplacedthehistoricJapanese-eraTaihoku-eki(臺北駅)andHwashanyard,eliminatedgradecrossingsinTaipei'scongestedWanhuaDistrict,providingoperatingefficiencies.LikeNewYork'sPennStationproject,[38]whichburied5.5route-milesbetweenNorthBergen,N.J.andHunterspoint,Queensby1908,TaipeiMainStationcatalyzedurbanredevelopment.Developmentwasextensivebutnotwithoutculturalcosts.[39]ModernofficetowersandundergroundmallsreplacedJapanese-erawoodenshantiesandwholesaleoutlets,[40]buthistorictempleswerepreserved. Laterphasescompletedthefourtrackmainlinetunnels,relocatedyardstopermittransit-orienteddevelopment(TOD),andprovidedacorridorforamuch-neededcrosstownexpressway(CivicBoulevard).By2008,US$5.8billionwereinvested:Banqiao-Xike(16.0miles)wastunneled,including alltrackagewithinTaipeiCity,andXike-Wudu(3.1miles)waselevatedundertheTRAelevatizationprogram.[41]Nankang'sSoftware Park,ExhibitionCentre,andXike'sScienceParkweredevelopedaroundthistime. Run-throughservices[edit] Undergroundurbantrackageandrun-throughservicesinTaiwanmakeefficientuseofassetsandavailabletrackcapacity.ASocimibuiltEMU300setisbeingpreparedattheQiducarbarn TaipeiisTaiwan'scapitalandultimatedestinationforTRA'smainlines.Explosivegrowthsince1980madeTaipeia10-millionpopulationmetropolissprawledoverfourcounties.Toaccommodatesuburbancommuters,andtoservepassengerstravelingto/fromsuburbanbusinessdistricts,Taipeiwasenvisionedasathroughstation,allowingWestcoasttrainstooperatetoTaipei'seasternsuburbs,andviceversa. Through-runningreducesplatformoccupancytimes,maximizesone-seatrides,anddistributespassengersovermultiplestations,reducingcrowding.TrainscanbemovedthroughTaipei'sterminaldistrictinarrivalsequence,providingsomedelayabsorptioncapability.Only~20%ofpassengertripsoriginated/terminatedatTaipeiMainStation.Trainsareturnedatoutlyingyards(whereturnbacktracksareexpresslyprovided),minimizingconflictingmovements.[42]ObservationatBanqiaorevealedsubstantialtransferactivitybetweenTRAandmetro. Inthe1990s,eastcoasttrainsterminatedatBanqiao;WCMLtrainsterminatedatNankang/Keelung.AlltrainsthusoperateoverthebusyBanqiao-Nankang(Bannan)section,effectivelyprovidingurban transportationbyutilizingsurpluscapacityonlonger-distancethroughtrains.Commutertrainsmadeallsuburbanstops,whileAmtrak-likeexpressesstoppedonlyatmajorhubs.Thesedays,mostEastCoastservicesterminateatShulinStation,whichisthelocationofamajorTRAyard.WestCoastservicesmainlyterminateatQiduStation,whichisthelocationofanotherlargerailyard.[citationneeded] Railwayfacilityrelocation[edit] TaoyuancommuterswaitfortheSouthAfricanUnionCarriage&Wagon-builtEMU400toQidu.Tosupportmetropolitangrowth,BanqiaoyardmovedwesttoShulin,andNankangyardeasttoQidu,extendingthrough-runningoperations Tosupportmetropolitangrowth,BanqiaoyardmovedwesttoShulin,andNankangyardeasttoQiduduringthemid-2000s,extendingthroughoperationstoapproximately10mileseitherside.Banqiao,Taipei,andNankangbecamemajorinterchanges.LikeBoston'sNorthPointproject[43]plannedforaBoston&Maineyard,theformerBanqiaoyardisnowBanqiaostationandasuccessfulTODsite.LiketheCREATE(ChicagoRegionEnvironmentalandTransportationEfficiency)plan,[44]through-runningallowsyardsandfreightfacilitiestomovefromcentercity(Hwashan,Songshan)tosuburbs(Shulin,Qidu),withcheaperlandandbetterhighwayaccess. Rapidtransitintegration[edit] Taipeimetroshowssubstantialintegrationwiththenetwork,reflectingTaipei'sclosemunicipalcentralgovernmentrelationship.TaipeiRapidTransitCorporation's(TRTC)Tamsui–XinyilinewasconvertedfromTamsuirailwayline,whileBannanlineandSongshan–XindianlineroughlyfollowtheTRAmainline[45]andtheformerXindianrailwayline.TRAacceptsmetrofarecardswithinmetropolitanTaipei.FourmetrolinesconvergeatTaipeiMainStation,makingsubwaysthelocaldistributionsystemofTRA.NewintercitybusterminalswereconstructednearTaipeiMainStationin2009.[46]LikeNJTransit’sNewarkandLIRR’sJamaicastations,BanqiaoandNankanginterchangesaffordTRApenetrationintowesternandeastern neighbourhoodswithoutlonghackneyridesorbacktracking.[citationneeded] CommuterrailandHSR[edit] TRA’smaximumcommercialspeedis130km/h(81mph)whereasHSRoperatesupto300km/h(187mph).AlthoughTRA’slong-distanceservicespotentiallycompeteswithHSR,Taiwan’sHSRisfocusedonorigin-destinationmarketsover100miles[47]likeTaipei-Taichung(HSR –50minutes;TRA –110minutes),whereasTRAservesshorter-haultripslikeTaipei-Hsinchu(35versus60minutes). HSRservesTaipei,Banqiao,andNangangTRAinterchangesviasharedcorridors.ExceptforTaipei,HSRstationsarelocatedout-of-town,minimizingenvironmentalimpactsandpropertyacquisition,maximizingeconomicdevelopmentpotential,andallowinglowcurvaturealignments.[48]CommuterrailconnectsHSRwithestablishedprovincialdowntowns,solving“lastmile”problems.[citationneeded] InHsinchu,HSRandTRAstationsarethreemilesapart.PartsofTRA'sNeiwanlinewereelectrifiedandrebuiltasamoderncommuterrailroad,costingUS$280milliontoconnectHsinchu'shistoricdowntownwiththeHSR.ConnectionsgeneratebenefitsforbothmodesandcatalyzedevelopmentnearHSRstations,muchasInterstateinterchangesattractedeconomicactivity.Thisisatransit-orientedversionofBeltwaysuccessstoriesplayedoutacross1980sAmerica.[citationneeded] Infrastructureandscheduling[edit] Trainterminationsandtransfersoccuratinterchangeswheredoubleislandplatformsandfullcrossoversareprovided.TheJapaneseTokyuDR3000DMUisdepartingfromShulinstation,usingcrossoversforyardaccess. TRA'sinfrastructuredesignsaretargetedtowardsscheduledmovements.TheSouthKoreanDaewooEMU500commuterunitisbeingpreparedonHsinchu'smiddletrackwhileanintercitytraindeparts. TRA'sinfrastructuremightbedescribedasmakingupforlowertrackmileswithsidings.TRAoperatedsingle-tracksectionsonbusymainlinesuntil1998.Double-tracksectionscanaccommodatetrainsatdifferentspeeds;passingmovementsdon'tinterferencewithopposingtraffic,allowingscheduledthroughputsof~15trainsperhourperdirection.Schedulingpracticesassumestaffcanrespondto unforeseendelaysandout-of-sequencetrainsbydynamicallyutilizingavailableinfrastructure. TRAhasrecentlyinstalledadvancedsignallingonthenorthernmostportionoftheWestCoastlinearoundTaipei,andhasperformedextensivecapacityanalysistomaximizetrainthroughputs.[49] Passingtracksatlocalstations[edit] Double-endedsidings(loops)goodfortypicalpassengertrains(10~12cars)areprovidedat3~8mileintervals,atlocalstations.Somestationshaveanislandplatformservingmiddlesidingtracks,andstraight-throughoutsidebypasstracks.Schedulesprovideextradwelltimefortrainstoholduntilanexpresspasses,alsoservingasenrouterecoverytime,improvingreliability.Somestationsinsingle-trackterritoryfeaturethreepassingtracks,allowingfreightorotherequipmenttobestowedwhileopposingpassengertrainspassoneanother.CloseproximityofsidingsallowTRAtosqueeze5~6tph(bothdirections,mixedtraffic)outofsingle-tracks.[50] Doubleislandplatformsattransferstations[edit] Trainterminationsandtransfers(express/local,branch/mainline)occuratstrategicinterchangeswhere doubleislandplatformsandfullcrossoversareprovided.Platformsbetweensidingandmainline providecross-platformtransfers,andallowstafftoclearterminatingtrainswithoutobstructingmainline. Wheremanytrainsoriginate/terminate,additionalplatformsareprovided.Crossoversallowconvenient layoveraccessandeasymultiple-unit(MU)reversals. Sideplatformsandthroughtracks[edit] Islandplatformsarenotidealforverticalpassengerflow.Sideplatformsallowdirectaccessfromstationhousethroughfarecontrol.Throughtrackservesthestationhouseatmajorstations,wheremostexpressesstop.Middlebypasstracksareavailableforswitching,temporaryequipmentstorage,trainpreparation,andallowspassengertrainstopassfreights. Stationhousesareusuallyonthenorthboundside(updirection,toTaipei),whereoriginatingpassengersarevoluminous.Atminorstations,mainlineservestheislandplatform;localsservethestationhousewhilewaitingforovertakingexpresses.[citationneeded] Explicitschedulinganddispatchingpriorities[edit] LikeclassicAmericanrailroads,TRA'spublishedtimetablespecifiestrainclass(thusdispatchingpriority).Premium-fareexpresses,likeTze-Chiang,havehighestpriorityandalmostnevertakesidings.[42]Customersunderstandthesystem,andaren'tsurprisedwhenlowerprioritytrainsareheld,allowingotherstopass.Dispatchingdecisionsarefairlystraightforward;evenwhentrainsareoutofsequence,stationmasterswouldn'thesitatetoholdtrainsifreleasingthemcoulddelayasubsequentTze-Chiang.Closeproximityofsidingsmeanunscheduledholdsarelikelyshort,usuallylessthan5minutes.[citationneeded] Schedule,ridershippattern,anddemographics[edit] TRA'sschedulesarenottightlyconstrainedbyclockfacepatternsorpolicyheadways.Extratrainsandcarsareaddedonpeaktraveldaystoaccommodateholidaytraffic.6~8%moredeparturesarescheduledonFridays,Saturdays,andSundays.TRAridersspanthefullgamutincludinglower-income(students,youngadults)andminorities(Hakka,Taiwaneseaborigines)butalsochoiceriders(vacationingfamilies,foreigntourists,monthlycommuters).Elderlypassengersarecommon,butwheelchairpassengersarerare;notallstationsarehandicapaccessibleandnotallrollingstockarelevel-boarding. Faredifferentialsbetweenexpressesandlocalsprovidemarketdifferentiation.HSRridershipisobservablymoreaffluent,capturingmanyformerairlinepassengers.[51] Operatingpractices[edit] Withthetrainsafelyimmobilized,TaiwanRailwaysAdministration'scommuterEMUoperatorandreliefoperatorexchangepleasantriesonYilan'sdeparturetrackpriortochangingendsandreturningtoHsinchuviaTaipei. TaiwanRailway'sordinarylocalpassengertrainonthescenicSouth-linkline. Operationsondifferentrailroadsarevariationsofsamegeneralprinciples.TRA'spracticesarelikeJR's –somewhatlabour-intensive,butimmediateon-siteaccountabilityandclosesupervisioncontributetohighservicequality,gooddelay-recoverycapabilities,skillstoexecutecomplexmaneuvers,andthroughputsclosertotheoreticallinecapacitythanotherwiseachievable. Stationmasters,trainregulation,anddwellprocess[edit] ManyTRAstationshave"stationmasterdutyoffices."Stationmasters(theirdeputies,orplatformstaff)performtrainregulationandsignallingfunctionsrightfromtheplatform,andprovidetraincrewoversight.Twostationcrewmembersworkbusylocations,oneperdirection.Theysoundawhistletowarnwaitingpassengersofimminentarrivals.Passengersstandinginyellowdangerzonesareaskedtostepback.Astrainsapproach,theyhand-signaldrivers.Unreservedtrains(withoutassignedcars)berthclosetofarecontrol,whileexpressesberthaccordingtoplatformcarmarkers,minimizingonboardbaggage-carryingbypassengerslookingforassignedseats. Stationmastersmayindirectlyreduceoverrunsbyprovidingimmediateaccountability.[citationneeded] TRA'sstationmastersandconductorsjointlymanagedwelltime,liketheircounterpartsatLIRR'sJamaica.Stationmastersregulatetrainsbyenforcingcorrecttrainsequencesanddeparturetimes;holdingtotimeisactuallyalegalrequirement.[52]Attransferlocations,theymanageconnections. About½-minutepriortodeparture,stationmasterssoundplatformbellstosignalimpendingdeparture. Whentrainsarelate,bellisgivensooner,shorteningdwelltimes.Onceconductorsclosetraindoors,stationmastersgivethe"rightaway"usingplatform-mountedequipment.Afterdeparture, stationmastersremainonplatforms,visuallyinspectingdepartingtrains. Conductorsascaptains[edit] Onboard,conductors'primaryresponsibilitiesarenotticketexaminations –stationfarecontrolsprovidecoverage.Instead,conductorsoperatedoorsandannouncementsystems,ensureonboardsafety,sellonboardtickets,providecustomerinformationandassistance,superviseonboardcrews,performemergencyprocedures,andtroubleshootequipmentwherepossible.Theposition'smultidisciplinarynatureisreflectedinAsiantermsfor"conductor" –Chinese:列車長(Mandarinlièchēzhǎng)/車長(Cantonesece1zoeng2),orJapanese:車掌;shashō,stillinformallyusedonTRA) –whichtranslatesto"consistmanager"or"trainhandler."Theyhaveoverallresponsibilityforsmoothonboardoperationsandcustomerexperience,activelydirectingcleaners,attendants,evenbentovendors. Onboardservices[edit] FulongStationTaiwanRailwayBentobox. OnTRAexpresses,cleanersperiodicallymovethroughthetraintoremovetrash,evenproactivelyaskingpassengersifvisiblefooditemsarefinished.Trainattendantsofferbentoboxes,drinks,souvenirs,andSunCakes(traditionalgiftsforvisitingfriends)fromsmallcarts. Ticketing[edit] TaiwanRailwaysAdministrationfaregatesandAutomatedFareCollection(AFC)hardwareatBaduStation. LargerformatTaiwanRailwaysAdministrationticketusedbyTzu-Chiangexpresstrainwithseatreservations(Car6Seat15),issuedbytheAFCsystem. TaiwanRailway'ssecondgenerationticketvendingmachine,capableofcredit-cardprocessingandreserved-seatingticketissuanceseenatTaipeiMainStation. TaiwanRailway'ssmartcardticketreadersinSongshanStationforTaipeiCity'sEasyCard(left)andTaiwan'sEasyGo(right).Theticketreaderswereaninterimsolutionbeforefullimplementationofintegratedticketgates. TRA'sticketswereprintedontraditionalEdmondsonpressesuntilJapan'sNECsuppliedacomputerizedticketingandreservationsysteminthelate1980s.Almostallstationsaredividedintopaid(platform)andunpaid(waitingroom)areas.Normally,ticketexaminersgovernplatformaccess,checkingandpunchingticketsaspassengersenter.Conductorsperformonboardticketchecksnearpeakloadpointsorevery~100miles,verifyingthatpassengersholdtrain-classappropriatetickets,anddispensestep-upandzoneextensionfaresfromportableticketprinters.Examinersalsocontrolaccesstounpaidareasatdestinations,ensuringallpassengerspaidfulldistance-basedfares.Usedticketsarecollectedandnotreturnedtopassengersunlesscancelledbystamps(similartopostmarks).Thosearrivingwithoutappropriatetickets(i.e.requiring"fareadjustments")areassessed50%penalties,givingpassengersincentivestofindconductorsonboardtopurchasestep-upfares.Ticketsarevalidatedatorigin,destination,andsometimesenroute;evasionthuswouldrequireelaboratetwo-ticketschemesorexitingfrompaidareawithoutgoingthroughfarecontrol.Fareevasionratesarethoughttobelow.Proof-of-paymentmethodsarenotused. Farestructure[edit] TRA'spassengerfaresarehighlyregulatedandstrictlydistance/train-classbased(shorttrips<6.3milesrequire34~73centsminimumfare.)Expressfaresare11.7cents(perpassenger-mile);localsare5.5cents.[53]WithinTaipeimunicipalzone,singletripsare58centsregardlessofdistance/class.UnlikeHSR,notime-ordemand-basedoff-peakdiscountsareoffered.Periodic(limited-ride)commutation ticketsandmulti-ridecarnetsareavailable.Faresaregenerallycompetitivewithprivatecommuterand intercitybuses.Expresstrainsoperatewithhigherloadfactorsandaremoreprofitable. Farevalidation[edit] Farevalidationrequiressubstantialinfrastructure(paid/unpaidareas),labour-intensivemanualticketexaminations,andconsequentspeed-accuracytrade-offs.Duringthe2000s,TRAincrementallyreplacedolderthermalticketprinterswithautomatedfarecollection(AFC)devicesusingmagnetic-backedstock.Busystationshavefaregatestospeedupvalidation.Ticketscanbeinsertedinanyorientation.Gatesalign,check,andmechanicallypunchticketspriortoopening.Validationsarefastandcanbe"pipelined"or"stacked"(i.e.followingpassengercaninsertticketwhilepreviouspassengerisproceedingthroughthegate).Passengercountingsensorsquicklyclosegateswhenasmanypassengersenteredasvalidticketsprocessed.Whenexiting,faregatescollectandcancelsingletriptickets. However,manylocationsstilluseheat-sensitiveticketswithoutATC,requiringoneticketexaminerperfarecontrol.Examinerspunchandcollectnon-magnetictickets,providecustomerinformationandassistance,troubleshootAFCmalfunctions(e.g.mutilatedtickets),andreturncancelled(stamped)ticketstopassengersrequiringproof-of-travelforexpenseclaims.TRAvolunteers(withyellowvest)staffsomegates.Volunteers,likeAmerica'sauxiliarypoliceandvolunteerfirefighters,includecarefullyselectedandspecificallytrainedmembersofthepublic,andretiredindustrypersonnel.[54]Theyassistpassengers,sometimesexercisingJapaneseorEnglishlanguageskills,[55]andreportturnstilejumpersandAFCmalfunctionstoemployees.Stationmanagementhasconsiderablelatitudeindeterminingworkscopeofvolunteers.[56] Ticketingprocesses[edit] MostTRAstationsfeaturestaffedticketoffices,supplementedbyticketvendingmachines(TVMs)atbusylocations.Unreservedsingleorday-returnticketsmustbepurchasedonthedayoftravel(topreventticketreuse),leadingtoticketqueuesatpeakcommuterperiods.Passengerspurchasingadvanceticketscandelayentirequeues,causingimminenttraindeparturestobemissed.Tomaximizepassengerthroughput,separateticketwindowsprovidetraininformation,today'stickets,andadvanceorcommutationtickets.Somedailyticketwindowsonlyacceptcash,furtherdecreasingtransactiontimes.Ticketwindowsatbusystationscanbedynamicallyswitchedbetweendifferentfunctions,minimizingdailyticketqueues. Farevendingmachines[edit] Earlymachinesdesignedprimarilyforcommutersareessentiallyreceiptprinters, acceptingonlycoins(nobills)andprepaidmagneticTransitChek-likecards –notcreditcards. Passengersmustfirstinsertcoins(amountdepositedisdisplayed),thenpressnumerouslightedbuttonssequentiallytospecifytravellercount,trainclass,single/return/concessionary,anddestination.Buttonslightuponlywhenadequatecoinsareinserted.TVMssellonlyunreservedsingle/round-tripstolocaldestinations(<50miles)fromthecurrentstation.Earlierbuttonpressesconstrainsubsequentchoices:destinationsforwhichinsufficientfareswerepaid(inselectedtrainclass)donotactivateandhavenoeffect. Thismachine'stargetaudienceisregulartravellerswhoalreadyknowrequiredfares.Passengerexperiencesforfirst-timecustomerscanbeconfusing,butoncecustomerslearnthisTVM,unreserveddaytickettransactionsareprocessedmuchfasterthanontypicalfull-featuremachines.Machinesneedonlyelectricity(notnetworkconnections)andstafftoreplaceticketstock,removecoins,andclearjams. Likesodamachines,theyarerobust,self-contained,andhavebeendeployedtoremotelocations. LongdistanceTVMssellingadvance-purchase,reserved-seating,andprepaidinternet/phoneticketsweredevelopedlater.Thesemorecomplexmachines,functionallysimilartoAmtrak'sQuik-Trak,areavailableatprincipalWestcoaststations. ContactlessSmartcardfarepayment[edit] TRTCpioneeredtransitcardsin2000viaaffiliateTaipeiSmartCardCorporation,whichperformsbackofficefunctionsforTRTC,Taipei'sTaipeiJointBusSystem(market-sharingconference)groupofbuscompanies,andotherEasyCardmerchants.In2008,TRTCassistedTRAinimplementingentry-exitsmartcardfarecollection[57]forlocaltravelwithinTaipei'smetropolitanzone(Keelung-Zhongli),offering10%discountsfromregularlocaltrainfares.Smartcardholderscantravelonregularlocaland expresstrains,butnotTarokos,Puyumas,sightseeingspecials,norinbusinessclass.Whentravellingonexpresses,smartcardseatsareunreserved.Asexpressesareoftensoldout,EasyCardoffersdefactostandeediscounts.TravelerswithonlyasmartcardentryandnoreservedseatticketboardingontoTarokoandPuyumasexpresstrainswillreceiveaconsiderablefine.AllothersincludingChu-kuangandTze-chiangexpresstrainsareavailableforsmartcardentry. Origin/destinationvalidationandexistingfarecontrolareasmadesmartcardimplementationeasier. Insteadofpunchingticketstoenterandrelinquishingticketstoexit,userstap-inandtap-out.Faregatesarereplacedwithnewerintegrateddesignsasfundingallows.Intheinterim,ticketcollectorsvisuallyverifyeachtransactiononlow-coststand-aloneterminals,allowingrapiddeployment. SmartcarddevelopmentinTaiwaniscurrentlyfluid.With13millioncardsissued,readersforMifare Classic-basedEasyCardarealreadyinstalledatconveniencestoreslikeFamilyMart. Legislationauthorizing"ThirdGeneratione-Purse"(storedvaluelimit~US$300)waspassedinMarch2010,allowingsmartcardpaymentsforlow-valuenon-transportationitems,likeHongKong'sOctopusCard.Threemajorcompetitorsholdregionalsubway/busfarecollectionfranchises(Taipei's"Youyoka"EasyCard,Mid-Island'sTaiwanEasyGo"TaiwanTong",andKaohsiung's"IPass"),andTRAhasactivepilotswithbothEasyCardandTaiwanTong.Taiwan'sMOTCexpectstoeventuallyintegrateallelectronicfarecardsystemsnationwide.[58] Railpass[edit] Mainarticle:TRPass Besidessingleticket,TRAhasalsobeenofferingvarioustypesofrailpass,withwhichtravelerscanrideontrainswithoutbuyingsingletickets.Currently,TRAoffersTRPasstotravelerssuchthattheyhaveunlimitedrideontrainswithinthesetperiod.Thepasshastwoversions-theGeneralPassandtheStudentPass.TRAfirstofferedtheStudentPasstoforeignstudentsinDecember2006inordertoattractmoreforeignvisitors.Theofferwasextendedtolocalstudentsin2009.Finally,paralleltotheStudentPass,aGeneralPass,whichcouldbeusedbyeveryone,wasissuedin2010,soastoreplacetheineffective"Round-theIslandPass"(環島週遊票),whichhadbeenofferedsince1998. TheRound-theIslandPasshadseveralrestrictionsmakingitunpopular.First,holdersofthepassmusteithertravelintheclockwiseoranti-clockwisedirectionwithouttravelingbackwards.Secondly,travelerscouldonlypicksevenstopstogetoffandvisit.Onceatravelerhasgotoffinsevenstations,thepassbecameinvalid.Theserestrictionsweredeemedtoorestrictiveandlimitedtheuseofthepass.[59]AftertheissueofTRGeneralPassin2010,thispassceasedtobeissued. Passengerinformationsystemsandsignage[edit] TraditionalTaiwanRailwayacrylicscheduleboardsatDaxiStation. TRAtakesaholisticandcomprehensiveapproachtowardspassengerinformation.Devicesused(inbothEnglishandChinese)rangefromscheduleposters,fixedsignagetodeparturemonitorsandnext-traindisplays. Split-flapdisplayboards,monitors,orsmallerLEDdisplaysareprovidedatmajorterminalsandprincipalstations.Onedisplaypercontrolareashowsboardingtimesandtrackassignments.Delaysasshortasoneminuteareposted.Largeacrylicsignboardsshowdeparturetimesandfaresatsmallerstations.Ubiquitousclocksthroughoutstationsandfacilitiesmakeitdifficulttofindspotswherefewerthantwoclocksareimmediatelyvisible. Platformsignage,nexttrainidentifiers[edit] TaiwanRailway'slargeacrylicbacklitsignstoindicatestationnamesanddistancestoadjacentstationsforusebypassengersandcrew. Backlitacrylicsigns(airport-stylewithiconicrepresentations)identifyplatformandcarriagenumbers,andprovidedirectionstofacilitieslikerestroomsandelevators.Boxesdisplayschedules,touristinformation,andservicechangenotices.Largesigns(legiblefrompassingtrains)indicatestationnames,anddistancestoprevious/nextstations,forusebypassengersandcrew.PlatformLEDdisplaysprovidenexttrainidentity,departuretime,delayinformation,andcontext-sensitive messages,includingpublicserviceannouncements. Onboarddisplaysandannouncements[edit] TRA'smixedfleetrangesfrom1960shauledstocktonewTarokosandcommutertrains.Newertrainsfeatureautomateddisplay/announcementsystemswithhigh-densitydot-matrixLEDslikeTaipei'smetro.Onlong-distancecoacheswithlongertimebetweenstationstops,scrollingdisplaysareused.LikeinContinentalEurope,automatedonboardannouncementsaremultilingual. Announcementsareinfourmajorlanguages(Mandarin,Taiwanese,Hakka,andEnglish).Inruralareas,announcementsarealsomadeinlocalaboriginallanguages;TaitunglinehastheaboriginalPangcah/Amislanguage.Inunusualsituations,conductorscanusuallymakeannouncementsinatleasttwolanguages. Trainslackingautomatictrainlocationfeaturesarenotsimpletoretrofit.TRAdevisedlow-costmulti-lingual"announcementboxes"connectedtothepublicaddresssystem,manuallytriggeredbyconductorsonapproachtostations. Exteriortrainidentification[edit] Identifyingarrivingtrainsquicklyandaccuratelyisequallyimportanttoemployeesandpassengers. Classically,lightedacrylicdestinationsignboardsaremanuallychangedatterminals.RecentmodernizationeffortsprovidedexteriorLEDdisplaysshowingdestination,route,trainnumber,andclass.Newestcarshavebilingualflexibledisplaysbuilt-in.Trainnumbersareespeciallyimportantonexpresses,helpingcustomersidentifyseatreservations. Modernisation[edit] Mainarticle:RailwayreconstructioninTaiwan UndertheRailwayBureau,manyprojectshavebeenundertakentomodernisetherailwaysystemandimproveitsefficiency. Stillwearingtheregulationcap,thisTaiwanRailwaysAdministration'sCustomerServiceAttendanthadjustgoneoff-dutyafterahardday'swork.Thecap'sbadgesanddrawingsarefromtheoriginalRepublicofChinanationalemblem,thedoveofpeacehasnowbecomeTRA'slogo,theradiallinessymbolizingspeedandefficiency. Underthe"EastRailwayImprovementProject",theroutebetweenTaipeiandHualienwaselectrified.[60]ThesectionbetweenBadu(inKeelung)andTaitungwasimprovedbychangingto50 kg/mrail,automatingtrafficsignals,andincludingportionsofdoubletracks.[60]WorkbeganinJune1998andwascompletedinDecember2004,costingNT$43.691billion.[60]Aspartoftheproject,theNewGuanyinTunnel(at10,307 m(33,816 ft),thelongestdoubletrackrailwaytunnelinTaiwan)andtheNewYongchunTunnelwereconstructed.[60]The"ContinuedImprovementofEasternRailwaysProject"wasapprovedbytheExecutiveYuanonJune30,2003,andinvolveda5.7 km(3.5 mi)stretchbetweenDongshanandtheWulaokengRiver.[61]ItincludedtheconstructionoftheelevatedDongshanStationaswellastwobranchlines.[61]TheprojectcostNT$2.779billion,beganinFebruary2004,andwascompletedbytheendof2008.[61] RailwaylinesineasternTaiwanareundergoingelectrificationanddouble-trackingimprovementstoincreasetrainspeedsfrom110 km/h(68 mph)to130 km/h(81 mph).[62]Thefirstphaseoftheprojectisexpectedtobecompletedbytheendof2013andwillcuttraveltimebetweenTaipeiandTaitungdownbyabout1.5hours.CompletionofdrillingfortheShanliTunnel,thelongestonthemodifiedroute,tookplaceinMarch2012.[63] Lines[edit] ShifenStationonthePingxiline. XinzuoyingStationinKaohsiung Alocalfreighttrainisusingthenow-abandonedKaohsiungPortline,attheZhongshanRoadlevel-crossing. Currentpassengerlines[edit] WesternTrunkline(西部幹線):KeelungtoPingtung Coastalsection(海線):ZhunantoChanghua EasternTrunkline(東部幹線):BadutoTaitung BranchfromSu'aoxintoSu'ao South-linkline(南迴線):PingtungtoTaitung Branches[edit] Pingxiline(平溪線):SandiaolingtoJingtong Liujialine(六家線):ZhuzhongtoLiujia Neiwanline(內灣線):NorthHsinchutoNeiwan Chengzhuiline(成追線):ChenggongtoZhuifen Shen'aoline(深澳線):RuifangtoBadouzi Shalunline(沙崙線) :ZhongzhoutoShalun Jijiline(集集線):ErshuitoChecheng Otherlines[edit] KeelungHarbourline(基隆臨港線) HualienHarbourline(花蓮臨港線) TaichungHarbourline(台中港線) KaohsiungHarbourline(高雄臨港線) FormerMountainline(舊山線):SanyitoHouli.AformerpathoftheTaichunglineclosedin1998.Reopenedin2010tosteamtrainsonspecialoccasions.Shengxinghasbeendeclaredahistoricalsite. Planned[edit] Hengchunline(恆春線):Kaohsiung-Kenting Defunct[edit] Donggangline(東港線):Zhenan,PingtungCounty –Donggang,PingtungCounty.Passengerservicediscontinuedin1991,completelyclosedin2002. Dongshiline(東勢線):Fengyuan,TaichungCitytoDongshi,TaichungCity.Passengerservicediscontinuedin1991.TransformedintoabiketrailbytheTaichungCitygovernment. Shengangline(神岡線):Tanzi,TaichungCitytoDaya,TaichungCity.Servicediscontinuedin1999.Alsotransformedintoabiketrail. Tamsuiline(淡水線):TaipeitoTamsui,NewTaipeiCity,closedin1988formetroconstruction.ReplacedbyTamsui–XinyilineofTaipeiMetro. Hsintienline(新店線):WanhuatoXindian,closedin1965.ReplacedbytheTaipeiMetroSongshan–XindianlineofTaipeiMetroonasimilarroute.[64] Linkouline(林口線):TaoyuanDistricttoLinkouDistrict Services[edit] EMU700seriesLocaltrainarrivingXikeStation. AnE1000seriesTzu-ChiangLimitedExpresstrainarrivingatChiayiStation. Regularservices[edit] English Chinese Description Reservedseats Standardfare Local 區間 Shorttomediumdistanceserviceswhichstopatallstations None NT$1.46/km Fastlocal 區間快 Shorttomediumserviceswhichskipsomestops None Chu-kuang 莒光 Longhaulserviceswhichskipsomestops Available NT$1.75/km Tze-chiang 自強 Longdistanceserviceswhichstopatmajorstations Available NT$2.27/km Taroko,Puyuma 太魯閣、普悠瑪 Longhaulserviceswithfewstopsandusetiltingtrainstominimisetraveltimes Required WiththeexceptionoftheOrdinaryservices(seebelow),alltrainsaremodernandairconditioned.ManyoftheOrdinarytraincarriages,ontheotherhand,arealmost40to50yearsold. Limitedservices[edit] Dieselexpress:OnlyavailableonthePingtungline.Faresareequaltoregionalexpresstrains. Retiredservices[edit] Kuang-huaexpress(光華號)OperatedusingtheDR2700seriesfrom1966to1979.ItsettheTRA'spre-electrificationspeedrecord. Kuang-kuangnumber(台鐵觀光號)Operatedusinglocomotivehauledcoachesfrom1961to1978.Featuringdiningcars,itwasTaiwanRailways'premierserviceduringthatperiod. Ordinary(普通車):Stopsatallstations,noairconditioning,leastexpensive.Noassignedseating. Chu-kuangExpress[edit] In1970,theTaiwanRailwaysAdministrationsolicitedequipmentloansfromtheWorldBanktoincreasetransportcapacity,themostimportantpassengervehicleisthe35SP32850class,purchasedfromaconsortiumledbyJapan'sHitachi,foratotalof27vehicles. OnFebruary3,1970,Chu-kuangservicewasinitiatedwithTrains#1011through#1014ontheWestCoastlinebetweenTaipeiandTaichung,hauledbyEMDG22classdiesels(TRAclassificationR100class).Faresweresetatthreetimestheper-milecostofordinarylocalservice,asmuchasNT$117forcertainorigin-destinationpairs.OnFebruary20ofthesameyear,theservicewasinitiatedbetweenTaipeiandKaohsiung. ThefirstChu-kuangExpressesinthe1970susedavarietyofdifferentvehicles;althoughthemodelsvary,butthebodyareuniversallywhitewithblueline,withonedoorperside,andintheinteriortherearecarpetsandvelvetsofaseats.AfterthecompletionoftheWestCoastlineelectrificationprojectin1978,allcoachbodieswerefullypaintedintoorangelivery,andservicecontinuedtogrow. 1986sawtheintroductionofrooftopair-conditioningtypeChu-kuangcoaches(10200series),likethepreviouslaunchof35SPK2200ontheFu-HsingExpress,theairconditionerismovedtothestainlesssteellightweightroof,andeachcoachwasoutfittedwithasingledoorperside(manuallyoperated).Inaddition,theseChu-kuangsawintroductionofTRA'sfirstdisability-accessiblecoach,theFPK11300type. Vehicles[edit] TRAusesavarietyofrailwayvehiclestoprovidebothfreightandpassengerservice. Dieselelectriclocomotives:PrimarilyroadenginesandroadswitchersbuiltbyElectro-MotiveDivisionoftheUnitedStates,entirelyoftheEMD"G"classes.Hitachiroaddieselswereuseduntilthe1980.Roadswitcherswereretiredinthe1990s. Dieselhydrauliclocomotives:Originallypurchasedinthe1970sforthenarrow-gaugeEastCoastMainline,re-gaugedfor1,067 mm(3 ft 6 in)afterthelinewasconverted.Mostlyusedforswitchingduties. ACelectriclocomotives:PrimarilyelectriclocomotivesbuiltbyUnionCarriage&WagonofSouthAfrica,andGeneralElectricoftheUnitedStates.GEdeliveredtheirunitsin3classesofroughly100unitseach-2withHEP,andonewithout.ThesearetheE200,E400,andE300series,respectively.TheSouthAfrican-builtunits(E100series)wereretiredintheearly2000s Dieselmultipleunits:AvarietyofdieselmultipleunitshadbeenbuiltfortheTRA,mostlybyJapanesemanufacturerTokyu.TheyareDMU2900,DMU3000,DMU3100. ACelectricmultipleunits:TRA'selectricmultipleunits(EMUs)areclassifiedaseitherlong-distanceunitsorlocaltrains(orlocalexpress).NumerousbuildershaveconstructedEMUsforTRA:EMU100fromBritishRailEngineeringLimitedofEngland.EMU200,EMU400fromUnionCarriage&WagonofSouthAfrica.EMU300fromSocimiofItaly.EMU500,EMU600fromDaewooandHyundaiofKorea.AndEMU700,EMU800frombothNippon-SharyoofJapanandTRSC(台灣車輛)ofTaiwanintheirseriesnumberorder.EMU900fromHyundaiRotemofKorea.EMU1200fromTRSCofTaiwan.ThereisalsotheEMU3000seriesintroducedin2021. Tiltingtrainsets:TEMU1000forTarokoExpresspassengerservicebuiltbyHitachiofJapan.TEMU2000forPuyumaExpresspassengerservicebuiltbyNippon-SharyoofJapan. Push-pulltrains(TaiwanRailwayE1000series):High-capacityexpresspassengertrains.ThelocomotiveswerebuiltbyUCWofSouthAfrica,whilethecarriageswerebuiltbyHyundaiofKorea.Extracarsforthepush-pulltrainsetsweremanufacturedbyRotem. Hauledcoachingstock:CommuterstockfromIndia,expresspassengerstockfromJapanandKorea,aswellasvarioushomemadecoachingstockfabricatedbyTaiwanesecompanies. Freightwagons:gondolas,coveredhoppers,boxcars,refrigeratedboxcars,livestockcars,flatcars,mailcars,etc. Non-revenuevehicles:includescabooses,catenarymaintenancevehicles,switchers,andconvertedformerrevenuevehiclesusedforspecialpurposes. Seealso[edit] RailtransportinTaiwan TransportationinTaiwan TaiwanHighSpeedRail TaipeiRailwayWorkshop TaiwanRailwayMealbox Notes[edit] Wordsinnativelanguages[edit] ^TraditionalChinesescript:臺鐵(shortfor台灣鐵路,meaning"TaiwanRailways")MandarinPinyin:TáitiěHokkien:Tâi-thih ^TraditionalChinesescript:臺灣鐵路管理局（臺鐵）MandarinPinyin:TáiwānTiělùGuǎnlǐjú　(Táitiě)Hokkien:Tâi-oânThih-lō͘Koán-lí-kio̍k(Tâi-thih) References[edit] Citations[edit] ^"Transportation".ABriefIntroductiontoTaiwan.ROCGovernmentInformationOffice.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18May2006.Retrieved19May2006. ^"Statistics".railway.gov.tw.Retrieved28October2019. ^"ContactUs."TaiwanRailwaysAdministration.RetrievedonMarch1,2014."ADD:No.3,BeipingW.Rd.,JhongjhengDistrict,TaipeiCity100,Taiwan(R.O.C.)(ZipCode10041)"-AddressinChinese:"機關地址：臺北市北平西路三號（郵遞區號10041）" ^HanCheung(14August2016)."ThetwofathersofTaiwan'srailroads?".TaipeiTimes.Retrieved25August2016. ^Kuan,Renjian(管仁健).台灣的中國教育與日本鐵路[Taiwan’sChineseEducationandJapaneseRailroads].InTheTaiwanYouDon’tKnow(Blog).Retrieved9July2010. ^博物館:臺灣鐵路發展時段[MuseumPages:TaiwanRailwaysDevelopmentTimeline].TaiwanRailwaysAdministration.Retrieved9July2010. ^Abbott,James(ed.)Jane’sWorldRailways,38thEd.,Coulsdon,Surrey,England,1996. ^"TransportationResearchBoardCompendiumofPapersOnlinePortal:Sea…".Archivedfromtheoriginalon28December2012. ^交通部台灣鐵路管理局號誌裝置養護檢查作業程序[TRASignallingEquipmentMaintenanceInspectionStandardOperatingProcedures](doc).Banqiao:TaiwanRailwaysAdministration,MinistryofTransportationandCommunications.2003.Retrieved16February2010. ^2007交通部鐵路改建工程局局務概況[2007AnnualReportSummary](PDF).RailwayReconstructionBureau,TaiwanMinistryofTransportationandCommunications.Retrieved11July2010. ^"TaiwanRailwayAdministrationHigh-SpeedNetwork".RailwayTechnology.VerdictMediaLtd.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9February2021.Retrieved4April2021.Thetotalprojectisvaluedat$13bnandwasfundedbytheTaiwanHigh-SpeedRailCorporation(THSRC)undera35-yearconcessionagreement,signedin1998. ^MinistryofTransportationandCommunication,TaiwanRailwaysAdministration,AccountingOffice.2008StatisticalAnnualReport.Banqiao,Taiwan,2008.Retrievedfromrailway.gov.twonMarch15,2010. ^RailNewsSpeedReport.TyphoonParmaImpacts.InTaiwanRailNews,Volume192,Page30,Sanchong,Taiwan,November–December,2009. ^Su,Jiao-Shi(蘇昭旭)(2002).台灣鐵路車站圖誌[TaiwanRailwaysStationPictorial].JJPPublishing.ISBN 978-986-7916-09-9. ^Chen,Shiyi(陳世圯);Huang,F.J.(黃豐鑑).政府應積極推動鐵路法修正案以協助台鐵渡過經營困境[GovernmentShouldProactivelyPromoteRailroadReformBilltoAssistTRAinOvercomingFinancialOperatingDifficulties].NationalPolicyResearchFoundation,AnalysisReport097-014.Retrieved13July2010. ^Tseng,Tsingnaw(曾鴻儒)(10June2010).沿線土地多活化啟生機／都市更新救台鐵虧損[PlentifulEn-routeRealEstateRevitalizationandEconomicDevelopment/UrbanRenewalHelpsTaiwanRailwaysAdministrationtoRecoupLosses].LibertyTimes.Retrieved13July2010. ^Reddy,Alla,A.Lu,andT.Wang.SubwayProductivity,Profitability,andPerformance:ATaleofFiveCities.InPress,TRBPaperNo.10-0487.InTransportationResearchRecord2143,TransportationResearchBoardoftheNationalAcademies,Washington,D.C,2010. ^Hsin-Yin,Lee(23March2011)."CreativemarketinggivesTaiwanrailwaynewlife:official".FocusTaiwanNewsChannel.Retrieved24March2011. ^"SumitomoandNipponSharyowinstrainsetssupplydealinTaiwan".SteelGuru.10January2011.Retrieved11January2011. ^100年春節疏運情形(Pressrelease)(inSimplifiedChinese).MOTC.8February2011.Retrieved8February2011. ^Davidson(1903),pp. 620–621:"ThefirstFormosarailwaywasbuiltbytheChinesegovernmentandwascompletedin1893.OnthearrivaloftheJapanese,theline,some100kilometersinlength,cameintotheirpossession.Itwasfoundtobeinsuchwretchedcondition,however,thatasatisfactorytrainservicecouldnotbemaintained.Therollingstockwasalsolimitedandentirelyunsuitedtotherequirements.[citationneeded]Accordinglyworkwascommencedonthelineatonce.TheKelung-Taihokubranchwascompletelyreconstructedassotoavoidthenumerousshortcurvesandthesteepgrades.ThelineleadingfromTaihokutothesouthreceivedalsosomeattention,thetotalcostoftheseimprovementsreachingnearlytwomillionyen.TherailwaywasatthistimeunderthedirectcontroloftheMilitaryDepartment.In1897,itcameunderthecontroloftheCivilDepartment.ItwastheintentionatonetimetohanditovertotheprivaterailwaycompanyorganizedinJapanforthepurposeofcompletingtheFormosarailwaysystem.Theprivaterailwaycompany,however,failedtoobtainpublicsupport,andin1898theFormosangovernmentannounceditsintentionofcarryingontheworkitself.UndertheabledirectionofChiefEngineerHasegawatheplansweresoonformulated,andin1899workwascommencedonthesouthernlinefromTakownorthtoTainan,adistanceof28miles.ThissectionwascompletedinNovember,1900.TheKelungandShinchiku(Teckcham),lineswererepaired,muchrollingstockwasadded,andinthefallof1900workwascommencedontheshortbranchlinefromTaihoku,(Taipeh)toTamsui,(Hobe),whichwascompletedinJune1901.ThereisagreatdealoftrafficbetweentheportTamsuiandTaihokuanditssuburbs,BankaandDaitotei(Twatutia).ThenewlinerunsviaMaruyama,Shirin,Hokuto,andKantau." ^abDavidson(1903),p. 620. ^Davidson,JamesW.(1903).FormosaunderJapaneserule.London:JapanSociety.p. 47.OCLC 860694076. ^"History".TaiwanRailwaysAdministration.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7April2006.Retrieved19May2006. ^Davidson(1903),p. 247-8. ^Davidson(1903),p. 249. ^Davidson(1903),p. 621. ^Davidson(1903),p. 621-2. ^"NewtraininauguratedforsouthernTaiwan".TheChinaPost.20November2007.Retrieved16November2013. ^"Steamrailwaymakesnostalgicreturnonmountainline".TheChinaPost.6June2010.Retrieved16November2013. ^Marchant,JohnScott(11November2011)."Hsinchu'sNeiwanlinesteamsbacktolife".TaiwanToday.Retrieved16November2013. ^"PuyumatrainlaunchcarrieshopesofEastCoasttravelers".TheChinaPost.7February2013.Retrieved15November2013. ^"TaitungtobedestinationforPuyumabyyear-end".TheChinaPost.1March2013.Retrieved15November2013. ^Shan,Shelley(1January2014)."High-speedcommutertrainbegins,travels130kph".TaipeiTimes. ^"TRA'snewcommutertrainhitsthetracksformaidentrip".TaiwanNews.2April2021.Retrieved6April2021.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^Chang,Chi;Wang,Shu-fen;Lo,James(26March2022)."FinalFu-HsingSemiExpresstraintobowoutMarch29".CentralNewsAgency.Retrieved26March2022. ^RailwayReconstructionBureau,TaiwanMinistryofTransportationandCommunication.TaipeiMainStation,Songshan,Wanhua-Banqiao,Nankang,andHsinchu-NaiwanProjectBriefs.Retrievedfromrrb.gov.twonMarch14,2010. ^Vantuono,WilliamC.ReconqueringGotham.InRailwayAge,April2010. ^Chen,Wai-Shu(陳韋臻).ToResidentsOutsideWanhua:UrbanRenewalMaySomedayDemolishYourHome.InPOTSWeekly(“破週報”),Taipei.Retrievedfrompots.com.twonOctober26,2010. ^Li,Dongming(李東明)(2000).永遠的北淡線.Taipei:玉山.ISBN 9789578246324. ^SunghoCultureCompanyLimited.TaiwanMinistryofTransportationandCommunication,TRATourismExpressTravelGuide(Map),Taipei,2009. ^abTaiwanNationalChiao-TungUniversityRailwayResearchAssociation(國立交通大學鐵路研究會).TaiwanRailwaysOperationDiagram(StringlineChart),Version5.Hsinchu,Taiwan,June16,2009. ^McKim,JeniferB.(9September2010)."Magictouch?NewdeveloperstakeoverNorthPoint".TheBostonGlobe. ^CREATEProgramFinalFeasibilityPlan,August2005.Retrievedfromcreateprogram.orgonOctober31,2010. ^Kirby,MatthewandP.Holmes.TaiwanRailwaysAlignmentandStationMaps.Retrievedfromtaiwanrailways.comonMay11,2010. ^Mo,Yan-Chih.TaipeiBusStationOpensAmidFearsofHeavyTraffic.RetrievedfromTaipeiTimes,Taipei,August20,2009onApril19,2010. ^BureauofTaiwanHighSpeedRail,MinistryofTransportationandCommunication.TaiwanNorth-SouthHighSpeedRailwayPlan(UnpublishedPresentation).Banqiao,Taiwan,January2010. ^BureauofTaiwanHighSpeedRail,MinistryofTransportationandCommunication.TaiwanSouth-NorthHighSpeedRailway –IntroductiontoMechanicalandElectricalSystemsEngineering.Banqiao,Taiwan,August2008. ^Lai,Yung-Cheng;Wang,Szu-Han;Jong,Jyh-Cherng.DevelopmentofAnalyticalCapacityModelsforCommuterRailOperationswithAdvancedSignalingSystems.TransportationResearchBoard2011AnnualMeeting.amonline.trb.orgRetrievedJuly29,2012. ^TaiwanRailwayCompanyLTD.“HowOne”TaiwanTravelPassport(TaiwanRailwaysAdministrationPassengerSchedule),Version9.Banqiao,Taiwan,January15,2010. ^AgenceFrance-Presse.AirlinesHitasTaiwanBulletTrainTakesOff.RetrievedfromTheStandard,HongKong,July19,2007onOctober26,2010. ^第二編一般鐵路/第四章運轉/第二節列車運轉[TitleII:ConventionalRailways,Chapter4:Operations,Section2:ConsistOperations].交通法規/鐵路目/鐵路行車規則[LawandRegulationsDatabaseoftheRepublicofChina.TransportationLaw,RailroadOperatingCode].Taipei:MinistryofJusticeoftheRepublicofChina.21August2008.Retrieved11November2010.Regulations65~66 ^車票資訊 –票價計算原則[TicketPolicyInformation:FareComputationPrinciple].TaiwanRailwaysAdministration.Retrieved24October2010. ^Tsay,Bai-Ling(蔡百靈)(12September2010).93歲鄧有才 –台鐵最老剪票志工[93YearsOldDengYo-Tsai,TaiwanRailways’OldestTicket-PunchingVolunteer].LibertyTimes.Hualien.Retrieved24October2010. ^Usere88111fromKaohsiung.TaiwanRailwaysVolunteer(Poem).InNamelessStation(Blog),December17,2008.Retrievedfromwretch.cconOctober24,2010. ^台灣深藍學生聯合論壇[InTaiwanDeepBlueUnitedStudentBulletinBoardSystem].RailwayCultureDiscussionParticipant.Retrieved24October2010. ^TaipeiRapidTransitCorporation.AnnualReport2008.TaipeiRapidTransitCorporation,Taipei,2009. ^Shan,Shelley(8August2008)."EasyCardPlanSteamingAhead".TaipeiTimes. ^台鐵新版TRPASS3日券5日券開賣.卡優新聞網(inChinese). ^abcd"EastRailwayImprovementProject".RailwayReconstructionBureau.Retrieved21January2011. ^abc"ContinuedImprovementsofEasternRailways".RailwayReconstructionBureau.Retrieved21January2011. ^Shu-fen,Wang;Liu,Kay(4March2012)."Taipei-Taitungrailjourneytobecutbyoveranhourby2013".FocusTaiwanNewsChannel.Retrieved4March2011. 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Sources[edit] Davidson,JamesW.(1903).TheIslandofFormosa,PastandPresent :history,people,resources,andcommercialprospects :tea,camphor,sugar,gold,coal,sulphur,economicalplants,andotherproductions.LondonandNewYork:Macmillan.OL 6931635M. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoTaiwanRailwayAdministration. 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