Taiwan - Wikipedia

Republic of China (1945–1949) Taiwan FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch CountryinEastAsia "RepublicofChina"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeTaiwan(disambiguation)andRepublicofChina(disambiguation). Coordinates:24°N121°E/24°N121°E/24;121 RepublicofChina中華民國 (Chinese)[I]ZhōnghuáMínguó(Pinyin) Flag Emblem Anthem: 中華民國國歌ZhōnghuáMínguóguógē"NationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina"Flaganthem: 中華民國國旗歌ZhōnghuáMíngúoGúoqígē"NationalFlagAnthemoftheRepublicofChina"Nationalseal中華民國之璽"SealoftheRepublicofChina"Nationalflower梅花PlumblossomShowglobe(islandofTaiwanhighlighted)ShowmapofterritoriesadministeredbytheROC(FreeArea)ShowmapofTaiwan(darkgreen)withhistoricalROCterritorialclaims(lightgreen)CapitalTaipei[a][2]25°04′N121°31′E/25.067°N121.517°E/25.067;121.517LargestcityNewTaipeiCityOfficial languagesStandardChinese[b][5][6][7]OfficialscriptTraditionalChinese[8]Nationallanguages[d] Mandarin[c] Hokkien[c] Hakka[9] Formosan[10] Matsu[c] Wuqiu[c] TaiwanSignLanguage Ethnic groups(2016)[12]95–97%Han2.3%Indigenous[e]0.7–2.7%OthersReligion(2020)[13]43.8%Folk21.2%Buddhism13.7%Noreligion5.6%Christianity1.0%Islam15.5%OthersDemonym(s)Taiwanese[14]GovernmentUnitarysemi-presidentialrepublic• PresidentTsaiIng-wen• VicePresidentLaiChing-te• PremierSuTseng-chang• LegislativeYuanPresidentYouSi-kun• ControlYuanPresidentChenChu• JudicialYuanPresidentHsuTzong-li• ExaminationYuanPresidentHuangJong-tsun LegislatureLegislativeYuanFormation• XinhaiRevolution10October1911• TookcontrolofTaiwanandthePescadores[f]25October1945• Constitutionadopted25December1947• Currentgovernmentestablished20May1948• GovernmentmovedtoTaipei7December1949• Cross-Straitrelationslegallydefined31July1992 Area• Total36,197 km2(13,976 sq mi)[15][14]Population• 2021estimate23,451,837[16](56th)• 2010 census23,123,866[17]• Density650/km2(1,683.5/sq mi)(10th)GDP (PPP)2021 estimate• Total$1.403 trillion[18](19th)• Percapita$56,959[18](13th)GDP (nominal)2021 estimate• Total$759.104 billion[18](21st)• Percapita$32,123[19](29th)Gini (2017) 34.1[20]mediumHDI (2019) 0.916[21]veryhigh · 23rdCurrencyNewTaiwandollar(NT$)(TWD)TimezoneUTC+8(NationalStandardTime)DateformatYYYY-MM-DDYYY-MM-DD(Minguocalendar)Mainselectricity110V–60Hz[g]DrivingsiderightCallingcode+886ISO3166codeTWInternetTLD.tw.台灣.台湾[22] Taiwan,[II]officiallytheRepublicofChina(ROC),[I][h]isacountryinEastAsia.[23][24][25][26]ItsitsatthejunctionofEastandSouthChinaSeasintheNorthwesternPacificOcean,neighboringthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)tothenorthwest,Japantothenortheast,andthePhilippinestothesouth.ThemainislandofTaiwan,formerlyknownasFormosa,hasanareaof35,808squarekilometres(13,826 sq mi),withmountainrangesdominatingtheeasterntwo-thirdsandplainsinthewesternthird,whereitshighlyurbanisedpopulationisconcentrated.ThecapitalisTaipei,which,alongwithNewTaipeiCityandKeelung,formsthelargestmetropolitanareaofTaiwan.OthermajorcitiesincludeKaohsiung,Taichung,Tainan,andTaoyuan.With23.45millioninhabitants,Taiwanisamongthemostdenselypopulatedcountriesintheworld. Austronesian-speakingancestorsofTaiwaneseindigenouspeoplessettledtheislandaround6,000yearsago.Inthe17thcentury,large-scaleHanChineseimmigrationtowesternTaiwanbeganunderaDutchcolonyandcontinuedundertheKingdomofTungning.Theislandwasannexedin1683bytheQingdynastyofChina,andcededtotheEmpireofJapanin1895.TheRepublicofChina,whichhadoverthrowntheQingin1911,tookcontrolofTaiwanonbehalfoftheWorldWarIIAlliesfollowingthesurrenderofJapanin1945.TheresumptionoftheChineseCivilWarresultedintheROC'slossofmainlandChinatoforcesoftheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)andretreattoTaiwanin1949.ItseffectivejurisdictionhassincebeenlimitedtoTaiwanandnumeroussmallerislands. Intheearly1960s,Taiwanenteredaperiodofrapideconomicgrowthandindustrialisationcalledthe"TaiwanMiracle".Inthelate1980sandearly1990s,theROCtransitionedfromaone-partymilitarydictatorshiptoamulti-partydemocracywithasemi-presidentialsystem.Taiwan'sexport-orientedindustrialeconomyisthe21st-largestintheworldbynominalGDP,and20th-largestbyPPPmeasures,withmajorcontributionsfromsteel,machinery,electronicsandchemicalsmanufacturing.Taiwanisadevelopedcountry,[27][28]ranking15thinGDPpercapita.Itisrankedhighlyintermsofpoliticalandcivilliberties,[29]education,healthcare[30]andhumandevelopment.[i][21] ThepoliticalstatusofTaiwaniscontentious.[34]TheROCnolongerrepresentsChinaasamemberoftheUnitedNations,afterUNmembersvotedin1971torecognizethePRCinstead.[35]Meanwhile,theROCcontinuedtoclaimtobethelegitimaterepresentativeofChinaanditsterritory,althoughthishasbeendownplayedsinceitsdemocratizationinthe1990s.TaiwanisclaimedbythePRC,whichrefusesdiplomaticrelationswithcountriesthatrecognisetheROC.Taiwanmaintainsofficialdiplomaticrelationswith13outof193UNmemberstatesandtheHolySee,[35][36][37]thoughmanyothersmaintainunofficialdiplomatictieswithTaiwanthroughrepresentativeofficesandinstitutionsthatfunctionasdefactoembassiesandconsulates.InternationalorganisationsinwhichthePRCparticipateseitherrefusetograntmembershiptoTaiwanorallowittoparticipateonlyonanon-statebasisundervariousnames.Domestically,themajorpoliticalcontentionisbetweenpartiesfavouringeventualChineseunificationandpromotingapan-ChineseidentitycontrastedwiththoseaspiringtoformalinternationalrecognitionandpromotingaTaiwaneseidentity,althoughbothsideshavemoderatedtheirpositionstobroadentheirappeal.[38][39] Contents 1Name 2History 2.1Earlysettlement(to1683) 2.2Qingrule(1683–1895) 2.3Japaneserule(1895–1945) 2.4RepublicofChina(1945–1949) 2.5RepublicofChinaonTaiwan(1949–present) 2.5.1Martiallawera(1949–1987) 2.5.2Post-martiallawera(1987–present) 3Geography 3.1Climate 3.2Geology 4Politicalandlegalstatus 4.1RelationswiththePRC 4.2Foreignrelations 4.3Participationininternationaleventsandorganizations 4.4Domesticopinion 5Governmentandpolitics 5.1Constitution 5.2Majorcamps 5.3Nationalidentity 5.4Administrativedivisions 6Military 7Economy 8Transport 9Education 10Demographics 10.1Largestcitiesandcounties 10.2Ethnicgroups 10.3Languages 10.4Religion 10.5LGBT 11Publichealth 12Culture 12.1Arts 12.2Popularculture 12.3Sports 12.4Calendar 13Seealso 14Notes 14.1Wordsinnativelanguages 15References 15.1Citations 15.2Workscited 16Furtherreading 17Externallinks 17.1Overviewsanddata 17.2Governmentagencies Name Seealso:ChineseTaipei,NamesofChina,andChinaandtheUnitedNations VariousnamesfortheislandofTaiwanremaininuse,eachderivedfromexplorersorrulersduringaparticularhistoricalperiod.ThenameFormosa(福爾摩沙)datesfrom1542,whenPortuguesesailorssightedanunchartedislandandnoteditontheirmapsasIlhaFormosa("beautifulisland").[40][41]ThenameFormosaeventually"replacedallothersinEuropeanliterature"[attributionneeded][42]andremainedincommonuseamongEnglishspeakersintothe20thcentury.[43] Intheearly17thcentury,theDutchEastIndiaCompanyestablishedacommercialpostatFortZeelandia(modern-dayAnping,Tainan)onacoastalsandbarcalled"Tayouan",[44]aftertheirethnonymforanearbyTaiwaneseaboriginaltribe,possiblyTaivoanpeople,writtenbytheDutchandPortuguesevariouslyasTaiouwang,Tayowan,Teijoan,etc.[45]ThisnamewasalsoadoptedintotheChinesevernacular(inparticular,Hokkien,asPe̍h-ōe-jī:Tāi-oân/Tâi-oân)asthenameofthesandbarandnearbyarea(Tainan).Themodernword"Taiwan"isderivedfromthisusage,whichiswrittenindifferenttransliterations(大員,大圓,大灣,臺員,臺圓and臺窩灣)inChinesehistoricalrecords.Theareaoccupiedbymodern-dayTainanwasthefirstpermanentsettlementbybothEuropeancolonistsandChineseimmigrants.Thesettlementgrewtobetheisland'smostimportanttradingcentreandservedasitscapitaluntil1887. UseofthecurrentChinesename(臺灣/台灣)becameofficialasearlyas1684withtheestablishmentofTaiwanPrefecturewhichcentredinmodern-dayTainan.ThroughitsrapiddevelopmenttheentireFormosanmainlandeventuallybecameknownas"Taiwan".[46][47][48][49] InhisDaoyiZhilüe(1349),WangDayuanused"Liuqiu"asanamefortheislandofTaiwan,orthepartofitclosesttoPenghu.[50] Elsewhere,thenamewasusedfortheRyukyuIslandsingeneralorOkinawa,thelargestofthem;indeedthenameRyūkyūistheJapaneseformofLiúqiú.ThenamealsoappearsintheBookofSui(636)andotherearlyworks,butscholarscannotagreeonwhetherthesereferencesaretotheRyukyus,TaiwanorevenLuzon.[51] TheofficialnameofthecountryinEnglishisthe"RepublicofChina";ithasalsobeenknownundervariousnamesthroughoutitsexistence.ShortlyaftertheROC'sestablishmentin1912,whileitwasstilllocatedontheChinesemainland,thegovernmentusedtheshortform"China"(Zhōngguó(中國))torefertoitself,whichderivesfromzhōng("central"or"middle")andguó("state,nation-state"),[j]atermwhichalsodevelopedundertheZhoudynastyinreferencetoitsroyaldemesne,[k]andthenamewasthenappliedtotheareaaroundLuoyi(present-dayLuoyang)duringtheEasternZhouandthentoChina'sCentralPlainbeforebeingusedasanoccasionalsynonymforthestateduringtheQingera.[53] Duringthe1950sand1960s,aftertheROCgovernmenthadwithdrawntoTaiwanuponlosingtheChineseCivilWar,itwascommonlyreferredtoas"NationalistChina"(or"FreeChina")todifferentiateitfrom"CommunistChina"(or"RedChina").[55]ItwasamemberoftheUnitedNationsrepresentingChinauntil1971,whentheROClostitsseattothePeople'sRepublicofChina.Oversubsequentdecades,theRepublicofChinahasbecomecommonlyknownas"Taiwan",afterthemainisland.Insomecontexts,includingROCgovernmentpublications,thenameiswrittenas"RepublicofChina(Taiwan)","RepublicofChina/Taiwan",orsometimes"Taiwan(ROC)".[56][57][58] TheRepublicofChinaparticipatesinmostinternationalforumsandorganizationsunderthename"ChineseTaipei"asacompromisewiththePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC).Forinstance,itisthenameunderwhichithasparticipatedintheOlympicGamesaswellastheWorldTradeOrganization.In2009,afterreachinganagreementwithBeijing,theROCparticipatedintheWorldHealthOrganizationforthefirsttimein38years,underthename"ChineseTaipei".[59]"Taiwanauthorities"issometimesusedbythePRCtorefertothecurrentgovernmentinTaiwan.[60] History Mainarticles:HistoryofTaiwanandHistoryoftheRepublicofChina SeetheHistoryofChinaarticleforhistoricalinformationinmainlandChinabefore1949. Earlysettlement(to1683) Mainarticles:PrehistoryofTaiwan,DutchFormosa,SpanishFormosa,KingdomofMiddag,andKingdomofTungning AyoungTsouman TaiwanwasjoinedtotheAsianmainlandintheLatePleistocene,untilsealevelsroseabout10,000yearsago.[61]Fragmentaryhumanremainsdated20,000to30,000yearsagohavebeenfoundontheisland,aswellaslaterartifactsofaPaleolithicculture.[62][63][64] Around6,000yearsago,Taiwanwassettledbyfarmers,mostlikelyfromwhatisnowsoutheastChina.[65] Theyarebelievedtobetheancestorsoftoday'sTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples,whoselanguagesbelongtotheAustronesianlanguagefamily,butshowmuchgreaterdiversitythantherestofthefamily,whichspansahugeareafromMaritimeSoutheastAsiawesttoMadagascarandeastasfarasNewZealand,HawaiiandEasterIsland.ThishasledlinguiststoproposeTaiwanastheurheimatofthefamily,fromwhichseafaringpeoplesdispersedacrossSoutheastAsiaandthePacificandIndianOceans.[66][67] HanChinesefishermenbegansettlinginthePenghuislandsinthe13thcentury.[68]Hostiletribes,andalackofvaluabletradeproducts,meantthatfewoutsidersvisitedthemainislanduntilthe16thcentury.[68]Duringthe16thcentury,visitstothecoastbyfishermenandtradersfromFujian,aswellasChineseandJapanesepirates,becamemorefrequent.[68] TheDutchEastIndiaCompanyattemptedtoestablishatradingoutpostonthePenghuIslands(Pescadores)in1622,butwasdrivenoffbyMingforces.[69] In1624,thecompanyestablishedastrongholdcalledFortZeelandiaonthecoastalisletofTayouan,whichisnowpartofthemainislandatAnping,Tainan.[49] WhentheDutcharrived,theyfoundsouthwesternTaiwanalreadyfrequentedbyamostly-transientChinesepopulationnumberingcloseto1,500.[70]DavidWright,aScottishagentofthecompanywholivedontheislandinthe1650s,describedthelowlandareasoftheislandasbeingdividedamong11chiefdomsranginginsizefromtwosettlementsto72.SomeofthesefellunderDutchcontrol,includingtheKingdomofMiddaginthecentralwesternplains,whileothersremainedindependent.[49][71]TheCompanyencouragedfarmerstoimmigratefromFujianandworkthelandsunderDutchcontrol.[72]Bythe1660s,some30,000to50,000Chinesewerelivingontheisland.[73] FortZeelandia,theGovernor'sresidenceinDutchFormosa In1626,theSpanishEmpirelandedonandoccupiednorthernTaiwanasatradingbase,firstatKeelungandin1628buildingFortSanDomingoatTamsui.[74]Thiscolonylasted16yearsuntil1642,whenthelastSpanishfortressfelltoDutchforces.[75]TheDutchthenmarchedsouth,subduinghundredsofvillagesinthewesternplainsbetweentheirnewpossessionsinthenorthandtheirbaseatTayouan.[75] FollowingthefalloftheMingdynastyinBeijingin1644,Koxinga(ZhengChenggong)pledgedallegiancetotheYongliEmperorofSouthernMingandattackedtheQingdynastyalongthesoutheasterncoastofChina.[76]In1661,underincreasingQingpressure,hemovedhisforcesfromhisbaseinXiamentoTaiwan,expellingtheDutchinthefollowingyear.Taiwan'sMinistryofForeignAffairsandsomeanalystsconsiderhisregimetobeloyaltotheMing,whileothersarguethatheactedasanindependentrulerandhisintentionswereunclear.[77][78][79][80] AfterbeingoustedfromTaiwan,theDutchalliedwiththenewQingdynastyinChinaagainsttheZhengregimeinTaiwan.FollowingsomeskirmishestheDutchretookthenorthernfortressatKeelungin1664.[81]ZhengJingsenttroopstodislodgetheDutch,buttheywereunsuccessful.TheDutchheldoutatKeelunguntil1668,whenaborigineresistance,[82]andthelackofprogressinretakinganyotherpartsoftheislandpersuadedthecolonialauthoritiestoabandonthisfinalstrongholdandwithdrawfromTaiwanaltogether.[83] Qingrule(1683–1895) Mainarticle:TaiwanunderQingrule Huntingdeer,paintedin1746 In1683,followingthedefeatofKoxinga'sgrandsonbyanarmadaledbyAdmiralShiLang,theQingdynastyformallyannexedTaiwan,makingitaprefectureofFujianprovincewhileretainingitsadministrativeseat(nowTainan)underKoxingaasthecapital.[84]TheQingimperialgovernmenttriedtoreducepiracyandvagrancyinthearea,issuingaseriesofedictstomanageimmigrationandrespectaboriginallandrights.ImmigrantsmostlyfromsouthernFujiancontinuedtoenterTaiwan.Theborderbetweentaxpayinglandsandwhatwasconsidered"savage"landsshiftedeastward,withsomeaboriginesbecomingsinicizedwhileothersretreatedintothemountains.Duringthistime,therewereanumberofconflictsbetweendifferentethnicgroupsofHanChinese,QuanzhouMinnanesefeudingwithZhangzhouandHakkaspeasants,andmajorclanfightsbetweenMinnans(Hoklos),Hakkasandaboriginestoo. Thereweremorethanahundredrebellions,riots,andinstancesofcivilstrifeduringtheQing'sadministration,includingtheLinShuangwenrebellion(1786–1788).Theirfrequencywasevokedbythecommonsaying"everythreeyearsanuprising,everyfiveyearsarebellion"(三年一反、五年一亂),primarilyinreferencetotheperiodbetween1820and1850.[85][86][87]Theseconditionsnotwithstanding,theproductionofsugarbecameprofitableontheislandand,togetherwithrice,providedsurplusesforexporttothemainland.Meanwhile,arapidlyincreasingpopulationsettledthewesterncoastalareas.[88] NorthernTaiwanandthePenghuIslandswerethesceneofsubsidiarycampaignsintheSino-FrenchWar(August1884toApril1885).TheFrenchoccupiedKeelungon1October1884,butwererepulsedfromTamsuiafewdayslater.TheFrenchwonsometacticalvictoriesbutwereunabletoexploitthem,andtheKeelungCampaignendedinstalemate.ThePescadoresCampaign,beginningon31March1885,wasaFrenchvictory,buthadnolong-termconsequences.TheFrenchevacuatedbothKeelungandthePenghuarchipelagoaftertheendofthewar. In1887,theQingupgradedtheisland'sadministrationfrombeingtheTaiwanPrefectureofFujianProvincetoFujian-Taiwan-Province,thetwentiethintheempire,withitscapitalatTaipei.ThiswasaccompaniedbyamodernizationdrivethatincludedatelegraphlinebetweenTainanandTaipeiandthebuildingofChina'sfirstrailway.[84][89] Japaneserule(1895–1945) Mainarticle:TaiwanunderJapaneserule JapanesecolonialsoldiersmarchTaiwanesecapturedaftertheTapaniIncidentin1915fromtheTainanjailtocourt. FollowingQing'sdefeatintheFirstSino-JapaneseWar(1894–1895),Taiwan,itsassociatedislands,andthePenghuarchipelagowerecededtotheEmpireofJapanbytheTreatyofShimonoseki,alongwithotherconcessions.[90]InhabitantsonTaiwanandPenghuwishingtoremainQingsubjectsweregivenatwo-yeargraceperiodtoselltheirpropertyandmovetomainlandChina.VeryfewFormosanssawthisasfeasible.[91]On25May1895,agroupofpro-QinghighofficialsproclaimedtheRepublicofFormosatoresistimpendingJapaneserule.JapaneseforcesenteredthecapitalatTainanandquelledthisresistanceon21October1895.[92]Guerrillafightingcontinuedperiodicallyuntilabout1902andultimatelytookthelivesof14,000Taiwanese,or0.5percentofthepopulation.[93]SeveralsubsequentrebellionsagainsttheJapanese(theBeipuuprisingof1907,theTapaniincidentof1915,andtheMushaincidentof1930)wereallunsuccessfulbutdemonstratedoppositiontoJapanesecolonialrule. Thecolonialperiodwasinstrumentaltotheindustrializationoftheisland,withitsexpansionofrailwaysandothertransportnetworks,thebuildingofanextensivesanitationsystem,theestablishmentofaformaleducationsystem,andanendtothepracticeofheadhunting.[94][95]Duringthisperiod,thehumanandnaturalresourcesofTaiwanwereusedtoaidthedevelopmentofJapan.Theproductionofcashcropssuchassugargreatlyincreased,especiallysincesugarcanewassalableonlytoafewJapanesesugarmills,andlargeareaswerethereforedivertedfromtheproductionofrice,whichtheFormosanscouldmarketorconsumethemselves.[96]By1939,Taiwanwastheseventh-greatestsugarproducerintheworld.[97] Still,theHansandtheaborigineswereclassifiedassecond-andthird-classcitizens.Manyprestigiousgovernmentandbusinesspositionswereclosedtothem,leavingfewnativescapableoftakingonleadershipandmanagementrolesdecadeslaterwhenJapanrelinquishedtheisland.[98]AftersuppressingChineseguerrillasinthefirstdecadeoftheirrule,Japaneseauthoritiesengagedinaseriesofbloodycampaignsagainstthemountainaborigines,culminatingintheMushaIncidentof1930.[99]Intellectualsandlabourerswhoparticipatedinleft-wingmovementswithinTaiwanwerealsoarrestedandmassacred(e.g.ChiangWei-shuiandMasanosukeWatanabe).[100]Around1935,theJapanesebegananisland-wideassimilationprojecttobindtheislandmorefirmlytotheJapaneseEmpire.PeopleweretaughttoseethemselvesasJapaneseundertheKominkaMovement,duringwhichTaiwanesecultureandreligionwereoutlawed,andthecitizenswereencouragedtoadoptJapanesesurnames.[101]By1938,309,000JapanesesettlerswereresidinginTaiwan.[102] BurdenedbyJapan'supcomingwarefforts,agriculture,industry,andcommercesufferedseverelyastheislandwasdevelopedintoanavalandairbase.[103][104]InitialairattacksandthesubsequentinvasionofthePhilippineswerelaunchedfromTaiwan.TheImperialJapaneseNavyoperatedheavilyfromTaiwaneseports,anditsthinktank"SouthStrikeGroup"wasbasedattheTaihokuImperialUniversityinTaipei.Militarybasesandindustrialcentres,suchasKaohsiungandKeelung,becametargetsofheavyAlliedbombings,whichalsodestroyedmanyofthefactories,dams,andtransportfacilitiesbuiltbytheJapanese.[105][104]InOctober1944,theFormosaAirBattlewasfoughtbetweenAmericancarriersandJapaneseforcesinTaiwan. DuringthecourseofWorldWarII,tensofthousandsofTaiwaneseservedintheJapanesemilitary.[106]In1944,LeeTeng-hui,whowouldbecomeTaiwan'spresidentlaterinlife,volunteeredforserviceintheImperialJapaneseArmyandbecameasecondlieutenant.[107]Hiselderbrother,LeeTeng-chin(李登欽),alsovolunteeredfortheImperialJapaneseNavyanddiedinManila.[108]Inaddition,over2,000women,euphemisticallycalled"comfortwomen",wereforcedintosexualslaveryforImperialJapanesetroops.[109] AfterJapan'ssurrenderinWWII,mostofTaiwan'sapproximately300,000JapaneseresidentswereexpelledandsenttoJapan.[110] RepublicofChina(1945–1949) Mainarticle:RepublicofChina(1912–1949) GeneralChenYi(right)acceptingthereceiptofGeneralOrderNo.1fromRikichiAndō(left),thelastJapaneseGovernor-GeneralofTaiwan,inTaipeiCityHall WhileTaiwanwasstillunderJapaneserule,theRepublicofChinawasfoundedonthemainlandon1January1912,followingtheXinhaiRevolution,whichbeganwiththeWuchanguprisingon10October1911,replacingtheQingdynastyandendingovertwothousandyearsofimperialruleinChina.[111]Fromitsfoundinguntil1949itwasbasedinmainlandChina.Centralauthoritywaxedandwanedinresponsetowarlordism(1915–28),Japaneseinvasion(1937–45),andtheChineseCivilWar(1927–50),withcentralauthoritystrongestduringtheNanjingdecade(1927–37),whenmostofChinacameunderthecontroloftheKuomintang(KMT)underanauthoritarianone-partystate.[112] InSeptember1945followingJapan'ssurrenderinWWII,ROCforces,assistedbysmallAmericanteams,preparedanamphibiousliftintoTaiwantoacceptthesurrenderoftheJapanesemilitaryforcesthere,underGeneralOrderNo.1,andtakeovertheadministrationofTaiwan.[113][114]On25October,GeneralRikichiAndō,governor-generalofTaiwanandcommander-in-chiefofallJapaneseforcesontheisland,signedthereceiptandhandeditovertoROCGeneralChenYitocompletetheofficialturnover.Chenproclaimedthatdaytobe"TaiwanRetrocessionDay",buttheAllies,havingentrustedTaiwanandthePenghuIslandstoChineseadministrationandmilitaryoccupation,nonethelessconsideredthemtobeunderJapanesesovereigntyuntil1952whentheTreatyofSanFranciscotookeffect.[115][116]Inthe1943CairoDeclaration,US,UK,andROCrepresentativesspecifiedterritoriessuchasFormosaandthePescadorestoberestoredbyJapantotheRepublicofChina.[117][118]Itstermswerelaterreferredtointhe1945PotsdamDeclaration,[119]whoseprovisionsJapanagreedtocarryoutinitsinstrumentofsurrender.[120][121]Duetodisagreementsoverwhichgovernment(PRCorROC)toinvite,ChinadidnotattendtheeventualsigningoftheTreatyofSanFrancisco,wherebyJapanrenouncedalltitlesandclaimstoFormosaandthePescadoreswithoutspecifyingtowhomtheyweresurrendered.[122]In1952,JapanandtheROCsignedtheTreatyofTaipei,recognizingthatalltreatiesconcludedbefore9December1941betweenChinaandJapanhavebecomenullandvoid.[123]InterpretationsofthesedocumentsandtheirlegalimplicationsgiverisetothedebateoverthesovereigntystatusofTaiwan. WhileinitiallyenthusiasticaboutthereturnofChineseadministrationandtheThreePrinciplesofthePeople,Formosansincreasinglygrewdissatisfiedduetobeingexcludedfromhigherpositions,thepostponementoflocalelectionsdespitetheenactmentofaconstitutiononthemainland,thesmugglingoutoftheisland'svaluables,theexpropriationofbusinessesintogovernmentoperatedmonopolies,andhyperinflation.[124][125][126]Theshootingofacivilianon28February1947triggeredisland-wideunrest,whichwassuppressedbyChenwithmilitaryforceinwhatisnowcalledtheFebruary28Incident.[127][128]Mainstreamestimatesofthenumberkilledrangefrom18,000to30,000.Manynativeleaderswerekilled,aswellasstudentsandsomemainlanders.[129][130][131]ChenwaslaterrelievedandreplacedbyWeiTao-ming,whomadeanefforttoundopreviousmismanagementbyre-appointingagoodproportionofislandersandre-privatizingbusinesses.[132] TheNationalists'retreattoTaipei AftertheendofWorldWarII,theChineseCivilWarresumedbetweentheChineseNationalists(Kuomintang),ledbyGeneralissimoChiangKai-shek,andtheChineseCommunistParty(CCP),ledbyCCPChairmanMaoZedong.Throughoutthemonthsof1949,aseriesofChineseCommunistoffensivesledtothecaptureofitscapitalNanjingon23AprilandthesubsequentdefeatoftheNationalistarmyonthemainland,andtheCommunistsfoundedthePeople'sRepublicofChinaon1October.[133] On7December1949,afterthelossoffourcapitals,ChiangevacuatedhisNationalistgovernmenttoTaiwanandmadeTaipeithetemporarycapitaloftheROC(alsocalledthe"wartimecapital"byChiangKai-shek).[134]Some2millionpeople,consistingmainlyofsoldiers,membersoftherulingKuomintangandintellectualandbusinesselites,wereevacuatedfrommainlandChinatoTaiwanatthattime,addingtotheearlierpopulationofapproximatelysixmillion.ThesepeoplecametobeknowninTaiwanas"waishengren"(外省人),residentswhocametotheislandinthe1940sand50safterJapan'ssurrender,aswellastheirdescendants.Inaddition,theROCgovernmenttooktoTaipeimanynationaltreasuresandmuchofChina'sgoldreservesandforeigncurrencyreserves.[135][136][137] AfterlosingcontrolofmainlandChinain1949,theROCretainedcontrolofTaiwanandPenghu(Taiwan,ROC),partsofFujian(Fujian,ROC)—specificallyKinmen,Wuqiu(nowpartofKinmen)andtheMatsuIslandsandtwomajorislandsintheSouthChinaSea(withintheDongsha/PratasandNansha/Spratlyislandgroups).TheseterritorieshaveremainedunderROCgovernanceuntilthepresentday.TheROCalsobrieflyretainedcontroloftheentiretyofHainan(anislandprovince),partsofZhejiang(Chekiang)—specificallytheDachenIslandsandYijiangshanIslands—andportionsofTibet,Qinghai,SinkiangandYunnan.TheCommunistscapturedHainanin1950,capturedtheDachenIslandsandYijiangshanIslandsduringtheFirstTaiwanStraitCrisisin1955anddefeatedtheROCrevoltsinNorthwestChinain1958.ROCforcesinYunnanprovinceenteredBurmaandThailandinthe1950sandweredefeatedbyCommunistsin1961.EversincelosingcontrolofmainlandChina,theKuomintangcontinuedtoclaimsovereigntyover'allofChina',whichitdefinedtoincludemainlandChina(includingTibet),Taiwan(includingPenghu),OuterMongolia外蒙古,andotherminorterritories. RepublicofChinaonTaiwan(1949–present) Mainarticles:HistoryoftheRepublicofChinaandHistoryofTaiwan(1945–present) Martiallawera(1949–1987) Seealso:MartiallawinTaiwanandTaiwanMiracle ChiangKai-shek,leaderoftheKuomintangfrom1925untilhisdeathin1975 Martiallaw,declaredonTaiwaninMay1949,[138]continuedtobeineffectafterthecentralgovernmentrelocatedtoTaiwan.Itwasnotrepealeduntil38yearslater,in1987.[138]Martiallawwasusedasawaytosuppressthepoliticaloppositionduringtheyearsitwasactive.[139]DuringtheWhiteTerror,astheperiodisknown,140,000peoplewereimprisonedorexecutedforbeingperceivedasanti-KMTorpro-Communist.[140]Manycitizenswerearrested,tortured,imprisonedandexecutedfortheirrealorperceivedlinktotheChineseCommunistParty.Sincethesepeopleweremainlyfromtheintellectualandsocialelite,anentiregenerationofpoliticalandsocialleaderswasdecimated.In1998,alawwaspassedtocreatethe"CompensationFoundationforImproperVerdicts"whichoversawcompensationtoWhiteTerrorvictimsandfamilies.PresidentMaYing-jeoumadeanofficialapologyin2008,expressinghopethattherewouldneverbeatragedysimilartoWhiteTerror.[141] Initially,theUnitedStatesabandonedtheKMTandexpectedthatTaiwanwouldfalltotheCommunists.However,in1950theconflictbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKorea,whichhadbeenongoingsincetheJapanesewithdrawalin1945,escalatedintofull-blownwar,andinthecontextoftheColdWar,USPresidentHarryS.TrumanintervenedagainanddispatchedtheUSNavy's7thFleetintotheTaiwanStraittopreventhostilitiesbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChina.[142]IntheTreatyofSanFranciscoandtheTreatyofTaipei,whichcameintoforcerespectivelyon28April1952and5August1952,Japanformallyrenouncedallright,claimandtitletoTaiwanandPenghu,andrenouncedalltreatiessignedwithChinabefore1942.Neithertreatyspecifiedtowhomsovereigntyovertheislandsshouldbetransferred,becausetheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomdisagreedonwhethertheROCorthePRCwasthelegitimategovernmentofChina.[143]ContinuingconflictoftheChineseCivilWarthroughthe1950s,andinterventionbytheUnitedStatesnotablyresultedinlegislationsuchastheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreatyandtheFormosaResolutionof1955. WithChiangKai-shek,USpresidentDwightD.EisenhowerwavedtocrowdsduringhisvisittoTaipeiinJune1960. AstheChineseCivilWarcontinuedwithouttruce,thegovernmentbuiltupmilitaryfortificationsthroughoutTaiwan.Withinthiseffort,KMTveteransbuiltthenowfamousCentralCross-IslandHighwaythroughtheTarokoGorgeinthe1950s.Thetwosideswouldcontinuetoengageinsporadicmilitaryclasheswithseldompublicizeddetailswellintothe1960sontheChinacoastalislandswithanunknownnumberofnightraids.DuringtheSecondTaiwanStraitCrisisinSeptember1958,Taiwan'slandscapesawNike-Herculesmissilebatteriesadded,withtheformationofthe1stMissileBattalionChineseArmythatwouldnotbedeactivateduntil1997.NewergenerationsofmissilebatterieshavesincereplacedtheNikeHerculessystemsthroughouttheisland. Duringthe1960sand1970s,theROCmaintainedanauthoritarian,single-partygovernmentwhileitseconomybecameindustrializedandtechnology-oriented.Thisrapideconomicgrowth,knownastheTaiwanMiracle,wastheresultofafiscalregimeindependentfrommainlandChinaandbackedup,amongothers,bythesupportofUSfundsanddemandforTaiwaneseproducts.[144][145]Inthe1970s,TaiwanwaseconomicallythesecondfastestgrowingstateinAsiaafterJapan.[146]Taiwan,alongwithHongKong,SouthKoreaandSingapore,becameknownasoneoftheFourAsianTigers.BecauseoftheColdWar,mostWesternnationsandtheUnitedNationsregardedtheROCasthesolelegitimategovernmentofChinauntilthe1970s.Later,especiallyaftertheterminationoftheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreaty,mostnationsswitcheddiplomaticrecognitiontothePRC(seeUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolution2758). Untilthe1970sthegovernmentwasregardedbyWesterncriticsasundemocraticforupholdingmartiallaw,forseverelyrepressinganypoliticalopposition,andforcontrollingmedia.TheKMTdidnotallowthecreationofnewpartiesandthosethatexisteddidnotseriouslycompetewiththeKMT.Thus,competitivedemocraticelectionsdidnotexist.[147][148][149][150][151]Fromthelate1970stothe1990s,however,Taiwanwentthroughreformsandsocialchangesthattransformeditfromanauthoritarianstatetoademocracy.In1979,apro-democracyprotestknownastheKaohsiungIncidenttookplaceinKaohsiungtocelebrateHumanRightsDay.Althoughtheprotestwasrapidlycrushedbytheauthorities,itistodayconsideredasthemaineventthatunitedTaiwan'sopposition.[152] ChiangChing-kuo,ChiangKai-shek'ssonandsuccessorastheROCpresidentandchairmanoftheKMT,beganreformstothepoliticalsysteminthemid-1980s.Hesoughttomovemoreauthorityto"benshengren"(residentsofTaiwanbeforeJapan'ssurrenderinWorldWarIIandtheirdescendants)insteadofcontinuingtopromote"waishengren"(residentswhocametotheislandinthe1940sand50safterJapan'ssurrenderandtheirdescendants)ashisfatherhad.[153]In1984,theyoungerChiangselectedLeeTeng-hui,aTaiwan-born,US-educatedtechnocrat,tobehisvice-president.In1986,theDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)wasformedandinauguratedasthefirstoppositionpartyintheROCtocountertheKMT.Ayearlater,ChiangChing-kuoliftedmartiallawonthemainislandofTaiwan(martiallawwasliftedonPenghuin1979,Matsuislandin1992andKinmenislandin1993).WiththeKMTliftingmartiallaw,movingtowarddemocracy,andchoosingthenativeTaiwaneseLeeTeng-huitoleadthecountry,theoppositionDPPgropedforamessage;itwouldgoontolosethefirstdirectpresidentialelectionin1996.[154] Post-martiallawera(1987–present) Seealso:PoliticsoftheRepublicofChina In1988,LeeTeng-huibecamethefirstpresidentoftheRepublicofChinaborninTaiwanandwasthefirsttobedirectlyelectedin1996. AfterthedeathofChiangChing-kuoinJanuary1988,LeeTeng-huisucceededhimandbecamethefirstpresidentborninTaiwan.Leecontinuedthedemocraticreformstothegovernmentandreplacedmany"waishengren"ingovernmentpositionswith"benshengren".UnderLee,TaiwanunderwentaprocessoflocalizationinwhichTaiwanesecultureandhistorywerepromotedoverapan-ChinaviewpointincontrasttoearlierKMTpolicieswhichhadpromotedaChineseidentity.Lee'sreformsincludedprintingbanknotesfromtheCentralBankratherthantheProvincialBankofTaiwan,andstreamliningtheTaiwanProvincialGovernmentwithmostofitsfunctionstransferredtotheExecutiveYuan.UnderLee,theoriginalmembersoftheLegislativeYuanandNationalAssembly(aformersupremelegislativebodydefunctin2005),[155]electedin1947torepresentmainlandChineseconstituenciesandhavingheldtheseatswithoutre-electionformorethanfourdecades,wereforcedtoresignin1991.ThepreviouslynominalrepresentationintheLegislativeYuanwasbroughttoanend,reflectingtherealitythattheROChadnojurisdictionovermainlandChina,andviceversa.RestrictionsontheuseofTaiwaneseHokkieninthebroadcastmediaandinschoolswerealsolifted.[156] Reformscontinuedinthe1990s.TheAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinaandtheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandAreadefinedthestatusoftheROC,makingTaiwanitsdefactoterritory.LeeTeng-huiwasre-electedastheKMTcandidatein1996,inthefirstdirectpresidentialelectioninthehistoryoftheROC,defeatingDDPcandidatePengMing-min.[157][158]Withdemocratization,theissueofthepoliticalstatusofTaiwangraduallyresurfacedasacontroversialissuewhere,previously,thediscussionofanythingotherthanunificationundertheROCwastaboo.DuringthelateryearsofLee'sadministration,hewasinvolvedincorruptioncontroversiesrelatingtogovernmentreleaseoflandandweaponspurchase,althoughnolegalproceedingscommenced.In1997,"Tomeettherequisitesofthenationpriortonationalunification",[159]theAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinawaspassedandthentheformer"constitutionoffivepowers"turnstobemoretripartite. In2000,ChenShui-bianoftheDemocraticProgressivePartywaselectedasthefirstnon-Kuomintang(KMT)Presidentandwasre-electedtoservehissecondandlasttermsince2004,evenafterhebacktrackedontheneedtodeclareTaiwan'sindependence.[154]Meanwhile,polarizedpoliticsemergedinTaiwanwiththeformationofthePan-BlueCoalition,ledbytheKMT,andthePan-GreenCoalition,ledbytheDPP.TheformerpreferseventualChineseunification,whilethelatterprefersTaiwaneseindependence.[160] In2004,theChenadministrationpushedforareferendumoncross-Straitrelations.Inearly2006,ChenShui-bianremarked:"TheNationalUnificationCouncilwillceasetofunction.Nobudgetwillbeear-markedforitanditspersonnelmustreturntotheiroriginalposts...TheNationalUnificationGuidelineswillceasetoapply."[161]On30September2007,therulingDPPapprovedaresolutionassertingaseparateidentityfromChinaandcalledfortheenactmentofanewconstitutionfora"normalcountry".Italsocalledforgeneraluseof"Taiwan"asthecountry'sname,withoutabolishingitsformalname,theRepublicofChina.[162] However,Chenalienatedmoderateconstituentswhosupportedthestatusquoandthosewithcross-straiteconomicties,aswellascreatingtensionwiththemainlandanddisagreementswiththeUnitedStates.[163]In2008,referendumswereheldonthesamedayasthepresidentialelectionaskingwhetherTaiwanshouldjointheUNunder"Taiwan"(DPP'smotion)or"RepublicofChina"/anyothersuitablename(KMT'smotion).Bothfailedbecauseonly35percentoftheelectorate,belowtherequiredthresholdof50percent,voted.[164]TheChenadministrationwasalsodoggedbypublicconcernsoverreducedeconomicgrowth,legislativegridlockduetoapan-blue,opposition-controlledLegislativeYuan,andcorruptioninvestigationsinvolvingtheFirstFamilyaswellasgovernmentofficials,loweringthePresident'sratingstothe20sneartheendofhissecondterm.[165][166][163] IntheJanuary2008legislativeelections,theKMT'smajorityintheLegislativeYuanincreased.ItsnomineeMaYing-jeouwentontowinthepresidencyinMarchofthesameyear,campaigningonaplatformofincreasedeconomicgrowthandbettertieswiththePRCunderapolicyof"mutualnon-denial".[164]UnderMa,TaiwanandChinaopenedupdirectflightsandcargoshipments,withthelattercountryevenmakingitpossibleforTaiwantoparticipateintheannualWorldHealthAssembly.ThreatsfromChinafadedfromthepublic'smind,althoughU.S.analystsRichardFisherandRichardBusharguedthatmilitarytensionswiththePRChadnotbeenreduced.[167] StudentprotestinTaipeiagainstacontroversialtradeagreementwithChinainMarch2014 In2014,agroupofuniversitystudentssuccessfullyoccupiedtheLegislativeYuanandpreventedtheratificationoftheCross-StraitServiceTradeAgreementinwhatbecameknownastheSunflowerStudentMovement.Themovementgaverisetoyouth-basedthirdpartiessuchastheNewPowerParty,andisviewedtohavecontributedtoDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)victoriesthe2016presidentialandlegislativeelections.[168]ThismarkedthefirsttimeinTaiwanesehistorythattheKMTlostitslegislativemajority. In2016,TsaiIng-wenoftheDPPbecamethepresidentofTaiwan.In2020,shecalledontheinternationalcommunitytodefendtheself-ruledisland'sdemocracyinthefaceofrenewedthreatsfromChinaandcalledonthelattertodemocratizeandrenouncetheuseofmilitaryforceagainstTaiwan.ChineseleaderXiJinpinghadearlierexpressedthatTaiwanwaspartofChina,whoreservestherighttouseforcebutwillstrivetoachievepeaceful"reunification".Xialsoofferedtodiscussunificationwithpartiesorindividualsunderthepreconditionof"oneChina",butbothTsaiandtheKMTrejectedXi'sproposal.[169][170] InJanuary2020,Tsaiwasre-electedandinthesimultaneouslegislativeelectionPresidentTsai'sDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)wonamajoritywith61outof113seats.TheKuomintang(KMT)got38seats.[171] Inthe2020DemocracyIndexpublishedbytheLondon-basedEconomistIntelligenceUnit,Taiwanwasupgradedfroma"flaweddemocracy"toa"fulldemocracy",afterrisingfromthe31stplacetothe11th,moreimprovementthananyothercountry.ItwasrankedbelowCanadabutaboveGermany,Japan,andtheUnitedStates.[172] Geography Mainarticle:GeographyofTaiwan Taiwanismostlymountainousintheeast,withgentlyslopingplainsinthewest.ThePenghuIslandsarewestofthemainisland. TheareacontrolledbytheROCconsistsofseveralislandswithacombinedareaof36,193squarekilometres(13,974 sq mi).[15][173][l]Themainisland,knownhistoricallyasFormosa,makesup99percentofthisarea,measuring35,808squarekilometres(13,826 sq mi)andlyingsome180kilometres(112 mi)acrosstheTaiwanStraitfromthesoutheasterncoastofmainlandChina.TheEastChinaSealiestoitsnorth,thePhilippineSeatoitseast,theLuzonStraitdirectlytoitssouthandtheSouthChinaSeatoitssouthwest.SmallerislandsincludethePenghuIslandsintheTaiwanStrait,theKinmen,MatsuandWuqiuislandsneartheChinesecoast,andsomeoftheSouthChinaSeaislands. Themainislandisatiltedfaultblock,characterizedbythecontrastbetweentheeasterntwo-thirds,consistingmostlyoffiveruggedmountainrangesparalleltotheeastcoast,andtheflattogentlyrollingplainsofthewesternthird,wherethemajorityofTaiwan'spopulationreside.Thereareseveralpeaksover3,500metres,thehighestbeingYuShanat3,952 m(12,966 ft),makingTaiwantheworld'sfourth-highestisland.Thetectonicboundarythatformedtheserangesisstillactive,andtheislandexperiencesmanyearthquakes,afewofthemhighlydestructive.TherearealsomanyactivesubmarinevolcanoesintheTaiwanStraits. Taiwancontainsfourterrestrialecoregions:JianNansubtropicalevergreenforests,SouthChinaSeaIslands,SouthTaiwanmonsoonrainforests,andTaiwansubtropicalevergreenforests.[174]Theeasternmountainsareheavilyforestedandhometoadiverserangeofwildlife,whilelanduseinthewesternandnorthernlowlandsisintensive.Thecountryhada2019ForestLandscapeIntegrityIndexmeanscoreof6.38/10,rankingit76thgloballyoutof172countries.[175] Climate Seealso:ClimatechangeinTaiwan KöppenclimateclassificationofTaiwan TaiwanliesontheTropicofCancer,anditsgeneralclimateismarinetropical.[14]Thenorthernandcentralregionsaresubtropical,whereasthesouthistropicalandthemountainousregionsaretemperate.[176]Theaveragerainfallis2,600millimetres(100inches)peryearfortheislandproper;therainyseasonisconcurrentwiththeonsetofthesummerEastAsianMonsooninMayandJune.[177]Theentireislandexperienceshot,humidweatherfromJunethroughSeptember.TyphoonsaremostcommoninJuly,AugustandSeptember.[177]Duringthewinter(NovembertoMarch),thenortheastexperiencessteadyrain,whilethecentralandsouthernpartsoftheislandaremostlysunny. Duetoclimatechange,theaveragetemperatureinTaiwanhasrisen1.4 °C(2.5 °F)inthelast100years,whichistwiceoftheworldwidetemperaturerise.[178]ThegoaloftheTaiwanesegovernmentistocutcarbonemissionsby20percentin2030comparedto2005levels,andby50percentin2050comparedto2005levels.Carbonemissionsincreasedby0.92percentbetween2005and2016.[179] Geology Mainarticle:GeologyofTaiwan DabajianMountain TheislandofTaiwanliesinacomplextectonicareabetweentheYangtzePlatetothewestandnorth,theOkinawaPlateonthenorth-east,andthePhilippineMobileBeltontheeastandsouth.Theupperpartofthecrustontheislandisprimarilymadeupofaseriesofterranes,mostlyoldislandarcswhichhavebeenforcedtogetherbythecollisionoftheforerunnersoftheEurasianPlateandthePhilippineSeaPlate.ThesehavebeenfurtherupliftedasaresultofthedetachmentofaportionoftheEurasianPlateasitwassubductedbeneathremnantsofthePhilippineSeaPlate,aprocesswhichleftthecrustunderTaiwanmorebuoyant.[180] TheeastandsouthofTaiwanareacomplexsystemofbeltsformedby,andpartofthezoneof,activecollisionbetweentheNorthLuzonTroughportionoftheLuzonVolcanicArcandSouthChina,whereaccretedportionsoftheLuzonArcandLuzonforearcformtheeasternCoastalRangeandparallelinlandLongitudinalValleyofTaiwan,respectively.[181] ThemajorseismicfaultsinTaiwancorrespondtothevarioussuturezonesbetweenthevariousterranes.Thesehaveproducedmajorquakesthroughoutthehistoryoftheisland.On21September1999,a7.3quakeknownasthe"921earthquake"killedmorethan2,400people.TheseismichazardmapforTaiwanbytheUSGSshows9/10oftheislandatthehighestrating(mosthazardous).[182] Politicalandlegalstatus Mainarticle:PoliticalstatusofTaiwan Seealso:ListofstateswithlimitedrecognitionandForeignrelationsofChina§ Internationalterritorialdisputes ThepoliticalandlegalstatusesofTaiwanarecontentiousissues.ThePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)claimsthatTaiwanisChineseterritoryandthatitselfhasreplacedtheROCgovernmentin1949,becomingthesolelegalgovernmentofChina.[60]TheROChasitsowncurrency,widelyacceptedpassport,postagestamps,internetTLD,armedforcesandconstitutionwithanindependentlyelectedpresident.[183]Ithasnotformallyrenounceditsclaimtothemainland,butROCgovernmentpublicationshaveincreasinglydownplayedthishistoricalclaim.[184] ThoughitwasafoundingmemberofUnitedNations,theROCnowhasneitherofficialmembershipnorobserverstatusintheorganization. RelationswiththePRC Seealso:Cross-Straitrelations 2015Ma–Ximeeting TheMainlandAffairsCouncil(MAC)ofTaiwanisresponsibleforrelationswiththePRC,whiletheTaiwanAffairsOffice(TAO)ofthePRCisresponsibleforrelationswithTaiwan.Exchangesareconductedthroughprivateorganizationsbothfoundedin1991:theStraitsExchangeFoundation(SEF)ofTaiwanandtheAssociationforRelationsAcrosstheTaiwanStraits(ARATS)ofthePRC. Thepoliticalenvironmentiscomplicatedbythepotentialformilitaryconflict[185][186][187][188]shouldeventsoutlinedinthePRC'santi-secessionlawoccur,suchasTaiwandeclaringdejureindependence.Whileitaimsforpeacefulreunification,thePRCdoesnotruleouttheuseofforce.[60][189][190]ThereisasubstantialmilitarypresenceontheFujiancoastaswellasPRCsortiesintoTaiwan'sADIZ.[191][192][193]ThePRC'sOne-ChinaprinciplestatesthatTaiwanandmainlandChinaarebothpartofChina,andthatthePRCistheonlylegitimategovernmentofChina.[35]ItseekstopreventorreduceanyformalrecognitionoftheROCasanindependentsovereignstate,[failedverification][34]meaningthatTaiwanparticipatesinmanyinternationalforumsasanon-statememberundernamessuchas"ChineseTaipei". Foralmost60 years,therewerenodirecttransportationlinks,includingdirectflights,betweenTaiwanandthePRC.ThiswasaproblemformanyTaiwanesebusinessesthathadopenedfactoriesorbranchesinmainlandChina.Inthe2006LunarNewYearSpeech,PresidentChenShui-biancalledformanagedopeningoflinks.DirectweekendcharterflightsbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChinabeganinJuly2008undertheKMTgovernment,andthefirstdirectdailycharterflightstookoffinDecember2008.[194] InNovember1992,theARATSandSEFheldameetingwhichwouldlaterbecomeknownasthe1992Consensus.TheSEFannouncedthatbothsidesagreedthatthattherewasonlyoneChina,butdisagreedonthedefinitionofChina(i.e.theROCvs.PRC),whiletheAARTSannouncedthatthetwoagreedontheOneChinaPrinciple,butdidnotmentiondifferencesregardingitsdefinitionmadeintheSEFstatement.[195]ThisdiscrepancybetweenthetwostatementswascriticizedbytheDPPandformerpresidentLeeTeng-hui.[196]ThePRChassincevieweditasaprerequisitefordialoguebetweentheROCandPRC.[196]InFebruary2000,thePRCsuggestedthe"onecountry,twosystems"employedinHongKongasamodelforpeacefulunificationwithTaiwan.[60] PresidentChenShui-bianoftheDPP,electedinMarch2000,initiallyindicatedawillingnesstoacceptthe1992Consensus,butlaterbackeddownduetopressurewithinhispartyandsoughtamiddlegroundbyattemptingdialoguewiththePRConthebasisofthe1992ConsensuswithoutexplicitlyacceptingtheOneChinaPrinciple;thiswasnotwell-receivedbythePRCandofficialdialoguewassuspended.[197]On29April2005,KuomintangChairmanLienChantravelledtoBeijingandmetwithChineseCommunistPartyGeneralSecretaryHuJintao,thefirstmeetingbetweentheleadersofthetwopartiessincetheendoftheChineseCivilWarin1949.[198][199][200]AccordingtoUSsources,Husaidin2008thattalksbetweenTaiwanandthemainlandshouldberestoredonthebasisofthe1992Consensus.[201][202][203] MaYing-jeouoftheKMTfullyendorsedthe1992Consensus,thoughhestatedthattherewouldbeneitherunificationnordeclarationofindependenceduringhispresidency.[204]Afterbecomingelectedpresidentin2008,talksbetweentheROCandPRCresumed.[205]On11February2014,MainlandAffairsCouncilheadWangYu-chitravelledtoNanjingandmetwithTaiwanAffairsOfficeheadZhangZhijun,thefirstmeetingbetweenhigh-rankingofficialsfromeitherside.[206]ZhangpaidareciprocalvisittoTaiwanandmetWangon25June2014,makingZhangthefirstminister-levelPRCofficialtoevervisitTaiwan.[207]On7November2015,MaYing-jeouandXiJinping[208]hadaface-to-facemeetinginSingapore,thefirsttimetwoROCandPRCleadershadmetsince1945.[209][210] Duringthe2016Taiwanesepresidentialelection,TsaiIng-wenoftheDPPinitiallypursuedasimilarstrategyasChenShui-bian,butafterwinningtheelectionshereceivedasimilarlyfrostyreceptionfromthePRC.[211][212][213]In2019,Tsai,whosupportedthe2019–20HongKongprotests,pledgedthataslongassheisTaiwan'spresident,shewillneveraccept"onecountry,twosystems",andthatsincethePRCequatedthe1992Consensuswith"onecountry,twosystems",shecouldnotacceptthe1992Consensusaswell.[214][215][169][216] Foreignrelations Mainarticle:ForeignrelationsofTaiwan CountriesmaintainingrelationswiththeROC  diplomaticrelationsandembassyinTaipei  unofficialrelations(seetext) Before1928,theforeignpolicyofRepublicanChinawascomplicatedbyalackofinternalunity—competingcentresofpowerallclaimedlegitimacy.ThissituationchangedafterthedefeatofthePeiyangGovernmentbytheKuomintang(KMT),whichledtowidespreaddiplomaticrecognitionoftheRepublicofChina.[217] AftertheKMT'sretreattoTaiwan,mostcountries,notablythecountriesintheWesternBloc,continuedtomaintainrelationswiththeROC,butrecognitiongraduallyerodedandmanycountriesswitchedrecognitiontothePeople'sRepublicofChinainthe1970s.On25October1971,UNResolution2758wasadoptedby76votesto35with17abstensions,recognizingthePRC,foundedin1949onthemainland,asChina'ssolerepresentativeintheUnitedNations;countriesinsupportincludedFrance,India,theUK,andtheUSSR,andcountriesinoppositionincludedJapanandtheUnitedStates.[218][219] ROCembassyinEswatini ThePRCrefusestohavediplomaticrelationswithanynationthathasdiplomaticrelationswiththeROC,andrequiresallnationswithwhichithasdiplomaticrelationstomakeastatementrecognizingitsclaimstoTaiwan.[220]Asaresult,only13 UNmemberstatesandtheHolySeemaintainofficialdiplomaticrelationswiththeRepublicofChina.[35][36][221]TheROCmaintainsunofficialrelationswithmostcountriesviadefactoembassiesandconsulatescalledTaipeiEconomicandCulturalRepresentativeOffices(TECRO),withbranchofficescalled"TaipeiEconomicandCulturalOffices"(TECO).BothTECROandTECOare"unofficialcommercialentities"oftheROCinchargeofmaintainingdiplomaticrelations,providingconsularservices(i.e.visaapplications),andservingthenationalinterestsoftheROCinothercountries.[222] From1954to1979,theUnitedStateswasapartnerwithTaiwaninamutualdefensetreaty.TheUnitedStatesremainsoneofthemainsupportersofTaiwanand,throughtheTaiwanRelationsActpassedin1979,hascontinuedsellingarmsandprovidingmilitarytrainingtotheArmedForces.[223]ThissituationcontinuestobeanissueforthePeople'sRepublicofChina,whichconsidersUSinvolvementdisruptivetothestabilityoftheregion.InJanuary2010,theUSannounceditsintentiontosell$6.4 billionworthofmilitaryhardwaretoTaiwan.Asaconsequence,thePRCwarnedthatitsco-operationwiththeUSoninternationalandregionalissuescouldsufferandthatthecompaniesinvolved,namelyRaytheon,LockheedMartin,Boeing,andUnitedTechnologies,couldfaceChinesesanctions.[224] TheofficialpositionoftheUnitedStatesisthatthePRCisexpectedto"usenoforceorthreat[en]touseforceagainstTaiwan"andtheROCisto"exerciseprudenceinmanagingallaspectsofCross-Straitrelations."Botharetorefrainfromperformingactionsorespousingstatements"thatwouldunilaterallyalterTaiwan'sstatus".[225]On16December2015,theObamaadministrationannouncedadealtosell$1.83 billionworthofarmstothearmedforcesoftheROC.[226][227]TheforeignministryofthePRChadexpresseditsdisapprovalforthesalesandissuedtheUSa"sternwarning",sayingitwouldhurtPRC–USrelations.[228]InresponsetoUSsupportforTaiwan,thePRCdefenseministerWeiFenghesaidin2019that"IfanyonedarestosplitTaiwanfromChina,theChinesemilitaryhasnochoicebuttofightatallcosts".[229] Participationininternationaleventsandorganizations Seealso:ForeignrelationsofTaiwan§ RelationwithInternationalorganizations,andChineseTaipei TheROCwasafoundingmemberoftheUnitedNations,andheldtheseatofChinaontheSecurityCouncilandotherUNbodiesuntil1971,whenitwasexpelledbyResolution2758andreplacedinallUNorganswiththePRC.Eachyearsince1992,theROChaspetitionedtheUNforentry,butitsapplicationshavenotmadeitpastcommitteestage.[230] TheflagusedbyTaiwanattheOlympicGames,whereitcompetesas"ChineseTaipei"(中華台北) Duetoitslimitedinternationalrecognition,theRepublicofChinahasbeenamemberoftheUnrepresentedNationsandPeoplesOrganization(UNPO)sincethefoundationoftheorganizationin1991,representedbyagovernment-fundedorganization,theTaiwanFoundationforDemocracy(TFD),underthename"Taiwan".[231][232] AlsoduetoitsOneChinapolicy,thePRConlyparticipatesininternationalorganizationswheretheROCdoesnotparticipateasasovereigncountry.Mostmemberstates,includingtheUnitedStates,donotwishtodiscusstheissueoftheROC'spoliticalstatusforfearofsouringdiplomatictieswiththePRC.[233]However,boththeUSandJapanpubliclysupporttheROC'sbidformembershipintheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)asanobserver.[234]However,thoughtheROCsoughttoparticipateintheWHOsince1997,[235][236]theireffortswererejecteduntil2009,whentheyparticipatedunderthename"ChineseTaipei"afterreachinganagreementwithBeijing.[59][237]In2017,TaiwanagainbegantobeexcludedfromtheWHOeveninanobservercapacity.[238]ThisexclusioncausedanumberofscandalsduringtheCOVID-19outbreak.[239][240] TheNagoyaResolutionin1979betweenTaiwan(ROC),China(PRC),andtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)providedacompromisefortheROCtousethename"ChineseTaipei"ininternationaleventswherethePRCisalsoaparty,suchastheOlympicGames.[241][242][243]UndertheIOCcharter,ROCflagscannotbeflownatanyofficialOlympicvenueorgathering;thiscausedsomeconcernin2002whenresidentsofadowntowncondominiuminSaltLakeCityhungtwoflagsfromTaiwan.[244]TheROCalsoparticipatesintheAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationforum(since1991)andtheWorldTradeOrganization(since2002)underthename"ChineseTaipei".ItwasafoundingmemberoftheAsianDevelopmentBank,butsinceChina'sascensionin1986hasparticipatedunderthename"Taipei,China".TheROCisabletoparticipateas"China"inorganizationsinwhichthePRCdoesnotparticipate,suchastheWorldOrganizationoftheScoutMovement.Areferendumquestionin2018askedifTaiwan'sathletesshouldcompeteunder"Taiwan"inthe2020SummerOlympicsbutdidnotpass;theNewYorkTimesattributedthefailuretoacampaigncautioningthatanamechangemightleadtoTaiwanbeingbanned"underChinesepressure".[245] Domesticopinion Seealso:TaiwanindependenceandChineseUnification Broadlyspeaking,domesticpublicopinionhaspreferredmaintainingthestatusquo,thoughpro-independencesentimenthassteadilyrisensince1994.InJune2021,anannualpollrunbytheNationalChengchiUniversityfoundthat28.2percentofrespondentssupportedthestatusquoandpostponingadecision,27.5percentsupportedmaintainingthestatusquoindefinitely,25.8percentsupportedthestatusquowithamovetowardindependence,5.9percentsupportedthestatusquowithamovetowardunification,5.7percentgavenoresponse,5.6percentsupportedindependenceassoonaspossible,and1.5percentsupportedunificationassoonaspossible.[246] TheKMT,thelargestPan-Blueparty,supportsthestatusquofortheindefinitefuturewithastatedultimategoalofunification.However,itdoesnotsupportunificationintheshorttermwiththePRCassuchaprospectwouldbeunacceptabletomostofitsmembersandthepublic.[citationneeded]MaYing-jeou,chairmanoftheKMTandformerpresidentoftheROC,hassetoutdemocracy,economicdevelopmenttoalevelnearthatofTaiwan,andequitablewealthdistributionastheconditionsthatthePRCmustfulfillforreunificationtooccur.[247] TheDemocraticProgressiveParty,thelargestPan-Greenparty,officiallyseeksindependence,butinpracticealsosupportsthestatusquobecauseneitherindependencenorre-unificationseemslikelyintheshortorevenmediumterm.[248] On2September2008,theMexicannewspaperElSoldeMéxicoaskedPresidentMaoftheKMTabouthisviewsonthesubjectof"twoChinas"andiftherewasasolutionforthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwo.ThepresidentrepliedthattherelationsareneitherbetweentwoChinasnortwostates.Itisaspecialrelationship.Further,hestatedthatthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwocannotberesolvedatpresent,buthequotedthe"1992Consensus",acceptedbyboththeKMTandtheChineseCommunistParty,asatemporarymeasureuntilasolutionbecomesavailable.[249]However,theconsensuswasrejectedbyformerpresidentLeeTeng-hui,aswellasPresidentTsaiIng-wenandmostofthePan-GreenCoalition. On27September2017,TaiwanesepremierWilliamLaioftheDemocraticProgressivePartysaidthathewasa"politicalworkerwhoadvocatesTaiwanindependence",butthatasTaiwanwasalreadyanindependentcountrycalledtheRepublicofChina,[188][190][193][250][251]ithadnoneedtodeclareindependence.[252] Governmentandpolitics Mainarticles:GovernmentoftheRepublicofChinaandPoliticsoftheRepublicofChina Seealso:ElectionsinTaiwan,HumanrightsinTaiwan,andNorth-SouthdivideinTaiwan Taiwan'spopularlyelectedpresidentresidesinthePresidentialOfficeBuilding,Taipei,originallybuiltintheJapaneseeraforcolonialgovernors. ThegovernmentoftheRepublicofChinawasfoundedonthe1947ConstitutionoftheROCanditsThreePrinciplesofthePeople,whichstatesthattheROC"shallbeademocraticrepublicofthepeople,tobegovernedbythepeopleandforthepeople".[253]Itunderwentsignificantrevisionsinthe1990s,knowncollectivelyastheAdditionalArticles.Thegovernmentisdividedintofivebranches(Yuan):theExecutiveYuan(cabinet),theLegislativeYuan(CongressorParliament),theJudicialYuan,theControlYuan(auditagency),andtheExaminationYuan(civilserviceexaminationagency). TsaiIng-wen,PresidentoftheRepublicofChina Theheadofstateandcommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesisthepresident,whoiselectedbypopularvoteforamaximumof2four-yeartermsonthesameticketasthevice-president.ThepresidentappointsthemembersoftheExecutiveYuanastheircabinet,includingapremier,whoisofficiallythePresidentoftheExecutiveYuan;membersareresponsibleforpolicyandadministration.[253] ThemainlegislativebodyistheunicameralLegislativeYuanwith113seats.Seventy-threeareelectedbypopularvotefromsingle-memberconstituencies;thirty-fourareelectedbasedontheproportionofnationwidevotesreceivedbyparticipatingpoliticalpartiesinaseparatepartylistballot;andsixareelectedfromtwothree-memberaboriginalconstituencies.Membersservefour-yearterms.OriginallytheunicameralNationalAssembly,asastandingconstitutionalconventionandelectoralcollege,heldsomeparliamentaryfunctions,buttheNationalAssemblywasabolishedin2005withthepowerofconstitutionalamendmentshandedovertotheLegislativeYuanandalleligiblevotersoftheRepublicviareferendums.[253][254] SuTseng-chang,PremieroftheRepublicofChina Thepremierisselectedbythepresidentwithouttheneedforapprovalfromthelegislature,butthelegislaturecanpasslawswithoutregardforthepresident,asneitherhenorthePremierwieldsvetopower.[253]Thus,thereislittleincentiveforthepresidentandthelegislaturetonegotiateonlegislationiftheyareofopposingparties.Aftertheelectionofthepan-Green'sChenShui-bianasPresidentin2000,legislationrepeatedlystalledbecauseofdeadlockwiththeLegislativeYuan,whichwascontrolledbyapan-Bluemajority.[255]Historically,theROChasbeendominatedbystrongmansinglepartypolitics.Thislegacyhasresultedinexecutivepowerscurrentlybeingconcentratedintheofficeofthepresidentratherthanthepremier,eventhoughtheconstitutiondoesnotexplicitlystatetheextentofthepresident'sexecutivepower.[256] TheJudicialYuanisthehighestjudicialorgan.Itinterpretstheconstitutionandotherlawsanddecrees,judgesadministrativesuits,anddisciplinespublicfunctionaries.Thepresidentandvice-presidentoftheJudicialYuanandadditionalthirteenjusticesformtheCouncilofGrandJustices.[257]Theyarenominatedandappointedbythepresident,withtheconsentoftheLegislativeYuan.Thehighestcourt,theSupremeCourt,consistsofanumberofcivilandcriminaldivisions,eachofwhichisformedbyapresidingjudgeandfourassociatejudges,allappointedforlife.In1993,aseparateconstitutionalcourtwasestablishedtoresolveconstitutionaldisputes,regulatetheactivitiesofpoliticalpartiesandacceleratethedemocratizationprocess.Thereisnotrialbyjurybuttherighttoafairpublictrialisprotectedbylawandrespectedinpractice;manycasesarepresidedoverbymultiplejudges.[253] TheControlYuanisawatchdogagencythatmonitors(controls)theactionsoftheexecutive.ItcanbeconsideredastandingcommissionforadministrativeinquiryandcanbecomparedtotheCourtofAuditorsoftheEuropeanUnionortheGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeoftheUnitedStates.[253]ItisalsoresponsiblefortheNationalHumanRightsCommission. TheExaminationYuanisinchargeofvalidatingthequalificationofcivilservants.ItisbasedontheoldimperialexaminationsystemusedindynasticChina.ItcanbecomparedtotheEuropeanPersonnelSelectionOfficeoftheEuropeanUnionortheOfficeofPersonnelManagementoftheUnitedStates.[253]Itwasdownsizedin2019,andtherehavebeencallsforitsabolition.[258][259] Constitution TheconstitutionwasdraftedinbytheKMTwhiletheROCstillgovernedtheChinesemainland,wentintoeffecton25December1947.[260]TheROCremainedundermartiallawfrom1948until1987andmuchoftheconstitutionwasnotineffect.[citationneeded]Politicalreformsbeginninginthelate1970sresultedintheendofmartiallawin1987,andTaiwantransformedintoamultipartydemocracyintheearly1990s.TheconstitutionalbasisforthistransitiontodemocracywasgraduallylaidintheAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina.Inaddition,thesearticleslocalizedtheConstitutionbysuspendingportionsoftheConstitutiondesignedforgovernanceofChinaandreplacingthemwitharticlesadaptedforthegovernanceofandguaranteeingthepoliticalrightsofresidentsoftheTaiwanArea,asdefinedintheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandArea.[261] Nationalboundarieswerenotexplicitlyprescribedbythe1947Constitution,andtheConstitutionalCourtdeclinedtodefinetheseboundariesina1993interpretation,viewingthequestionasapoliticalquestiontoberesolvedbytheExecutiveandLegislativeYuans.[262]The1947ConstitutionincludedarticlesregardingrepresentativesfromformerQingdynastyterritoriesincludingTibetandMongolia(thoughitdidnotspecifywhetherthisexcludedOuterMongolia).[263][264]TheROCrecognizedMongoliaasanindependentcountryin1946aftersigningthe1945Sino-SovietTreatyofFriendshipandAlliance,butafterretreatingtoTaiwanin1949itrenegedonitsagreementinordertopreserveitsclaimoverChina.[265]TheAdditionalArticlesofthe1990sdidnotalternationalboundaries,butsuspendedarticlesregardingMongolianandTibetanrepresentatives.TheROCbegantoaccepttheMongolianpassportandremovedclausesreferringtoOuterMongoliafromtheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandAreain2002.[266]In2012theMainlandAffairsCouncilissuedastatementclarifyingthatOuterMongoliawasnotpartoftheROC'snationalterritoryin1947,[267]andthattheterminationoftheSino-SovietTreatyhadnotalterednationalterritoryaccordingtotheConstitution.[268]TheMongolianandTibetanAffairsCommissionintheExecutiveYuanwasabolishedin2017. Majorcamps EmblemoftheKuomintang,themainPan-BlueCoalitionparty Taiwan'spoliticalsceneisdividedintotwomajorcampsintermsofcross-Straitrelations,i.e.howTaiwanshouldrelatetoChinaorthePRC.ThePan-GreenCoalition(e.g.theDemocraticProgressiveParty)leanspro-independence,andthePan-BlueCoalition(e.g.theKuomintang)leanspro-unification.ModeratesinbothcampsregardtheRepublicofChinaasasovereignindependentstate,butthePan-GreenCoalitionregardtheROCassynonymouswithTaiwan,whilemoderatesinthePan-BlueCoalitionviewitassynonymouswithChina.ThesepositionsformedagainstthebackdropofthePRC'sAnti-SecessionLaw,whichthreatensinvasionintheeventofformalindependence. Taiwanese-bornTangwai("independent")politicianWuSan-lien(secondleft)celebrateswithsupportershislandslidevictoryof65.5percentinTaipei'sfirstmayoralelectioninJanuary1951. ThePan-GreenCoalitionismainlyledbythepro-independenceDemocraticProgressivePartyandTaiwanStatebuildingParty(TSP).TheyopposetheideathatTaiwanispartofChina,andseekswidediplomaticrecognitionandaneventualdeclarationofformalTaiwanindependence.[269]InSeptember2007,thethenrulingDemocraticProgressivePartyapprovedaresolutionassertingseparateidentityfromChinaandcalledfortheenactmentofanewconstitutionfora"normalcountry".Itcalledalsoforgeneraluseof"Taiwan"asthecountry'sname,withoutabolishingitsformalname,the"RepublicofChina".[270]Thename"Taiwan"hasbeenusedincreasinglyoftenaftertheemergenceoftheTaiwaneseindependencemovement.[163]Somemembersofthecoalition,suchasformerPresidentChenShui-bian,arguethatitisunnecessarytoproclaimindependencebecause"Taiwanisalreadyanindependent,sovereigncountry"andtheRepublicofChinaisthesameasTaiwan.[271]DespitebeingamemberofKMTpriortoandduringhispresidency,LeeTeng-huialsoheldasimilarviewandwasasupporteroftheTaiwanizationmovement.[272] ThePan-BlueCoalition,composedofthepro-unificationKuomintang,PeopleFirstParty(PFP)andNewPartygenerallysupportthespiritofthe1992Consensus,wheretheKMTclaimedthatthereisoneChina,butthattheROCandPRChavedifferentinterpretationsofwhat"China"means.Theyfavoureventualre-unificationofChina.[273]Regardingindependence,themainstreamPan-Bluepositionistomaintainthestatusquo,whilerefusingimmediatereunification.[citationneeded]PresidentMaYing-jeoustatedthattherewillbenounificationnordeclarationofindependenceduringhispresidency.[274][275]Asof2009[update],Pan-BluemembersusuallyseektoimproverelationshipswithPRC,withacurrentfocusonimprovingeconomicties.[276] Nationalidentity Mainarticle:Taiwanesepeople§ ThecurrentstateofTaiwaneseidentitySeealso:OpinionpollingonTaiwaneseidentity Resultsfromanidentitysurveyconductedeachyearfrom1992to2020bytheElectionStudyCenter,NationalChengchiUniversity.[277]ResponsesareTaiwanese(green),Chinese(red)orBothTaiwaneseandChinese(hatched).Noresponseisshownasgrey. Roughly84percentofTaiwan'spopulationaredescendantsofHanChineseimmigrantsfromQingChinabetween1683and1895.AnothersignificantfractiondescendsfromHanChinesewhoimmigratedfrommainlandChinainthelate1940sandearly1950s.Thesharedculturalorigincombinedwithseveralhundredyearsofgeographicalseparation,somehundredyearsofpoliticalseparationandforeigninfluences,aswellashostilitybetweentherivalROCandPRChaveresultedinnationalidentitybeingacontentiousissuewithpoliticalovertones. Sincedemocraticreformsandtheliftingofmartiallaw,adistinctTaiwaneseidentity(asopposedtoTaiwaneseidentityasasubsetofaChineseidentity)isoftenattheheartofpoliticaldebates.ItsacceptancemakestheislanddistinctfrommainlandChina,andthereforemaybeseenasasteptowardsformingaconsensusfordejureTaiwanindependence.[278]ThePan-GreencampsupportsapredominantlyTaiwaneseidentity(although"Chinese"maybeviewedasculturalheritage),whilethePan-BluecampsupportsapredominantlyChineseidentity(with"Taiwanese"asaregional/diasporicChineseidentity).[273]TheKMThasdownplayedthisstanceintherecentyearsandnowsupportsaTaiwaneseidentityaspartofaChineseidentity.[279][280] InannualpollsconductedbyNationalChengchiUniversity,Taiwaneseidentificationhasincreasedsubstantiallysincetheearly1990s,whileChineseidentificationhasfallentoalowlevel,andidentificationasbothhasalsoseenareduction.In1992,17.6percentofrespondentsidentifiedasTaiwanese,25.5percentasChinese,46.4percentasboth,and10.5percentnon-response.InJune2021,63.3percentidentifiedasTaiwanese,2.6percentasChinese,31.4percentasboth,and2.7percentnon-response.[277]AsurveyconductedinTaiwanbyGlobalViewsSurveyResearchCenterinJuly2009showedthat82.8percentofrespondentsconsidertheROCandthePRCastwoseparatecountrieswitheachdevelopingonitsownbut80.2percentthinktheyaremembersoftheChinese.[281] Administrativedivisions Mainarticle:AdministrativedivisionsofTaiwan Taiwanis,inpractice,dividedinto22subnationaldivisions,eachwithaself-governingbodyledbyanelectedleaderandalegislativebodywithelectedmembers.Dutiesoflocalgovernmentsincludesocialservices,education,urbanplanning,publicconstruction,watermanagement,environmentalprotection,transport,publicsafety,andmore. Therearethreetypesofsubnationaldivisions:specialmunicipalities,counties,andcities.Specialmunicipalitiesandcitiesarefurtherdividedintodistrictsforlocaladministration.Countiesarefurtherdividedintotownshipsandcounty-administeredcitieswhichhaveelectedmayorsandcouncils,andsharedutieswiththecounty.Somedivisionsareindigenousdivisionswhichhavedifferentdegreesofautonomytostandardones.Inaddition,districts,citiesandtownshipsarefurtherdividedintovillagesandneighbourhoods. OverviewofadministrativedivisionsoftheRepublicofChina RepublicofChina Taipei NewTaipei Keelung Taoyuan HsinchuCounty Hsinchu Miaoli Taichung Changhua Penghu Nantou Yunlin ChiayiCounty Chiayi Tainan Kaohsiung Pingtung Yilan Hualien Taitung TaiwanProvince Kinmen Lienchiang(Matsu) FujianProvince TaiwanStrait SouthChinaSea EastChinaSea PescadoresChannel BashiChannel PhilippineSea(PacificOcean) Freearea[i] Mainlandarea[ii] Specialmunicipalities[α][iii] Provinces[iv] Notadministered[v] Counties[α] Cities[α][vi] Districts[β] Mountainindigenousdistricts[α] County-administeredcities[α] Townships[α][β][vii] Districts[β] Villages[γ][viii] Neighborhoods Notes ^abcdefHasanelectedexecutiveandanelectedlegislativecouncil. ^abcHasanappointeddistrictadministratorformanaginglocalaffairsandcarryingouttaskscommissionedbysuperioragency. ^Hasanelectedvillageadministratorformanaginglocalaffairsandcarryingouttaskscommissionedbysuperioragency. Military Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaArmedForces Seealso:RepublicofChinaMilitaryAcademy RepublicofChinaArmyThunderbolt-2000 TheRepublicofChinaArmytakesitsrootsintheNationalRevolutionaryArmy,whichwasestablishedbySunYat-senin1925inGuangdongwithagoalofreunifyingChinaundertheKuomintang.WhenthePeople'sLiberationArmywontheChineseCivilWar,muchoftheNationalRevolutionaryArmyretreatedtoTaiwanalongwiththegovernment.ItwaslaterreformedintotheRepublicofChinaArmy.UnitswhichsurrenderedandremainedinmainlandChinawereeitherdisbandedorincorporatedintothePeople'sLiberationArmy. TheROCandtheUnitedStatessignedtheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreatyin1954,andestablishedtheUnitedStatesTaiwanDefenseCommand.About30,000UStroopswerestationedinTaiwan,untiltheUnitedStatesestablisheddiplomaticrelationswiththePRCin1979.[282] Today,Taiwanmaintainsalargeandtechnologicallyadvancedmilitary,mainlyasadefencetotheconstantthreatofinvasionbythePeople'sLiberationArmyusingtheAnti-SecessionLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaasapretext.Thislawauthorizestheuseofmilitaryforcewhencertainconditionsaremet,suchasadangertomainlanders.[192] From1949tothe1970s,theprimarymissionoftheTaiwanesemilitarywasto"retakemainlandChina"throughProjectNationalGlory.AsthismissionhastransitionedawayfromattackbecausetherelativestrengthofthePRChasmassivelyincreased,theROCmilitaryhasbeguntoshiftemphasisfromthetraditionallydominantArmytotheairforceandnavy. RepublicofChinaAirForceindigenouslyproducedfighterairplaneinChingChuanKangAirBase Controlofthearmedforceshasalsopassedintothehandsoftheciviliangovernment.[283][284]AstheROCmilitaryshareshistoricalrootswiththeKMT,theoldergenerationofhigh-rankingofficerstendstohavePan-Bluesympathies.However,manyhaveretiredandtherearemanymorenon-mainlandersenlistinginthearmedforcesintheyoungergenerations,sothepoliticalleaningsofthemilitaryhavemovedclosertothepublicnorminTaiwan.[285] TheROCbeganaforcereductionplan,JingshiAn(translatedtostreamliningprogram),toscaledownitsmilitaryfromalevelof450,000in1997to380,000in2001.[286]Asof2009[update],thearmedforcesoftheROCnumberapproximately300,000,[287]withnominalreservestotalling3.6 millionasof2015[update].[288]Conscriptionremainsuniversalforqualifiedmalesreachingageeighteen,butasapartofthereductioneffortmanyaregiventheopportunitytofulfilltheirdraftrequirementthroughalternativeserviceandareredirectedtogovernmentagenciesorarmsrelatedindustries.[289]Currentplanscallforatransitiontoapredominantlyprofessionalarmyoverthenextdecade.[290][291]Conscriptionperiodsareplannedtodecreasefrom14 monthsto12.[292]InthelastmonthsoftheBushadministration,Taipeitookthedecisiontoreversethetrendofdecliningmilitaryspending,atatimewhenmostAsiancountrieskeptonreducingtheirmilitaryexpenditures.Italsodecidedtostrengthenbothdefensiveandoffensivecapabilities.Taipeistillkeepsalargemilitaryapparatusrelativetotheisland'spopulation:militaryexpendituresfor2008wereNTD334billion(approximatelyUS$10.5billion),whichaccountedfor2.94percentofGDP. TheC-130HinSongshanAFB Thearmedforces'primaryconcernatthistime,accordingtotheNationalDefenseReport,isthepossibilityofaninvasionbythePRC,consistingofanavalblockade,airborneassaultormissilebombardment.[283]FourupgradedKidd-classdestroyerswerepurchasedfromtheUnitedStates,andcommissionedintotheRepublicofChinaNavyin2005–2006,significantlyupgradingTaiwan'sprotectionfromaerialattackandsubmarinehuntingabilities.[293]TheMinistryofNationalDefenseplannedtopurchasediesel-poweredsubmarinesandPatriotanti-missilebatteriesfromtheUnitedStates,butitsbudgethasbeenstalledrepeatedlybytheopposition-Pan-BlueCoalitioncontrolledlegislature.Themilitarypackagewasstalledfrom2001to2007whereitwasfinallypassedthroughthelegislatureandtheUSrespondedon3October2008,witha$6.5 billionarmspackageincludingPACIIIAnti-Airsystems,AH-64DApacheAttackhelicoptersandotherarmsandparts.[294]AsignificantamountofmilitaryhardwarehasbeenboughtfromtheUnitedStates,and,asof2009[update],continuestobelegallyguaranteedbytheTaiwanRelationsAct.[223]Inthepast,FranceandtheNetherlandshavealsosoldmilitaryweaponsandhardwaretotheROC,buttheyalmostentirelystoppedinthe1990sunderpressureofthePRC.[295][296] ThefirstlineofprotectionagainstinvasionbythePRCistheROC'sownarmedforces.CurrentROCmilitarydoctrineistoholdoutagainstaninvasionorblockadeuntiltheUSmilitaryresponds.[297]Thereis,however,noguaranteeintheTaiwanRelationsActoranyothertreatythattheUnitedStateswilldefendTaiwan,evenintheeventofinvasion.[298]ThejointdeclarationonsecuritybetweentheUSandJapansignedin1996mayimplythatJapanwouldbeinvolvedinanyresponse.However,Japanhasrefusedtostipulatewhetherthe"areasurroundingJapan"mentionedinthepactincludesTaiwan,andtheprecisepurposeofthepactisunclear.[299]TheAustralia,NewZealand,UnitedStatesSecurityTreaty(ANZUSTreaty)maymeanthatotherUSallies,suchasAustralia,couldtheoreticallybeinvolved.[300][301]WhilethiswouldriskdamagingeconomictieswithChina,[302]aconflictoverTaiwancouldleadtoaneconomicblockadeofChinabyagreatercoalition.[303][304][305][306][307] Economy Mainarticles:EconomyofTaiwanandEconomichistoryofTaiwan Taipei101heldtheworldrecordforskyscraperheightfrom2004to2010. ThequickindustrializationandrapidgrowthofTaiwanduringthelatterhalfofthe20thcenturyhasbeencalledthe"TaiwanMiracle".Taiwanisoneofthe"FourAsianTigers"alongsideHongKong,SouthKoreaandSingapore. JapaneserulepriortoandduringWorldWarIIbroughtchangesinthepublicandprivatesectors,mostnotablyintheareaofpublicworks,whichenabledrapidcommunicationsandfacilitatedtransportthroughoutmuchoftheisland.TheJapanesealsoimprovedpubliceducationandmadeitcompulsoryforallresidentsofTaiwan.By1945,hyperinflationwasinprogressinmainlandChinaandTaiwanasaresultofthewarwithJapan.ToisolateTaiwanfromit,theNationalistgovernmentcreatedanewcurrencyareafortheisland,andbeganapricestabilizationprogramme.Theseeffortssignificantlyslowedinflation. WhentheKMTgovernmentfledtoTaiwanitbroughtmillionsoftaels(where1 tael=37.5gor~1.2 ozt)ofgoldandtheforeigncurrencyreserveofmainlandChina,which,accordingtotheKMT,stabilizedpricesandreducedhyperinflation.[308]Perhapsmoreimportantly,aspartofitsretreattoTaiwan,theKMTbroughttheintellectualandbusinesselitesfrommainlandChina.[309]TheKMTgovernmentinstitutedmanylawsandlandreformsthatithadnevereffectivelyenactedonmainlandChina.Thegovernmentalsoimplementedapolicyofimport-substitution,attemptingtoproduceimportedgoodsdomestically.[310] In1950,withtheoutbreakoftheKoreanWar,theUnitedStatesbegananaidprogrammewhichresultedinfullystabilizedpricesby1952.[311]EconomicdevelopmentwasencouragedbyAmericaneconomicaidandprogrammessuchastheJointCommissiononRuralReconstruction,whichturnedtheagriculturalsectorintothebasisforlatergrowth.Underthecombinedstimulusofthelandreformandtheagriculturaldevelopmentprogrammes,agriculturalproductionincreasedatanaverageannualrateof4percentfrom1952to1959,whichwasgreaterthanthepopulationgrowth,3.6percent.[312] In1962,Taiwanhada(nominal)per-capitagrossnationalproduct(GNP)of$170,placingitseconomyonaparwiththoseoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.Onapurchasingpowerparity(PPP)basis,itsGDPpercapitaintheearly1960swas$1,353(in1990prices).By2011per-capitaGNP,adjustedforpurchasingpowerparity(PPP),hadrisento$37,000,contributingtoaHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)equivalenttothatofotherdevelopedcountries.In2019,theHDIcalculatedbyTaiwan'sgovernmentwastheseventh-highestintheAsia-Pacificregion.[21] NeihuTechnologyParkinTaipei In1974,ChiangChing-kuoimplementedtheTenMajorConstructionProjects,thebeginningfoundationsthathelpedTaiwantransformintoitscurrentexportdriveneconomy.Sincethe1990s,anumberofTaiwan-basedtechnologyfirmshaveexpandedtheirreacharoundtheworld.Well-knowninternationaltechnologycompaniesheadquarteredinTaiwanincludepersonalcomputermanufacturersAcerInc.andAsus,mobilephonemakerHTC,aswellaselectronicsmanufacturinggiantFoxconn,whichmakesproductsforApple,Amazon,andMicrosoft.ComputexTaipeiisamajorcomputerexpo,heldsince1981. TodayTaiwanhasadynamic,capitalist,export-driveneconomywithgraduallydecreasingstateinvolvementininvestmentandforeigntrade.Inkeepingwiththistrend,somelargegovernment-ownedbanksandindustrialfirmsarebeingprivatized.[313]RealgrowthinGDPhasaveragedabout8percentduringthepastthreedecades.Exportshaveprovidedtheprimaryimpetusforindustrialization.Thetradesurplusissubstantial,andforeignreservesaretheworld'sfifthlargest.[314]ThecurrencyofTaiwanistheNewTaiwandollar. Sincethebeginningofthe1990s,theeconomictiesbetweenTaiwanandthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavebeenveryprolific.Asof2008[update],morethanUS$150 billion[315]havebeeninvestedinthePRCbyTaiwanesecompanies.AlthoughtheeconomyofTaiwanbenefitsfromthissituation,somehaveexpressedtheviewthattheislandhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonthemainlandChineseeconomy.A2008whitepaperbytheDepartmentofIndustrialTechnologystatesthat"TaiwanshouldseektomaintainstablerelationwithChinawhilecontinuingtoprotectnationalsecurity,andavoidingexcessive'Sinicization'ofTaiwaneseeconomy."[316]OthersarguethatcloseeconomictiesbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChinawouldmakeanymilitaryinterventionbythePLAagainstTaiwanverycostly,andthereforelessprobable.[317] Taiwan'stotaltradein2010reachedanall-timehighofUS$526.04 billion,accordingtoTaiwan'sMinistryofFinance.Bothexportsandimportsfortheyearreachedrecordlevels,totallingUS$274.64 billionandUS$251.4 billion,respectively.[318] RicepaddyfieldsinYilanCounty In2001,agricultureconstitutedonly2percentofGDP,downfrom35percentin1952.[319]Traditionallabour-intensiveindustriesaresteadilybeingmovedoffshoreandwithmorecapitalandtechnology-intensiveindustriesreplacingthem.High-technologyindustrialparkshavesprungupineveryregioninTaiwan.TheROChasbecomeamajorforeigninvestorinthePRC,Thailand,Indonesia,thePhilippines,Malaysia,andVietnam.Itisestimatedthatsome50,000 Taiwanesebusinessesand1,000,000 businesspeopleandtheirdependentsareestablishedinthePRC.[320] Becauseofitsconservativefinancialapproachanditsentrepreneurialstrengths,Taiwansufferedlittlecomparedwithmanyofitsneighboursinthe1997Asianfinancialcrisis.Unlikeitsneighbours,SouthKoreaandJapan,theTaiwaneseeconomyisdominatedbysmallandmedium-sizedbusinesses,ratherthanthelargebusinessgroups.Theglobaleconomicdownturn,however,combinedwithpoorpolicyco-ordinationbythenewadministrationandincreasingbaddebtsinthebankingsystem,pushedTaiwanintorecessionin2001,thefirstwholeyearofnegativegrowthsince1947.Duetotherelocationofmanymanufacturingandlabour-intensiveindustriestothePRC,unemploymentalsoreachedalevelnotseensincethe1970soilcrisis.Thisbecameamajorissueinthe2004presidentialelection.Growthaveragedmorethan4percentinthe2002–2006periodandtheunemploymentratefellbelow4percent.[321] TheROCoftenjoinsinternationalorganizations(especiallyonesthatalsoincludethePeople'sRepublicofChina)underapoliticallyneutralname.TheROChasbeenamemberofgovernmentaltradeorganizationssuchastheWorldTradeOrganizationunderthenameSeparateCustomsTerritoryofTaiwan,Penghu,KinmenandMatsu(ChineseTaipei)since2002.[322] Transport Mainarticle:TransportationinTaiwan ChinaAirlinesaircraftline-upatTaoyuanInternationalAirport TheMinistryofTransportationandCommunicationsoftheRepublicofChinaisthecabinet-levelgoverningbodyofthetransportnetworkinTaiwan. CiviliantransportinTaiwanischaracterisedbyextensiveuseofscooters.InMarch2019,13.86 millionwereregistered,twicethatofcars.[323] Bothhighwaysandrailwaysareconcentratednearthecoasts,wherethemajorityofthepopulationresides,with1,619 km(1,006 mi)ofmotorway. RailwaysinTaiwanareprimarilyusedforpassengerservices,withTaiwanRailwayAdministration(TRA)operatingacircularrouteandTaiwanHighSpeedRail(THSR)runninghighspeedservicesonthewestcoast.UrbantransitsystemsincludeTaipeiMetro,KaohsiungRapidTransit,TaoyuanMetroandNewTaipeiMetro. MajorairportsincludeTaiwanTaoyuan,Kaohsiung,TaipeiSongshanandTaichung.TherearecurrentlysevenairlinesinTaiwan,thelargestonesbeingChinaAirlinesandEVAAir. Therearefourinternationalseaports:Keelung,Kaohsiung,Taichung,andHualien. Education Mainarticles:EducationinTaiwan,AcademiaSinica,andHistoryofeducationinTaiwan Seealso:ScholarshipsinTaiwanandEconomyofTaiwan§ Science Taiwan'shighereducationsystemwasestablishedbyJapanduringthecolonialperiod.However,aftertheRepublicofChinatookoverin1945,thesystemwaspromptlyreplacedbythesamesystemasinmainlandChinawhichmixedfeaturesoftheChineseandAmericaneducationalsystems.[324] ChildrenataTaiwaneseschool TaiwaniswellknownforadheringtotheConfucianparadigmofvaluingeducationasameanstoimproveone'ssocioeconomicpositioninsociety.[325][326]Heavyinvestmentandaculturalvaluingofeducationhascatapultedtheresource-poornationconsistentlytothetopofglobaleducationrankings.Taiwanisoneofthetop-performingcountriesinreadingliteracy,mathematicsandsciences.In2015,Taiwanesestudentsachievedoneoftheworld'sbestresultsinmathematics,scienceandliteracy,astestedbytheProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA),withtheaveragestudentscoring519,comparedwiththeOECDaverageof493,placingitseventhintheworld.[327][328][329] TheTaiwaneseeducationsystemhasbeenpraisedforvariousreasons,includingitscomparativelyhightestresultsanditsmajorroleinpromotingTaiwan'seconomicdevelopmentwhilecreatingoneoftheworld'smosthighlyeducatedworkforces.[330][331]Taiwanhasalsobeenpraisedforitshighuniversityentranceratewheretheuniversityacceptanceratehasincreasedfromaround20percentbeforethe1980sto49percentin1996andover95percentsince2008,amongthehighestinAsia.[332][333][334]Thenation'shighuniversityentranceratehascreatedahighlyskilledworkforcemakingTaiwanoneofthemosthighlyeducatedcountriesintheworldwith68.5percentofTaiwanesehighschoolstudentsgoingontoattenduniversity.[335]Taiwanhasahighpercentageofitscitizensholdingatertiaryeducationdegreewhere45percentofTaiwaneseaged25–64holdabachelor'sdegreeorhighercomparedwiththeaverageof33percentamongmembercountriesoftheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD).[334][336] Ontheotherhand,thesystemhasbeencriticisedforplacingexcessivepressureonstudentswhileeschewingcreativityandproducinganexcesssupplyofover-educateduniversitygraduatesandahighgraduateunemploymentrate.Withalargenumberofuniversitygraduatesseekingalimitednumberofprestigiouswhitecollarjobsinaneconomicenvironmentthatisincreasinglylosingitscompetitiveedge,thishasledmanygraduatestobeemployedinlower-endjobswithsalariesfarbeneaththeirexpectations.[337][326]Taiwan'suniversitieshavealsobeenundercriticismfornotbeingabletofullymeettherequirementsanddemandsofTaiwan's21st-centuryfast-movinglabourmarket,citingaskillsmismatchamongalargenumberofself-assessed,overeducateduniversitygraduateswhodon'tfitthedemandsofthemodernTaiwaneselabourmarket.[338]TheTaiwanesegovernmenthasalsoreceivedcriticismforunderminingtheeconomyasithasbeenunabletoproduceenoughjobstomeetthedemandsofnumerousunderemployeduniversitygraduates.[332][339] AstheTaiwaneseeconomyislargelyscienceandtechnologybased,thelabourmarketdemandspeoplewhohaveachievedsomeformofhighereducation,particularlyrelatedtoscienceandengineeringtogainacompetitiveedgewhensearchingforemployment.AlthoughcurrentTaiwaneselawmandatesonlynineyearsofschooling,95percentofjuniorhighgraduatesgoontoattendaseniorvocationalhighschool,university,juniorcollege,tradeschool,orotherhighereducationinstitution.[335][340] SinceMadeinChina2025wasannouncedin2015,aggressivecampaignstorecruitTaiwanesechipindustrytalenttosupportitsmandatesresultedinthelossofmorethan3,000chipengineerstomainlandChina,[341]andraisedconcernsofa"braindrain"inTaiwan.[342][341][343] ManyTaiwanesestudentsattendcramschools,orbuxiban,toimproveskillsandknowledgeonproblemsolvingagainstexamsofsubjectslikemathematics,naturescience,historyandmanyothers.Coursesareavailableformostpopularsubjectsandincludelectures,reviews,privatetutorialsessions,andrecitations.[344][345] Asof2020[update],theliteracyrateinTaiwanwas99.03percent.[346] Demographics Mainarticle:DemographicsofTaiwan PopulationdensitymapofTaiwan(residentspersquarekilometre) Taiwanhasapopulationofabout23.4 million,[347]mostofwhomareontheislandofTaiwan.TheremainderliveontheoutlyingislandsofPenghu(101,758),Kinmen(127,723),andMatsu(12,506).[348] Largestcitiesandcounties Mainarticle:ListofcitiesinTaiwan ThefiguresbelowaretheMarch2019estimatesforthetwentymostpopulousadministrativedivisions;adifferentrankingexistswhenconsideringthetotalmetropolitanareapopulations(insuchrankingstheTaipei-Keelungmetroareaisbyfarthelargestagglomeration).Thefiguresreflectthenumberofhouseholdregistrationsineachcity,whichmaydifferfromthenumberofactualresidents.   LargestcitiesandspecialmunicipalitiesinTaiwansource Rank Name Division Pop. NewTaipeiTaichung 1 NewTaipei NewTaipeiCity 4,000,164 KaohsiungTaipei 2 Taichung TaichungCity 2,809,004 3 Kaohsiung KaohsiungCity 2,773,229 4 Taipei TaipeiCity 2,661,317 5 Taoyuan TaoyuanCity 2,230,653 6 Tainan TainanCity 1,883,078 7 Hsinchu HsinchuCity 446,701 8 Keelung KeelungCity 369,820 9 Chiayi ChiayiCity 268,474 10 Changhua ChanghuaCounty 232,505 Ethnicgroups Mainarticles:Taiwanesepeople,HanTaiwanese,HanChinese,andTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples OriginalgeographicdistributionsofTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples TheROCgovernmentreportsthatover95percentofthepopulationisHanChinese,includingdescendantsofthosewhoarrivedinlargenumbersstartinginthe18thcentury,2percentindigenousMalayo-Polynesianpeoples,and2percentnewimmigrantsprimarilyfromChinaandSoutheastAsia.[77][14] TheHoklopeoplearethelargestethnicgroup(70percentofthetotalpopulation),whoseHanancestorsmigratedfromthecoastalsouthernFujianregionacrosstheTaiwanStraitstartinginthe17thcentury.TheHakkacompriseabout15percentofthetotalpopulation,anddescendfromHanmigrantsfromeasternGuangdong.[349] TheindigenousTaiwaneseaboriginesnumberabout533,600andaredividedinto16groups.[350]TheAmi,Atayal,Bunun,Kanakanavu,Kavalan,Paiwan,Puyuma,Rukai,Saisiyat,Saaroa,Sakizaya,Sediq,Thao,TrukuandTsoulivemostlyintheeasternhalfoftheisland,whiletheYamiinhabitOrchidIsland.[351][352] Languages Mostcommonlyusedhomelanguageineacharea,darkerinproportiontotheleadoverthenextmostcommon  MandarinChinese  HokkienorMinNan  HakkaChinese  Austronesianlanguages Mainarticle:LanguagesofTaiwan Mandarinistheprimarylanguageusedinbusinessandeducation,andisspokenbythevastmajorityofthepopulation.TraditionalChineseisusedasthewritingsystem.[353]TheRepublicofChinadoesnothaveanylegallydesignatedofficiallanguage,butMandarinplaystheroleofthedefactoofficiallanguage.[3] SincetheMayFourthMovement,writtenvernacularChinesehadreplacedClassicalChineseandemergedasthemainstreamwrittenChineseintheRepublicofChina.ButClassicalChinesecontinuedtobewidelyusedintheGovernmentoftheRepublicofChina.MostgovernmentdocumentsintheRepublicofChinawerewritteninClassicalChineseuntilreformsinthe1970s,inareformmovementspearheadedbyPresidentYenChia-kantoshiftthewrittenstyletoamoreintegratedvernacularChineseandClassicalChinesestyle(文白合一行文).[354][355]After1January2005,theExecutiveYuanalsochangedthelong-standingofficialdocumentwritinghabitfromverticalwritingstyletohorizontalwritingstyle. Today,pureClassicalChineseisoccasionallyusedinformalorceremonialoccasions,religiousorculturalritesinTaiwan.TheNationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina(中華民國國歌),forexample,isinClassicalChinese.TaoisttextsarestillpreservedinClassicalChinesefromthetimetheywerecomposed.Buddhisttexts,orsutras,arestillpreservedinClassicalChinesefromthetimetheywerecomposedortranslatedfromSanskritsources.InpracticethereisasociallyacceptedcontinuumbetweenvernacularChineseandClassicalChinese.Mostofficialgovernmentdocuments,legal,courtsrulingsandjudiciarydocumentsuseacombinedvernacularChineseandClassicalChinesestyle(文白合一行文).[356]Forexample,mostofficialnoticesandformallettersarewrittenwithanumberofstockClassicalChineseexpressions(e.g.salutation,closing).Personalletters,ontheotherhand,aremostlywritteninvernacular,butwithsomeClassicalphrases,dependingonthesubjectmatter,thewriter'slevelofeducation,etc. AsmanylegaldocumentsarestillwritteninClassicalChinese,whichisnoteasilyunderstoodbythegeneralpublic,agroupofTaiwanesehadlaunchedtheLegalVernacularMovementhopingtobringmoreVernacularChineseintothelegalwritingsoftheRepublicofChina.[357] 70percentofthepopulationbelongtotheHokloethnicgroupandspeakHokkiennativelyinadditiontoMandarin.TheHakkagroup,comprisingsome14–18percentofthepopulation,speakHakka.AlthoughMandarinisthelanguageofinstructioninschoolsanddominatestelevisionandradio,non-MandarinChinesevarietieshaveundergonearevivalinpubliclifeinTaiwan,particularlysincerestrictionsontheirusewereliftedinthe1990s.[353] FormosanlanguagesarespokenprimarilybytheindigenouspeoplesofTaiwan.TheydonotbelongtotheChineseorSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily,buttotheAustronesianlanguagefamily,andarewritteninLatinalphabet.[358]TheiruseamongaboriginalminoritygroupshasbeenindeclineasusageofMandarinhasrisen.[353]Ofthe14extantlanguages,fiveareconsideredmoribund.[359] Taiwanisofficiallymultilingual.AnationallanguageinTaiwanislegallydefinedas"anaturallanguageusedbyanoriginalpeoplegroupofTaiwanandtheTaiwanSignLanguage".[11]Asof2019,policiesonnationallanguagesareinearlystagesofimplementation,withHakkaandindigenouslanguagesdesignatedassuch. Religion Mainarticle:ReligioninTaiwan Estimatedreligiouscompositionin2020[13]   Chinesefolkreligion(includingConfucianism)(43.8%)  Buddhists(21.2%)  Others(includingTaoists)(15.5%)  Unaffiliated(13.7%)  Christians(5.8%)  Muslims(1%) TheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinaprotectspeople'sfreedomofreligionandthepracticesofbelief.[360]FreedomofreligioninTaiwanisstrongandrankshighat9.2in2018accordingtoworldbank.[361] In2005,thecensusreportedthatthefivelargestreligionswere:Buddhism,Taoism,Yiguandao,Protestantism,andRomanCatholicism.[362]AccordingtoPewResearch,thereligiouscompositionofTaiwanin2020[363]isestimatedtobe43.8percentFolkreligions,21.2percentBuddhist,15.5Others(includingTaoism),13.7percentUnaffiliated,5.8percentChristianand1%Muslim.TaiwaneseaboriginescompriseanotablesubgroupamongprofessingChristians:"...over64percentidentifyasChristian...ChurchbuildingsarethemostobviousmarkersofAboriginalvillages,distinguishingthemfromTaiwaneseorHakkavillages".[364]TherehasbeenasmallMuslimcommunityofHuipeopleinTaiwansincethe17thcentury.[365] Confucianismisaphilosophythatdealswithsecularmoralethics,andservesasthefoundationofbothChineseandTaiwaneseculture.ThemajorityofTaiwanesepeopleusuallycombinethesecularmoralteachingsofConfucianismwithwhateverreligionstheyareaffiliatedwith. Asof2019[update],therewere15,175religiousbuildingsinTaiwan,approximatelyoneplaceofworshipper1,572residents.12,279templeswerededicatedtoTaoismandBuddhism.Therewere9,684TaoistTemplesand2,317BuddhistTemples.[366]InTaiwan's36,000squarekilometersofland,therearemorethan33,000placesforreligious(believers)toworshipandgather.Onaverage,thereisonetempleorchurch(church)orreligiousbuildingforeverysquarekilometer.Thehighdensityofplaceofworshipisrareintheworld,anditistheareawiththehighestdensityofreligiousbuildingsintheChinese-speakingworld.TaiwanisalsothemostreligiousregionintheChinese-speakingworld.EvenforChristianity,thereare2,845Churches.[366] AsignificantpercentageofthepopulationofTaiwanisnon-religious.Taiwan'sstronghumanrightsprotections,lackofstate-sanctioneddiscrimination,andgenerallyhighregardforfreedomofreligionorbeliefearneditajoint#1rankinginthe2018FreedomofThoughtReport,alongsidetheNetherlandsandBelgium.[367] Taiwanisclearlyanoutlierinthetop3,all-clearcountries.Itisnon-European,anddemographicallymuchmorereligious.Butinitsrelativelyopen,democraticandtolerantsocietywehaverecordednoevidenceoflawsorsocialdiscriminationagainstmembersofthenon-religiousminority.[368] LGBT Mainarticles:LGBTrightsinTaiwanandSame-sexmarriageinTaiwan On24May2017,theConstitutionalCourtruledthatthen-currentmarriagelawshadbeenviolatingtheConstitutionbydenyingTaiwanesesame-sexcouplestherighttomarry.TheCourtruledthatiftheLegislativeYuandidnotpassadequateamendmentstoTaiwanesemarriagelawswithintwoyears,same-sexmarriageswouldautomaticallybecomelawfulinTaiwan.[369]Inareferendumquestionin2018,however,votersexpressedoverwhelmingoppositiontosame-sexmarriageandsupportedtheremovalofcontentabouthomosexualityfromprimaryschooltextbooks.AccordingtotheNewYorkTimes,theaforementionedreferendumquestionsweresubjecttoa"well-fundedandhighlyorganizedcampaignledbyconservativeChristiansandothergroups"involvingtheuseof"misinformation,thebulkofwhichwasspreadonline".[245]Nevertheless,thevoteagainstsame-sexmarriagedoesnotaffectthecourtruling,andon17May2019,Taiwan'sparliamentapprovedabilllegalisingsame-sexmarriage,makingitthefirstcountryinAsiatodoso.[370][371][372] Publichealth Mainarticle:HealthcareinTaiwan NationalTaiwanUniversityHospital ThecurrenthealthcaresysteminTaiwan,knownasNationalHealthInsurance(NHI,Chinese:全民健康保險),wasinstitutedin1995.NHIisasingle-payercompulsorysocialinsuranceplanthatcentralizesthedisbursementofhealthcarefunds.Thesystempromisesequalaccesstohealthcareforallcitizens,andthepopulationcoveragehadreached99percentbytheendof2004.[373]NHIismainlyfinancedthroughpremiums,whicharebasedonthepayrolltax,andissupplementedwithout-of-pocketco-paymentsanddirectgovernmentfunding.Preventativehealthservice,low-incomefamilies,veterans,childrenunderthreeyearsold,andcatastrophicdiseasesareexemptfromco-payment.Lowincomehouseholdsmaintain100percentpremiumcoveragebytheNHIandco-paysarereducedfordisabledorcertainelderlypeople.[citationneeded] Earlyintheprogram,thepaymentsystemwaspredominantlyfee-for-service.Mosthealthprovidersoperateintheprivatesectorandformacompetitivemarketonthehealthdeliveryside.However,manyhealthcareproviderstookadvantageofthesystembyofferingunnecessaryservicestoalargernumberofpatientsandthenbillingthegovernment.Inthefaceofincreasinglossandtheneedforcostcontainment,NHIchangedthepaymentsystemfromfee-for-servicetoaglobalbudget,akindofprospectivepaymentsystem,in2002. Theimplementationofuniversalhealthcarecreatedfewerhealthdisparitiesforlower-incomecitizensinTaiwan.Accordingtoarecentlypublishedsurvey,outof3,360 patientssurveyedatarandomlychosenhospital,75.1percentofthepatientssaidtheyare"verysatisfied"withthehospitalservice;20.5percentsaidtheyare"okay"withtheservice.Only4.4percentofthepatientssaidtheyareeither"notsatisfied"or"verynotsatisfied"withtheserviceorcareprovided.[374] TheTaiwanesediseasecontrolauthorityistheTaiwanCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),andduringtheSARSoutbreakinMarch2003therewere347 confirmedcases.DuringtheoutbreaktheCDCandlocalgovernmentssetupmonitoringstationsthroughoutpublictransportation,recreationalsitesandotherpublicareas.WithfullcontainmentinJuly2003,therehasnotbeenacaseofSARSsince.[375]OwingtothelessonsfromSARS,aNationalHealthCommandCenterwasestablishedin2004,whichincludestheCentralEpidemicCommandCenter(CECC).TheCECChassinceplayedacentralroleinTaiwan'sapproachtoepidemics,includingtheCOVID-19pandemic. In2019,theinfantmortalityratewas4.2deathsper1,000livebirths,with20 physiciansand71hospitalbedsper10,000 people.[376][377]Lifeexpectancyatbirthin2020is77.5 yearsand83.9 yearsformalesandfemales,respectively.[378] Culture Mainarticles:CultureofTaiwan,CulturalhistoryofTaiwan,andChineseCulturalRenaissance Seealso:TaiwaneseWave ApoHsuandtheNTNUSymphonyOrchestraonstageintheNationalConcertHallTheculturesofTaiwanareahybridblendfromvarioussources,incorporatingelementsofthemajoritytraditionalChineseculture,aboriginalcultures,Japaneseculturalinfluence,traditionalConfucianistbeliefs,andincreasingly,Westernvalues. DuringthemartiallawperiodinwhichtheRepublicofChinawasofficiallyanti-communist,theKuomintangpromotedanofficialtraditionalChinesecultureoverTaiwaninordertoemphasizethattheRepublicofChinarepresentsthetrueorthodoxytoChineseCulture(andthereforethe"realandlegitimateChina")asopposedtoCommunistChina.[379]Thegovernmentlaunchedwhat'sknownastheChineseCulturalRenaissancemovementinTaiwaninoppositiontotheculturaldestructionscausedbytheChineseCommunistPartyduringtheCulturalRevolution.TheGeneralAssemblyofChineseCulture(中華文化總會)wasestablishedasamovementpromotioncounciltohelppromoteChineseCultureinTaiwanandoverseas.ItwasKuomintang'sfirststructuredplanforculturaldevelopmentonTaiwan.ChianghimselfwastheheadoftheGeneralAssemblyofChineseCulture.SubsequentPresidentoftheRepublicofChinaalsobecametheheadofthisGeneralAssembly.TheChineseCulturalRenaissancemovementinTaiwancoupledwithChineseCulturaleducationinTaiwanhadhelpedtoelevatetheculturalrefinement,mannerismandpolitenessofmanyTaiwanese,incontrasttotheculturaldestruction(unculturedbehaviour)ofmanymainlandChineseduetotheCulturalRevolution.[380]ThishasalsoledtoChineseCulture(especiallyitssoftculture)beingbetterpreservedinTaiwanthaninmainlandChina.AnexampleofthispreservationisthecontinueduseofTraditionalChinese.TheinfluenceofConfucianismcanbefoundinthebehaviourofTaiwanesepeople,knownfortheirfriendlinessandpoliteness.[381] TheupliftingofmartiallawusheredaperiodofdemocratizationwherebyFreedomofSpeechandExpressionledtoaflourishingTaiwaneseliteratureandMassmediainTaiwan. ReflectingthecontinuingcontroversysurroundingthepoliticalstatusofTaiwan,politicscontinuestoplayaroleintheconceptionanddevelopmentofaTaiwaneseculturalidentity,especiallyinitsrelationshiptoChineseculture.[382]Inrecentyears,theconceptofTaiwanesemulticulturalismhasbeenproposedasarelativelyapoliticalalternativeview,whichhasallowedfortheinclusionofmainlandersandotherminoritygroupsintothecontinuingre-definitionofTaiwanesecultureascollectivelyheldsystemsofmeaningandcustomarypatternsofthoughtandbehavioursharedbythepeopleofTaiwan.[383]Identitypolitics,alongwiththeoveronehundredyearsofpoliticalseparationfrommainlandChina,hasledtodistincttraditionsinmanyareas,includingcuisineandmusic. Arts Mainarticles:MusicofTaiwanandTaiwaneseart Thissectionappearstobeslantedtowardsrecentevents.Pleasetrytokeeprecenteventsinhistoricalperspectiveandaddmorecontentrelatedtonon-recentevents.(June2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Taiwanesewriter,literarycriticandpoliticianWangTuoh AcclaimedclassicalmusiciansincludeviolinistCho-LiangLin,pianistChing-YunHu,andtheLincolnCenterChamberMusicSocietyartistdirectorWuHan.OthermusiciansincludeJayChouandgroupssuchasMaydayandheavymetalbandChthonic,ledbysingerFreddyLim,whichhasbeenreferredtoasthe"BlackSabbathofAsia".[384][385] Taiwanesefilmshavewonvariousinternationalawardsatfilmfestivalsaroundtheworld.AngLee,aTaiwanesedirector,hasdirectedcriticallyacclaimedfilmssuchas:CrouchingTiger,HiddenDragon;EatDrinkManWoman;SenseandSensibility;BrokebackMountain;LifeofPi;andLust,Caution.OtherfamousTaiwanesedirectorsincludeTsaiMing-liang,EdwardYang,andHouHsiao-hsien.TaiwanhashostedtheGoldenHorseFilmFestivalandAwardssince1962. TaiwanhoststheNationalPalaceMuseum,whichhousesmorethan650,000piecesofChinesebronze,jade,calligraphy,painting,andporcelainandisconsideredoneofthegreatestcollectionsofChineseartandobjectsintheworld.[386]TheKMTmovedthiscollectionfromtheForbiddenCityinBeijingin1933andpartofthecollectionwaseventuallytransportedtoTaiwanduringtheChineseCivilWar.Thecollection,estimatedtobeone-tenthofChina'sculturaltreasures,issoextensivethatonly1percentisondisplayatanytime.ThePRChadsaidthatthecollectionwasstolenandhascalledforitsreturn,buttheROChaslongdefendeditscontrolofthecollectionasanecessaryacttoprotectthepiecesfromdestruction,especiallyduringtheCulturalRevolution.Relationsregardingthistreasurehavesincewarmed,withtheNationalPalaceMuseumloaningartworktovariousmuseumsinthePRCin2010.[387] Popularculture Karaoke,drawnfromcontemporaryJapaneseculture,isextremelypopularinTaiwan,whereitisknownasKTV.KTVbusinessesoperateinahotel-likestyle,rentingoutsmallroomsandballroomsaccordingtothenumberofguestsinagroup.ManyKTVestablishmentspartnerwithrestaurantsandbuffetstoformall-encompassingandelaborateeveningaffairsforfamilies,friends,orbusinessmen.TourbussesthattravelaroundTaiwanhaveseveralTVs,primarilyforsingingkaraoke.TheentertainmentcounterpartofaKTVisMTVTaiwan,particularlyinurbanareas.There,DVDmoviescanbeplayedinaprivatetheatreroom.However,MTV,moresothanKTV,hasagrowingreputationforbeingaplacethatyoungcoupleswillgotobealoneandintimate.[388][citationneeded] Taiwanhasahighdensityof24-hourconveniencestores,which,inadditiontotheusualservices,provideservicesonbehalfoffinancialinstitutionsorgovernmentagencies,suchascollectionofparkingfees,utilitybills,trafficviolationfines,andcreditcardpayments.[389]Theyalsoprovideaserviceformailingpackages.ChainssuchasFamilyMartprovideclothinglaundryservices,[390]anditispossibletopurchaseorreceiveticketsforTRAandTHSRticketsatconveniencestores,specifically7-Eleven,FamilyMart,Hi-LifeandOK.[391][392] Taiwaneseculturehasalsoinfluencedothercultures.Bubbleteahasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenonwithitspopularityspreadingacrosstheglobe.[393] Sports Mainarticle:SportinTaiwan YaniTsengwiththe2011Women'sBritishOpentrophy TaiTzu-ying,thecurrentworldNo.1inBWFatthe2018ChineseTaipeiOpen BaseballisTaiwan'snationalsportandisapopularspectatorsport.TheTaiwanesemen'sbaseballteamandwomen'sbaseballteamareworldNo.2intheWBSCRankingsasofJune2021.TherehavebeensixteenTaiwaneseMajorLeagueBaseballplayersintheUnitedStatesasofthe2020MLBSeason,includingformerpitchersChien-MingWangandWei-YinChen.TheChineseProfessionalBaseballLeagueinTaiwanwasestablishedin1989[394]andeventuallyabsorbedthecompetingTaiwanMajorLeaguein2003.Asof2019[update],theCPBLhasfourteams,withaverageattendanceover5,826pergame.[395] Besidesbaseball,basketballisTaiwan'sothermajorsport.[396]TheP.League+wasestablishedinSeptember2020asTaiwan'sprofessionalbasketballleagueandconsistsoffourteams.[397]Asemi-professionalSuperBasketballLeague(SBL)hasalsobeeninplaysince2003.[398]TwootherteamsfromTaiwancompeteintheASEANBasketballLeague,aprofessionalmen'sbasketballleagueinEastandSoutheastAsia. Taiwanparticipatesininternationalsportingorganizationsandeventsunderthenameof"ChineseTaipei"duetoitspoliticalstatus.In2009,Taiwanhostedtwointernationalsportingeventsontheisland.TheWorldGames2009wereheldinKaohsiungbetween16and26July2009.Taipeihostedthe21stSummerDeaflympicsinSeptemberofthesameyear.Furthermore,TaipeihostedtheSummerUniversiadein2017.[399]Inthenearfuture,TaipeiandNewTaipeiCitywillco-hostthe2025WorldMastersGames,asgovernedbytheInternationalMastersGamesAssociation(IMGA).[400] TaekwondohasbecomeamatureandsuccessfulsportinTaiwaninrecentyears.Inthe2004Olympics,ChenShih-hsinandChuMu-yenwonthefirsttwogoldmedalsinthewomen'sflyweighteventandthemen'sflyweightevent,respectively.SubsequenttaekwondocompetitorssuchasYangShu-chunhavestrengthenedTaiwan'staekwondoculture. Taiwanhasalonghistoryofstronginternationalpresenceintabletennis.ChenPao-peiwasagoldmedalistinthewomen'ssinglesattheAsianTableTennisChampionshipsin1953andgoldmedalistwithChiangTsai-yuninthe1957women'sdoublesandwomen'steamevents.LeeKou-tinwonthemen'ssinglesatthe1958AsianTableTennisChampionships.Morerecently,ChenChien-anwonthe2008WorldJuniorTableTennisChampionshipsinsinglesandpairedwithChuangChih-yuantowinthemen'sdoublesin2013atthe52ndWorldTableTennisChampionships.PlayingforTaiwan,ChenJingwonabronzemedalatthe1996OlympicGamesandasilvermedalatthe2000OlympicGames.17-year-oldLinYun-JuupsetbothreigningworldchampionMaLongandworldrankedNo.3FanZhendongtowinthe2019men'ssinglesintheT2DiamondSeriesinMalaysia.[401][402][403][404] InTennis,HsiehSu-weiisthecountry'smostsuccessfulplayer,havingbeenrankedinsidethetop25insinglesintheWTArankings.[405]ShebecamejointNo.1indoubleswithherpartnerPengShuaiin2014.[406]ThesistersChanYung-jan(LatishaChan)andChanHao-chingaredoublesspecialists.Theywontheir13thWTAtournamenttogetheratthe2019EastbourneInternational,[407]thesecond-highestnumberofwinsforapairofsistersaftertheWilliamssisters.[408]LatishaChanbecamejointNo.1withpartnerMartinaHingisin2017.[409]Themostsuccessfulmen'splayerwasLuYen-hsun,whoreachedNo.33intheATPrankingsin2010.[410] Taiwanisalsoamajorcompetitorinkorfball,earningthirdplacefourtimesattheWorldChampionship(in1991,2011,2015,and2019),andhostingandtakingsecondplaceattheU23WorldChampionshipin2008[411](aswellastakingthirdin2012andsecondin2016).Taiwanalsotooksilveratthe2017WorldGamesandbronzein1997,2001,and2013andatthe2009gamesheldinKaohsiung.[412]Taiwanisalsosettohostthe2023IKFWorldKorfballChampionship. YaniTsengisthemostfamousTaiwaneseprofessionalgolfercurrentlyplayingontheUS-basedLPGATour.Sheistheyoungestplayerever,maleorfemale,towinfivemajorchampionshipsandwasrankednumber1intheWomen'sWorldGolfRankingsfor109consecutiveweeksfrom2011to2013.[413][414][415] Taiwan'sstrengthinbadmintonisdemonstratedbythecurrentworldNo.1rankingfemaleplayer,TaiTzu-ying,andtheworldNo.2rankingmaleplayerChouTien-chenintheBWFWorldTour.[416][417] Calendar Mainarticle:RepublicofChinacalendar Seealso:ChinesecalendarandPublicholidaysinTaiwan ThestandardGregoriancalendarisusedformostpurposesinTaiwan.TheyearisoftendenotedbytheMinguoerasystemwhichstartsin1912,theyeartheROCwasfounded.2021isyear110Minguo(民國110年).TheEastAsiandateformatisusedinChinese.[418] Priortostandardisationin1929,theChinesecalendarwasofficiallyused.ItisaLunisolarcalendarsystemwhichremainsinusetodayfortraditionalfestivalssuchastheLunarNewYear,theLanternFestival,andtheDragonBoatFestival.[419] Seealso Taiwanportal Islandsportal IndexofTaiwan-relatedarticles OutlineofTaiwan RepublicofFormosa Notes ^TaipeiistheofficialseatofgovernmentoftheRepublicofChinaalthoughtheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinadoesnotspecifythedejurecapital.[1] ^MandarinasthestandardvarietyofChinese[3]VernacularChinese(usedinmostoccasions)ClassicalChinese(usedinformalorceremonialoccasions,religiousorculturalrites,officialdocuments,legalandcourtrulingsandjudiciarydocuments)[4] ^abcdNotdesignatedbutmeetslegaldefinition ^AnationallanguageinTaiwanislegallydefinedas"anaturallanguageusedbyanoriginalpeoplegroupofTaiwanandtheTaiwanSignLanguage".[11] ^Mixedindigenous-HanancestryisincludedinthefigureforHanChinese. ^Interpretationsonwhetherthisentailsacompletetransferoftheterritory'ssovereigntytotheRepublicofChinavary.JapanrenounceditsclaimstoTaiwanandthePescadoresintheTreatyofSanFranciscoin1952;seeRetrocessionDay,TheoryoftheUndeterminedStatusofTaiwanandpoliticalstatusofTaiwan. ^220Visalsousedforhighpowerappliancessuchasairconditioners ^seeetymologybelow ^TheUNdoesnotconsidertheRepublicofChinaasasovereignstate.TheHDIreportdoesnotincludeTaiwanaspartofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawhencalculatingmainlandChina'sfigures.[31]Taiwan'sgovernmentcalculateditsHDItobe0.907basedonUNDP's2010methodology,whichwouldrankit21st,betweenAustriaandLuxembourgintheUNlistdated14September2018.[32][33] ^Althoughthisisthepresentmeaningofguó,inOldChinese(whenitspronunciationwassomethinglike/*qʷˤək/)[52]itmeantthewalledcityoftheChineseandtheareastheycouldcontrolfromthem.[53] ^Itsuseisattestedfromthe6th-centuryClassicofHistory,whichstates"Huangtianbestowedthelandsandthepeoplesofthecentralstatetotheancestors"(皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王).[54] ^Therearethreecontemporarygeographicdefinitionsof"Taiwan"(seeListofislandsofTaiwanandRegionsofTaiwan),whichmayreferto:1.CommonnameofthestateofficiallynamedtheRepublicofChina,thiscontainsall166islandsadministeredbytheROC,collectivelyknownastheTaiwanArea;2.Taiwanproperregion(本島地區),thegeographicalunitencompasstheislandofTaiwananditsoffshoreislandsaswellasthePenghuIslands,excludingtheoutlyingislandgroupsofKinmen,Matsu,Wuqiu,andtheSouthChinaSeaislands;3.TheislandofTaiwan,thisindicatesonlythemainislandinthegeographicalunitandthestate. ^AlsoknownastheTaiwanareaorTai–Minarea(Chinese:臺閩地區;lit.'Taiwan–Fujianarea') ^ThemainlandareaconsistsofMainlandChina,Tibetand(previously)OuterMongolia ^Specialmunicipalities,cities,andcounty-administeredcitiesareallcalledshi(Chinese:市;lit.'city') ^Nominal;provincialgovernmentshavebeenabolished ^Constitutionallyhavingthesamestructureasthefreearea,thesearecurrentlyundertheChineseCommunistPartycontrolwithadifferentstructure ^Sometimescalledprovincialcities(Chinese:省轄市)todistinguishthemfromspecialmunicipalitiesandcounty-administeredcities ^Therearetwotypesoftownships:ruraltownshipsorxīang(Chinese:鄉)andurbantownshipsorzhèn(Chinese:鎮) ^Villagesinruraltownshipsareknownastsūn(Chinese:村),thoseinotherjurisdictionsareknownaslǐ(Chinese:里) Wordsinnativelanguages ^abTraditionalChinesescript:中華民國MandarinPinyin:ZhōnghuáMínguóHokkien:Tiong-hûaBîn-kokSixianHakka:Chûng-fàMìn-koet ^TraditionalChinesescript:臺灣or台灣MandarinPinyin:TáiwānHokkien:Tâi-uânSixianHakka:Tǒi-vǎnAmis:TaywanPaiwan:Taiwan References Citations ^"SincetheimplementationoftheActGoverningPrinciplesforEditingGeographicalEducationalTexts(地理敎科書編審原則)in1997,theguidingprincipleforallmapsingeographicaltextbookswasthatTaipeiwastobemarkedasthecapitalwithalabelstating:"LocationoftheCentralGovernment"".4December2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1November2019.Retrieved1November2019. ^"InteriorministerreaffirmsTaipeiisROC'scapital".TaipeiTimes.5December2013.Retrieved7December2013. ^ab"推動雙語國家政策問題研析".www.ly.gov.tw(inChinese).Retrieved25May2021. ^"法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明"(PDF)(inChinese).Retrieved2June2021. ^ExecutiveYuan,R.O.C.(Taiwan)(2012)."Chapter2:PeopleandLanguage".TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2012.p. 24.ISBN 9789860345902.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14October2013.Retrieved18December2013. ^GovernmentInformationOffice(2010)."Chapter2:PeopleandLanguage"(PDF).TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2010.p. 42.ISBN 9789860252781.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on5August2011. ^Liao,Silvie(2008)."APerceptualDialectStudyofTaiwanMandarin:LanguageAttitudesintheEraofPoliticalBattle".InChan,MarjorieK.M.;Kang,Hana(eds.).Proceedingsofthe20thNorthAmericanConferenceonChineseLinguistics(NACCL-20)(PDF).Vol. 1.Columbus,Ohio:TheOhioStateUniversity.p. 393.ISBN 9780982471500.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on24December2013. ^"行政院第3251次院會決議".www.ey.gov.tw(inChinese).Retrieved25May2021. ^"HakkaBasicAct".law.moj.gov.tw.Retrieved22May2019. ^"IndigenousLanguagesDevelopmentAct".law.moj.gov.tw.Retrieved22May2019. ^ab國家語言發展法.law.moj.gov.tw(inChinese).Retrieved22May2019. ^TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2016.ExecutiveYuan,R.O.C.2016.p. 10.ISBN 9789860499490.Retrieved31May2020.Ethnicity:Over95percentHanChinese(includingHolo,HakkaandothergroupsoriginatinginmainlandChina);2percentindigenousAustronesianpeoples ^abWashington,Suite800;Inquiries,DC20036USA202-419-4300(2April2015)."ReligiousCompositionbyCountry,2010–2050".PewResearchCenter'sReligion&PublicLifeProject.Retrieved23February2019. ^abcd"Taiwan".TheWorldFactbook.UnitedStatesCentralIntelligenceAgency.Retrieved6May2019. ^ab"TAIWANSNAPSHOT".Retrieved15March2020. ^"StatisticsfromStatisticalBureau".NationalStatistics,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).Retrieved26September2021. ^"GeneralStatisticalanalysisreport,PopulationandHousingCensus"(PDF).NationalStatistics,ROC(Taiwan).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on26December2016.Retrieved26November2016. ^abc"WorldEconomicOutlookDatabase,October2020".IMF.org.InternationalMonetaryFund.Retrieved23October2020. ^"GDP:PreliminaryEstimatefor2020Q4andOutlookfor2021"(PDF).dgbas.gov.tw.DirectorateGeneralofBudget,AccountingandStatistics.Retrieved7May2021. ^"Percentageshareofdisposableincomebyquintilegroupsofincomerecipientsandmeasuresofincomedistribution".stat.gov.tw.Retrieved26June2019. ^abc"國情統計通報（第014號）"(PDF).DirectorateGeneralofBudget,AccountingandStatistics,ExecutiveYuan,Taiwan(ROC).21January2021.Retrieved26January2021. ^"ICANNBoardMeetingMinutes".ICANN.25June2010. ^Fell,Dafydd(2018).GovernmentandPoliticsinTaiwan.London:Routledge.p. 305.ISBN 978-1317285069.Moreover,itsstatusasavibrantdemocraticstatehasearnedithugeinternationalsympathyandagenerallypositiveimage. ^Campbell,Matthew(7January2020)."China'sNextCrisisBrewsinTaiwan'sUpcomingElection".BloombergBusinessweek.No. 4642.pp. 34–39.ISSN 0007-7135.Retrieved24September2020.MuchhaschangedinTaiwansinceChiang'sday,butthisliminalqualityhasneverreallygoneaway.Byalmostanyfunctionalstandard,it'sasovereigncountry ^"Japan'sPMreferstoTaiwanascountry,drawsfirefromChina".KyodoNews.10June2021.Retrieved25October2021.JapanesePrimeMinisterYoshihideSugareferredtoTaiwanasacountry,immediatelydrawingfireonThursdayfrommainlandChina,whichregardstheislandasarenegadeprovince. ^Kuhn,Anthony(2August2021)."AfterBeingSilentForDecades,JapanNowSpeaksUpAboutTaiwan—AndAngersChina".npr.Retrieved25October2021.'WehavetoprotectTaiwan,asademocraticcountry,'Japan'sdeputydefenseminister,YasuhideNakayama,saidinaconferenceinJune. ^WorldBankCountryandLendingGroupsArchived11January2018attheWaybackMachine,WorldBank.Retrieved10July2018. ^"IMFAdvancedEconomiesList.WorldEconomicOutlook,April2016,p.148"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on21April2016. ^"FreedomintheWorld2019".freedomhouse.org.3January2019.Retrieved22February2019. ^Yao,Grace;Cheng,Yen-Pi;Cheng,Chiao-Pi(5November2008)."TheQualityofLifeinTaiwan".SocialIndicatorsResearch.92(2):377–404.doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9353-1.S2CID 144780750.asecondplacerankinginthe2000Economist'sworldhealthcareranking ^"-HumanDevelopmentReports"(PDF).hdr.undp.org. ^2018中華民國人類發展指數(HDI)(inTraditionalChinese).DirectorateGeneralofBudget,AccountingandStatistics,ExecutiveYuan,R.O.C.2018.Archivedfromtheoriginal(Excel)on11August2017.Retrieved12November2018. ^"HumanDevelopmentIndicesandIndicators:2018StatisticalUpdate"(PDF).UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.14September2018.OCLC 1061292121.Retrieved9December2018. ^abHorton,Chris(9November2021)."TheWorldIsFedUpWithChina'sBelligerence".TheAtlantic.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9November2021.Retrieved9November2021.WherethewordBeijingonceconjuredtheimageofaconfident,risingpower,todayitrepresentsafrowning,finger-pointing,never-erringcrank,itsconstantstreamofvitrioldiminishingtheeffectivenessofChineseanger.Oneoftheimplicationsofthishyperinflationofhurtfeelingshasbeentheeffectiveremovalofthedeterrentagainstdemocracies'improvingtheirunofficialrelationswithTaiwan.Afterall,ifmostmovesarelikelytoangerBeijing,whyholdbackfromanyofthem? ^abcdWood,Richard(27November2021)."WhatisbehindtheChina-Taiwandispute?".9News.NineEntertainmentCompany.Retrieved27November2021.Expertsagreeadirectconflictisunlikely,butasthefutureofself-ruledTaiwanincreasinglybecomesapowderkeg,amishapormiscalculationcouldleadtoconfrontationwhileChineseandAmericanambitionsareatodds. ^abDou,Eva(16September2019)."SolomonIslandsEndsDiplomaticTieswithTaiwan,StandsbyChina".TheWallStreetJournal.Retrieved16September2019. ^"KiribaticutstieswithTaiwanindiplomaticswitchtoChinadaysafterSolomonIslandspivot".AustralianBroadcastingCorporation.20September2019.Retrieved20September2019. ^Fell,Dafydd(2006).PartyPoliticsinTaiwan.Routledge.p. 85.ISBN 978-1-134-24021-0. ^Achen,ChristopherH.;Wang,T.Y.(2017)."TheTaiwanVoter:AnIntroduction".InAchen,ChristopherH.;Wang,T.Y.(eds.).TheTaiwanVoter.UniversityofMichiganPress.pp. 1–25.doi:10.3998/mpub.9375036.ISBN 978-0-472-07353-5.pp.1–2. ^"Chapter3:History"(PDF).TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2011.GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).2011.p. 46.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on14May2012. ^"IlhaFormosa:theEmergenceofTaiwanontheWorldSceneinthe17thCentury".npm.gov.tw. ^Davidson(1903),p. 10:"ADutchnavigatingofficernamedLinschotten[sic],employedbythePortuguese,sorecordedtheislandinhischarts,andeventuallythenameofFormosa,soeuphoniousandyetappropriate,replacedallothersinEuropeanliterature." ^seeforexample: Campbell,William(1915).SketchesfromFormosa.London:MarshallBrothers.OL 7051071M. Campbell(1903) Davidson(1903) ^Valentijn(1903),p. 52. ^Mair,V.H.(2003)."HowtoForgetYourMotherTongueandRememberYourNationalLanguage".Thetruederivationofthename"Taiwan"isactuallyfromtheethnonymofatribeinthesouthwestpartoftheislandintheareaaroundPing'an.Asearlyas1636,aDutchmissionaryreferredtothisgroupasTaiouwang.Fromthenameofthetribe,thePortuguesecalledtheareaaroundPing'anasTayowan,Taiyowan,Tyovon,Teijoan,Toyouan,andsoforth.Indeed,alreadyinhisship'slogof1622,theDutchmanCornelisReijersenreferredtotheareaasTeijoanandTaiyowan. ^蔡玉仙;et al.,eds.(2007).府城文史(inChinese).TainanCityGovernment.ISBN 978-986-00-9434-3. ^ShihShou-chien,ed.(2003).福爾摩沙 :十七世紀的臺灣、荷蘭與東亞[IlhaFormosa:theEmergenceofTaiwanontheWorldSceneinthe17thCentury](inChinese).Taipei:NationalPalaceMuseum.ISBN 978-957-562-441-5. ^Kato,Mitsutaka(2007)[1940].昨日府城明星台南:發現日治下的老臺南(inChinese).Translatedby黃秉珩.臺南市文化資產保護協會.ISBN 978-957-28079-9-6. ^abcOosterhoff,J.L.(1985)."Zeelandia,aDutchcolonialcityonFormosa(1624–1662)".InRoss,Robert;Telkamp,GerardJ.(eds.).ColonialCities:EssaysonUrbanisminaColonialContext.Springer.pp. 51–62.ISBN 978-90-247-2635-6. ^Thompson(1964),p. 166. ^Thompson(1964),p. 163. ^Baxter-Sagart. ^abWilkinson,Endymion(2000),ChineseHistory:AManual,Harvard-YenchingInstituteMonographNo.52,Cambridge:HarvardUniversityAsiaCenter,p. 132,ISBN 978-0-674-00249-4 ^《尚書》,梓材.(inChinese) ^Garver,JohnW.(April1997).TheSino-AmericanAlliance:NationalistChinaandAmericanColdWarStrategyinAsia.M.E.Sharp.ISBN 978-0-7656-0025-7. ^"OfficeofPresidentoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan)".Retrieved15July2015. ^"GovernmentPortaloftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan)".Retrieved16June2020. ^"PresidentTsaiinterviewedbyBBC".OfficeofthePresidentoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan).18January2020.Retrieved16June2020.Well,theideaisthatwedon'thaveaneedtodeclareourselvesanindependentstate.WeareanindependentcountryalreadyandwecallourselvestheRepublicofChina(Taiwan) ^abReid,Katie(18May2009)."TaiwanhopesWHOassemblywillhelpboostitsprofile".Reuters.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15October2013.Retrieved11June2013. ^abcd"WhitePaper--TheOne-ChinaPrincipleandtheTaiwanIssue".EmbassyofthePRCintheKingdomofNorway.TheTaiwanAffairsOfficeandTheInformationOfficeoftheStateCouncil.21February2000.Retrieved27November2021.Aswehavealreadysaid,TaiwanisaninalienablepartofChineseterritoryand,afterreplacingthegovernmentoftheRepublicofChinain1949,thegovernmentofthePRChasbecomethesolelegalgovernmentofChina,enjoyingandexercisingsovereigntyoverthewholeofChina,includingTaiwan. ^RosemaryGillespie;RosemaryG.Gillespie;D.A.Clague(2009).EncyclopediaofIslands.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.p. 904.ISBN 978-0-520-25649-1. ^BagyoPrasetyo;TitiSurtiNastiti;TrumanSimanjuntak(2021).AUSTRONESIANDIASPORA:ANewPerspective.UGMPRESS.p. 125.ISBN 978-602-386-202-3. ^Olsen,JohnW.;Miller-Antonio,Sari(1992)."ThePalaeolithicinSouthernChina".AsianPerspectives.31(2):129–160.hdl:10125/17011. ^Jiao(2007),pp. 89–90. ^Jiao(2007),pp. 91–94. ^Diamond,JaredM(2000)."Taiwan'sgifttotheworld"(PDF).Nature.403(6771):709–710.Bibcode:2000Natur.403..709D.doi:10.1038/35001685.PMID 10693781.S2CID 4379227.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on16September2006. ^Fox,JamesJ(2004)."CurrentDevelopmentsinComparativeAustronesianStudies"(PDF).SymposiumAustronesia.UniversitasUdayana,Bali. ^abcShepherd,JohnR.(1993).StatecraftandPoliticalEconomyontheTaiwanFrontier,1600–1800.StanfordUniversityPress.pp. 7–8.ISBN 978-0-8047-2066-3.ReprintedTaipei:SMCPublishing,1995. ^Wills(2006),p. 88. ^Andrade(2008),Chapter6Note5. ^Campbell,William(1903).FormosaUndertheDutch:DescribedfromContemporaryRecords,withExplanatoryNotesandaBibliographyoftheIsland.KeganPaul,Trench,Trubner.pp. 6–7.ISBN 9789576380839. ^Andrade2008,Chapter6. ^Wills(2006),p. 98. ^"FortSanDomingo".TamsuiHistoricalMuseum.Retrieved30October2020.FortSanDomingo,locatedatthehilltopoverlookingTamsuiRiverestuary,wasestablishedbytheSpanishin1628. ^abWills(2006),p. 91. ^YanXing.臺南與鄭成功[TainanandZhengChenggong(Koxinga)].TainanLiteratureandHistoryResearchDatabase.NationalMuseumofTaiwanHistory.Retrieved12February2021.這時成功意志堅决，便單獨倡導拒滿復明運動，以金，厦兩島爲根據地地，不斷地向閩，浙東南一進攻，奉永明王永曆正朔...于永曆十一年（清順治十四年公元一六五七年）受永水明王封為延平王[ThenChenggong(Koxinga)resolutelyandindependentlyadvocatedforthemovementtoresisttheManchusandrestoreMing,withbasesinKinmenandXiamencontinuouslyattackedsoutheasternMin(Fujian)andZhejiang,pledgedtoservetheYoungliemperorofMing...in1657wasconferredthetitleKingofYanpingbytheYongMingemperor]. ^ab2020-2021TaiwanataGlance(PDF).Taiwan:MinistryofForeignAffairs,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).September2020.p. 14.ISBN 978-986-5447-15-1. ^Andrade(2008),PrefaceNote1:"Second,thisbookisalsoabouthowTaiwanfirstcameunderChinesepoliticalcontrol,thankstotheMingloyalistregimeofZhengChenggong." ^Wills(2006),pp. 94–95. ^Struve,Lynn(1988)."TheSouthernMing".InMote,FredericW.;Twitchett,Denis(eds.).CambridgeHistoryofChina,Volume7,TheMingDynasty,1368–1644.Cambridge,England:CambridgeUniversityPress.pp. 641–725.ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.pp.722–725. ^Wills,JohnE.(2001).TheDutchReoccupationofChi-lung,1664–1668.California:UniversityofCalifornia.ISBN 9780936127095. ^Shepherd1993,p.95. ^Blussé,Leonard(1January1989)."Pioneersorcattlefortheslaughterhouse?ArejoindertoA.R.T.Kemasang".BijdragentotdeTaal-,Land-enVolkenkunde.145(2):357.doi:10.1163/22134379-90003260. ^abBallantine(1952),p. 15. ^Skoggard,IanA.(1996).TheIndigenousDynamicinTaiwan'sPostwarDevelopment:TheReligiousandHistoricalRootsofEntrepreneurship.M.E.Sharpe.ISBN 9781563248467.OL 979742M.p.10 ^三年小反五年大亂.台灣海外網(inChinese(Taiwan)). ^民變[CivilStrife].EncyclopediaofTaiwan(台灣大百科).TaiwanMinistryofCulture.Retrieved28February2021.臺灣有「三年一小反，五年一大反」之謠。

但是根據研究，這句俗諺所形容民變迭起的現象，以道光朝（1820-1850）的三十多年間為主[Therumorof"everythreeyearsasmalluprising,fiveyearsalargerebellion"circulatedaroundTaiwan.Accordingtoresearch,therepeatedcommotionsdescribedbythisidiomoccurredprimarilyduringthe30-yearperiodbetween1820and1850.]. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 16. ^Davidson(1903),pp. 247,620. ^"TreatyofPeacebetweenChinaandJapan(TreatyofShimonoseki)"(PDF).Ch'ingDynastyTreatiesandAgreementsPreservedbytheMinistryofForeignAffairsoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan).NationalPalaceMuseum.17April1895.Retrieved10February2021.中國將管理下開地方之權並將該地方所有堡壘軍器工廠及一切屬公物件永遠讓於日本...台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿...澎湖列岛[ChinashallyieldtoJapaninperpetuitytherightstoadministerthefollowingregionsaswellasallfortresses,munitionfactories,andpublicpropertiesthereof...theentireislandofTaiwanandallappertainingislands...Penghuarchipelago]. ^Shiba,Ryōtarō(1995).Taiwankikō :kaidōoyukuyonjū台湾紀行:街道をゆく〈40〉(inJapanese).Tōkyō:AsahiShinbunsha.ISBN 978-4-02-256808-3. ^Morris,Andrew(2002)."TheTaiwanRepublicof1895andthefailureoftheQingmodernizingproject".InCorcuff,Stéphane(ed.).Memoriesofthefuture:nationalidentityissuesandthesearchforanewTaiwan.M.E.Sharpe.pp. 3–24.ISBN 978-0-7656-0792-8. ^"HistoryofTaiwan".WindowsonAsia.AsianStudiesCenter,MichiganStateUniversity.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1September2006.Retrieved3December2014. ^Hsu,Mutsu(1991).Culture,SelfandAdaptation:ThePsychologicalAnthropologyofTwoMalayo-PolynesianGroupsinTaiwan.Taipei,Taiwan:InstituteofEthnology,AcademiaSinica.ISBN 978-957-9046-78-7. ^Chou,ChuingPrudence;Ho,Ai-Hsin(2007)."SchoolinginTaiwan".InPostiglione,GerardA.;Tan,Jason(eds.).GoingtoschoolinEastAsia.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.pp. 344–377.ISBN 978-0-313-33633-1.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19April2010. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 39. ^"History".TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2001.GovernmentInformationOffice.2001.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27October2003. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 48. ^Tierney,Robert(2010).TropicsofSavagery:TheCultureofJapaneseEmpireinComparativeFrame.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.pp. 8–9.ISBN 978-0-520-94766-5. ^吕正惠：战后台湾左翼思想状况漫谈一——日本剥削下的台湾社会.18November2014. ^KominkaMovement–台灣大百科全書EncyclopediaofTaiwan.Taiwanpedia.culture.tw(5August2013).Retrieved25August2013. ^Grajdanzev,A.J.(1942)."Formosa(Taiwan)UnderJapaneseRule".PacificAffairs.15(3):311–324.doi:10.2307/2752241.JSTOR 2752241. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 110. ^abBallantine(1952),p. 47. ^"ShuLinKouAirStation:WorldWarII".KenAshley,U.S.militaryphotoarchives.Retrieved14June2011. ^"History".OverseaOfficeRepublicofChina(Taiwan).2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28March2007.Retrieved2July2007. ^Jacobs,J.Bruce;Liu,I-haoBen(June2007)."LeeTeng-HuiandtheIdeaof"Taiwan"".TheChinaQuarterly.190(190):375–393.doi:10.1017/S0305741007001245.JSTOR 20192775.S2CID 154384016. ^再發"參拜靖國神社"論李登輝媚日情結大起底3November2010.People'sDaily.3November2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2January2013.Retrieved1October2012–via兩岸網. ^"ProtestersdemandjusticefromJapanon'comfortwomen'(update)|Society–FOCUSTAIWAN–CNAENGLISHNEWS".focustaiwan.tw. ^Morris,AndrewD.(30July2015).JapaneseTaiwan:ColonialRuleanditsContestedLegacy.BloomsburyPublishing.pp. 115–118.ISBN 978-1-4725-7674-3. ^China,FiverthousandyearsofHistoryandCivilization.CityUniversityOfHongKongPress.2007.p. 116.ISBN 978-962-937-140-1.Retrieved9September2014. ^Roy,Denny(2003).Taiwan:APoliticalHistory.Ithaca,NewYork:CornellUniversityPress.pp. 55,56.ISBN 978-0-8014-8805-4. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 57:"ChineseforceswerepreparedtomovewithAmericanaidbyanamphbiousliftintoFormosa...InSeptember1945theadministrationofFormosawastakenoverfromtheJapanesebyChineseforcesassistedbynumericallysmallUnitedStatesteams". ^"TheExerciseofLegitimateAuthority".TaiwanAutonomyFoundation.2021.Retrieved8January2022.Therulesofthepost-Napoleonicworldconsiderthatmilitaryoccupationisonlyatemporarysituation.Thelegalacquisitionofterritoryandanylong-termcontinuingexerciseoflegitimateauthorityovertheterritoryisonlyaccomplishedthroughspecificarrangementsmadeinthefinalpeacesettlement. ^"FarEast(FormosaandthePescadores)".Hansard.540(cc1870–4).4May1955.Retrieved1September2010.ThesovereigntywasJapaneseuntil1952.TheJapaneseTreatycameintoforce,andatthattimeFormosawasbeingadministeredbytheChineseNationalists,towhomitwasentrustedin1945,asamilitaryoccupation. ^Charney,JonathanI.;Prescott,J.R.V.(2000)."ResolvingCross-StraitRelationsBetweenChinaandTaiwan".AmericanJournalofInternationalLaw.94(3):453–477.doi:10.2307/2555319.JSTOR 2555319.S2CID 144402230.AfteroccupyingTaiwanin1945asaresultofJapan'ssurrender,theNationalistsweredefeatedonthemainlandin1949,abandoningittoretreattoTaiwan. ^"CairoCommuniqué,December1,1943".BirthoftheConstitutionofJapan.NationaDietLibrary.Retrieved29November2021.ItistheirpurposethatJapanshallbestrippedofalltheislandsinthePacificwhichshehasseizedoroccupiedsincethebeginningofthefirstWorldWarin1914,andthatalltheterritoriesJapanhasstolenfromtheChinese,suchasManchuria,Formosa,andThePescadores,shallberestoredtotheRepublicofChina. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 162:"UnitedStatesGovernmentrepliedonthispointasfollows:...CairoDeclarationprovidedthatManchuria,Formosa,andthePescadores,shallberestoredtotheRepublicofChina". ^"PotsdamDeclaration".TheAtomicHeritageFoundation.TheAtomicHeritageFoundationandtheNationalMuseumofNuclearScience&History.Retrieved29November2021.ThetermsoftheCairoDeclarationshallbecarriedoutandJapanesesovereigntyshallbelimitedtotheislandsofHonshu,Hokkaido,Kyushu,Shikokuandsuchminorislandsaswedetermine. ^"JapaneseInstrumentofSurrender".TheNationalArchivesFoundation.TheNationalArchives.Retrieved29November2021.WeherebyundertakefortheEmperor,theJapaneseGovernmentandtheirsuccessorstocarryouttheprovisionsofthePotsdamDeclarationingoodfaith ^Ballantine(1952),p. 58. ^"TreatyofPeacewithJapan"(PDF).UnitedNationsTreatiesCollection.TheUnitedNations.Retrieved29November2021. ^"TreatyofPeacebetweentheRepuiblicofChinaandJapan"(PDF).UnitedNationsTreatiesCollection.TheUnitedNations.Retrieved29November2021. ^"Formosaintransition".TheWorldToday.Vol. 4,no. 5.London:RoyalInstituteofInternationalAffairs.1948.p. 213. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 59. ^UnitedStates(1949),p. 923-925. ^"China:SnowRed&MoonAngel".Time.NewYork.7April1947.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11January2007. ^Shackleton,AllanJ.(1998).FormosaCalling:AnEyewitnessAccountofConditionsinTaiwanduringtheFebruary28th,1947Incident(PDF).Upland,California:TaiwanPublishingCompany.OCLC 40888167.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on5February2011.Retrieved18December2014. ^Ballatine(1952),p. 63.sfnperror:notarget:CITEREFBallatine1952(help) ^UnitedStates(1949),p. 932. ^"Taiwantakesfirststepstoexplain1947massacre".UnitedPressInternational.28February1991. ^Ballatine(1952),p. 64-65.sfnperror:notarget:CITEREFBallatine1952(help) ^Kubek,Anthony(1963).HowtheFarEastwaslost:AmericanpolicyandthecreationofCommunistChina.ISBN 978-0-85622-000-5. ^Huang,Fu-san(2010).臺灣簡史－麻雀變鳳凰的故事[ABriefHistoryofTaiwan:ASparrowTransformedintoaPhoenix](inChinese).GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29April2011.Retrieved13September2009.1949年，國民政府退守臺灣後，以臺北為戰時首都 ^"TaiwanTimeline –RetreattoTaiwan".BBCNews.2000.Retrieved21June2009. ^Dunbabin,J.P.D.(2008).TheColdWar.PearsonEducation.p. 187.ISBN 978-0-582-42398-5.In1949ChiangKai-shekhadtransferredtoTaiwanthegovernment,goldreserve,andsomeofthearmyofhisRepublicofChina. ^Ng,Franklin(1998).TheTaiwaneseAmericans.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.p. 10.ISBN 978-0-313-29762-5. ^ab三、台灣戒嚴令[III.DecreetoestablishmartiallawinTaiwan](inChinese).NationalArchivesAdministration,NationalDevelopmentCouncil.2October2009.Retrieved23May2012. ^"28February1947 –Taiwan'sHolocaustRemembered –60thCommemoration".NewTaiwan,IlhaFormosa.2007.Retrieved2July2009. ^"Taiwanpresidentapologisesfor'whiteterror'era".Reuters.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1April2019.Retrieved2July2009. ^Gluck,Caroline(16July2008)."Taiwansorryforwhiteterrorera".BBCNews.London. ^USDepartmentofDefense(1950)."ClassifiedTeletypeConference,dated27June1950,betweenthePentagonandGeneralDouglasMacArthurregardingauthorizationtousenavalandairforcesinsupportofSouthKorea.PapersofHarryS.Truman:NavalAideFiles".TrumanPresidentialLibraryandMuseum:1and4.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19April2006.Retrieved9March2006.Page1:Inaddition7thFleetwilltakestationsoastopreventinvasionofFormosaandtoinsurethatFormosanotbeusedasbaseofoperationsagainstChinesemainland."Page4:"SeventhFleetisherebyassignedtooperationalcontrolCINCFEforemploymentinfollowingtaskherebyassignedCINCFE:BynavalandairactionpreventanyattackonFormosa,oranyairorseaoffensivefromFormosaagainstmainlandofChina.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Alagappa,Muthiah(2001).Taiwan'spresidentialpolitics.M.E.Sharpe.p. 265.ISBN 978-0-7656-0834-5. ^"TaiwanTimeline –Coldwarfortress".BBCNews.2002.Retrieved2July2009. ^Makinen&Woodward(1989):"Yet,theChineseNationalistgovernmentattemptedtoisolateTaiwanfromthemainlandinflationbycreatingitasanindependentcurrencyarea.AndduringthelaterstagesofthecivilwaritwasabletoendthehyperinflationonTaiwan,somethingitwasunabletodoonthemainlanddespitetwoattempts." ^"China:ChiangKai-shek:DeathoftheCasualty".Time.14April1975.p. 3.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20December2009.Retrieved16December2009. ^Sun,Yat-sen;JulieLeeWei;RamonHawleyMyers;DonaldG.Gillin(1994).JulieLeeWei;RamonHawleyMyers;DonaldG.Gillin(eds.).PrescriptionsforsavingChina:selectedwritingsofSunYat-sen.HooverPress.p. 36.ISBN 978-0-8179-9281-1.ThepartyfirstappliedSun'sconceptofpoliticaltutelagebygoverningthroughmartiallaw,nottoleratingoppositionparties,controllingthepublicmedia,andusingthe1947constitutiondrawnupontheChinamainlandtogovern.Thus,muchoftheworldinthoseyearsgavethegovernmentlowscoresfordemocracyandhumanrightsbutadmittedithadaccomplishedaneconomicmiracle. ^Chao,Linda;RamonHawleyMyers(1997).Democracy'snewleadersintheRepublicofChinaonTaiwan.HooverPress.p. 3.ISBN 978-0-8179-3802-4.Althoughthisparty[theKMT]hadinitiatedademocraticbreakthroughandguidedthedemocratictransition,ithadalsoupheldmartiallawforthirty-sixyearsandseverelyrepressedpoliticaldissentandanyeffortstoestablishanoppositionparty.[...]Howwasitpossiblethatthisparty,sohatedbyoppositionpoliticiansandlongregardedbyWesterncriticsasadictatorial,Leninist-typeparty,stillremainedinpower? ^Fung(2000),p. 67:"Nanjingwasnotonlyundemocraticandrepressivebutalsoinefficientandcorrupt.[...]Furthermore,likeotherauthoritarianregimes,theGMDsoughttocontrolpeople'smind." ^Fung(2000),p. 85:"Theresponsetonationalemergency,criticsargued,wasnotmerelymilitary,itwas,evenmoreimportant,political,requiringtheterminationofone-partydictatorshipandthedevelopmentofdemocraticinstitutions." ^Copper,JohnFranklin(2005).ConsolidatingTaiwan'sdemocracy.UniversityPressofAmerica.p. 8.ISBN 978-0-7618-2977-5.Also,the"TemporaryProvisions"(oftheConstitution)didnotpermitformingnewpoliticalparties,andthosethatexistedatthistimedidnotseriouslycompetewiththeNationalistParty.Thus,atthenationalleveltheKMTdidnotpermitcompetitivedemocraticelections. ^"Outwiththeold".BBCNews.2002.Retrieved30October2009. ^RichardKagan.Taiwan'sStatesman:LeeTeng-huiandDemocracyinAsia.NavalInstitutePress,2014.p.91-93.ISBN 9781612517551 ^abEckholm,Erik(22March2000)."WhyaVictoryinTaiwanWasn'tEnoughforSome".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved28May2009. ^InfluenceofConstitutionalReformonParliamentarySysteminTaiwan:FromthePerspectiveoftheAbolishmentoftheNationalAssembly(thesis).GraduateInstituteofNationalDevelopment,NationalTaiwanUniversity,theRepublicofChina.29November2014. ^JuditÁrokay;JadrankaGvozdanović;DarjaMiyajima(2014).DividedLanguages?:Diglossia,TranslationandtheRiseofModernityinJapan,China,andtheSlavicWorld.SpringerScience.p. 73.ISBN 978-3-319-03521-5. ^"CentralElectionCommission:::PresidentialElections:::".CentralElectionCommission.Retrieved28October2021. ^"TaiwanTimeline –Pathtodemocracy".BBCNews.2002.Retrieved3July2009. ^"AnnotatedRepublicofChinaLaws/AdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina/1997".Wikibooks.22April2015.Retrieved15September2017. ^Pomfret,James;Miller,Matthew;Blanchard,Ben(17January2016)."Aftervote,ChinatellsTaiwantoabandonindependence"hallucination"".Reuters.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11February2019. ^BBCNews:Taiwanscrapsunificationcouncil,27February2006 ^"TaiwanpartyassertsseparateidentityfromChina".USAToday. ^abcWong,Edward(12March2008)."Taiwan'sIndependenceMovementLikelytoWane".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved12February2016. ^abLam,Willy(28March2008)."MaYing-jeouandtheFutureofCross-StraitRelations".ChinaBrief.8(7).Archivedfromtheoriginalon13April2008.Retrieved4April2008. ^"TheNationalistsarebackinTaiwan".TheEconomist.London.23March2008. ^"Straitenedtimes:TaiwanlookstoChina".FinancialTimes.25March2008. ^"Taiwan-ChinaEconomicTiesBoom,MilitaryTensionsRemain|English".VoiceofAmerica.20August2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10March2014.Retrieved1August2010. ^Ho,Ming-sho."TheActivistLegacyofTaiwan'sSunflowerMovement".CarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeace.Retrieved4March2021. ^ab"TaiwanPresidentCallsForInternationalSupportToDefendDemocracy".4January2019.Retrieved5January2019. ^"ChinaMustDemocratizeforTaiwanProgress,PresidentTsaiSays".5January2019.Retrieved6January2019.TsaicalledonBeijingtobecomemoredemocraticandrenouncetheuseofmilitaryforceifitwantstohaveanychanceofwinningovertheheartsandmindsoftheTaiwanesepublic....ChinesePresidentXiJinpingofferedonWednesdaytobegindiscussionsonunificationwithanypartiesorindividualsthatacceptTaiwanispartof"oneChina."BothTsaiandtheChina-friendlyoppositionKuomintangrejectedXi'sproposal,sayinghis"onecountry,twosystems"frameworklackssupportinTaiwan. ^"Taiwanelection:TsaiIng-wenwinssecondpresidentialterm".BBCNews.11January2020. ^DemocracyIndex2020(PDF).TheEconomistIntelligenceUnit(Report).2021.Thestar-performerinthisyear'sDemocracyIndex,measuredbythechangeinbothitsscoreandrank,isTaiwan,whichwasupgradedfroma'flaweddemocracy'toa'fulldemocracy',afterrising20placesintheglobalrankingfrom31stplaceto11th ^EconomicDevelopmentR.O.C(Taiwan)(Report).NationalDevelopmentCouncil(Taiwan).p. 4.Retrieved6November2021. ^Dinerstein,Eric;et al.(2017)."AnEcoregion-BasedApproachtoProtectingHalftheTerrestrialRealm".BioScience.67(6):534–545.doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014.ISSN 0006-3568.PMC 5451287.PMID 28608869. ^Grantham,H.S.;et al.(2020)."Anthropogenicmodificationofforestsmeansonly40%ofremainingforestshavehighecosystemintegrity–SupplementaryMaterial".NatureCommunications.11(1):5978.doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3.ISSN 2041-1723.PMC 7723057.PMID 33293507. ^Exec.Yuan(2014),p. 44. ^abExec.Yuan(2014),p. 45. ^"ClimateofTaiwan".TravelTips–USAToday.Retrieved18September2020. ^"IsTaiwanDoingEnoughtoAddressClimateChangeinTheHottestSummerEver?｜Politics&Society｜2020-08-19｜webonly".CommonWealthMagazine.Retrieved18September2020. ^"GeologyofTaiwan".UniversityofArizona.Retrieved1August2010. ^Clift,SchoutenandDraut(2003)inIntra-OceanicSubductionSystems:TectonicandMagmaticProcesses,ISBN 1-86239-147-5p84–86 ^"USGSseismichazardmapofEasternAsia".Seismo.ethz.ch.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3March2000.Retrieved30May2011. ^"Taiwanflashpoint:Introduction–Presentstatus".BBCNews.BritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC).2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5December2020.Retrieved6December2020.ButTaiwan'sleaderssayitisclearlymuchmorethanaprovince,arguingthatitisasovereignstate.Ithasitsownconstitution,democratically-electedleaders,and400,000troopsinitsarmedforces. ^Chang,Bi-yu(2015).Place,Identity,andNationalImaginationinPost-warTaiwan.Oxon,UK,andNewYorkCity:Routledge.pp. 35–40,46–60.ISBN 978-1-317-65812-2. ^Molloy,Shannon(13October2021)."ProofChinahasbeenpractisingforyearsforawarthatwouldsparkmassglobalconflict".news.com.au.NationwideNews.Retrieved13October2021. ^Martin,Peter(10November2021)."U.S.Lawmakers'VisittoTaiwanTestsDetenteWithChina".Bloomberg.Retrieved13November2021. ^YahooNewsStaff(13November2021)."'Inconceivable':PeterDuttonwarnsofmajorChinamove".YahooNews.Yahoo.Retrieved13November2021. ^abChapman,Alex(14November2021)."China'smediamouthpieceissuesthinly-veiledwarningtoAustraliaamidtensionoverTaiwan".7News.Retrieved14November2021.TaiwansaysitisanindependentcountryandwilldefenditselfifChinaattacks. ^Chung,Lawrence(27September2014)."'Onecountry,twosystems'rightformulaforTaiwan,XiJinpingreiterates".SouthChinaMorningPost.Retrieved14April2015. ^ab"China-Taiwantensions:WewillnotbowtoBeijingpressure,saysleader".BBCNews.BBC.10October2021.Retrieved10October2021. ^"Liancheng/LianfengAirbase –ChineseMilitaryForces".FederationofAmericanScientists.Retrieved7June2009.InMarch2000itwasreportedthatthePLAAirForcewasdeployingnewair-defensemissiles[possiblybatteriesofRussian-madeS-300missiles]oppositeTaiwanatthecoastalcitiesofXiamenandShantou,andatLongtian,nearFuzhou. ^ab"2004NationalDefenseReport"(PDF).ROCMinistryofNationalDefense.2004.Retrieved27November2021. ^ab"LuftraumverletzungeninTaiwan:EsgehtumEinschüchterung"[AirspaceintrusioninTaiwan:It'saboutintimidation].SRF4News(inSwissHighGerman).SRFSchweizerRadioundFernsehen.5October2021.Retrieved10October2021. ^Yu,Sophie;JaneMacartney(16December2008)."DirectflightsbetweenChinaandTaiwanmarkneweraofimprovedrelations".TheTimes.London.Retrieved4June2009. ^"China/Taiwan:Evolutionofthe"OneChina"Policy—KeyStatementsfromWashington,Beijing,andTaipei".www.everycrsreport.com. ^ab"Leedeniesexistenceof'1992Consensus,'"Archived2005-04-14attheWaybackMachineTheChinaPost,November8,2001 ^Cheng,AllenT."DidHeSay'OneChina'?".Asiaweek.Retrieved11March2021. ^Hong,Caroline(30April2005)."Lien,Hushare'vision'forpeace".TaipeiTimes.Retrieved3June2016. ^"TaiwaneseoppositionleaderinBeijingtalks".TheGuardian.AssociatedPress.29April2005. ^Hong,Caroline(28March2005)."KMTdelegationtravelstoChinaforhistoricvisit".TaipeiTimes.Retrieved18November2014. ^Hille,Kathrin(3April2008)."HopesriseforTaiwan-Chinadialogue".FinancialTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6January2022.AccordingtoaUSaccountofthetalks,MrHusaid:ItisChina'sconsistentstandthattheChinesemainlandandTaiwanshouldrestoreconsultationandtalksonthebasisof'the1992consensus',whichseesbothsidesrecognisethereisonlyoneChina,butagreetodifferonitsdefinition. ^"Chinese,U.S.presidentsholdtelephonetalksonTaiwan,Tibet".Consulate-GeneralofthePeople'sRepublicofChinainVancouver.26March2008. ^"PressBriefingbyNationalSecurityAdvisorStephenHadleyonthePresident'sTriptotheNATOSummit".WhiteHousePressOffice.BusinessWire.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30September2015.HesaidthatitisChina'sconsistentstandthattheChinesemainlandandTaiwanshouldrestoreconsultationandtalksonthebasisofthe1992consensus,whichseesbothsidesrecognizethereisonlyoneChina,butagreetodifferonitsdefinitions. ^Nylander,Johan(4November2014)."TaiwanpresidentwilldealwithChinabutnotatexpenseofsovereignty".CNN. ^中華民國第12任總統就職演說全文(inChinese).BroadcastingCorporationofChina.20May2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30March2009.Retrieved30May2008. ^Wang,Chris(12February2014)."MACMinisterWanginhistoricmeeting".TaipeiTimes.Retrieved3June2016. ^"Firstminister-levelChineseofficialheadstoTaipeifortalks".JapanTimes.25June2014.ISSN 0447-5763.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27June2014.Retrieved4June2016. ^Huang,Cary(5November2015)."Xi'samister,soisMa:ChinaandTaiwanhaveanunusualsolutionforanoldproblem".SouthChinaMorningPost.Retrieved12November2015. ^Lee,Shu-hua;Chang,S.C."PresidentMatomeetChina'sXiinSingaporeSaturday(update)".CentralNewsAgency.Retrieved4November2015. ^Chiao,Yuan-Ming(7November2015)."Cross-straitleadersmeetafter66yearsofseparation".ChinaPost.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10November2015.Retrieved3June2016. ^Romberg,AlanD."The"1992Consensus"—AdaptingtotheFuture?"(PDF).HooverInstitution.Retrieved10March2021. ^"Tsai'sinaugurationspeech'incompletetestpaper':Beijing".TaipeiTimes.21May2016.Retrieved10March2021. ^"PresidentTsaiissuesstatementonChina'sPresidentXi's"MessagetoCompatriotsinTaiwan"".2January2018. ^"Tsai,LaivoicesupportforHongKongextraditionbillprotesters".FocusTaiwan.TheCentralNewsAgency.10June2019. ^"PresidentTsaiIng-wensaysTaiwanwillnotbeforcedtobowtoChina".ABCNews.AustralianBroadcastingCorporation.Reuters.10October2021.Retrieved10October2021. ^Horton,Chris(5January2019)."Taiwan'sPresident,DefyingXiJinping,CallsUnificationOffer'Impossible'".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved18January2019. ^"Countries –China".USDepartmentofState,OfficeoftheHistorian.Retrieved28May2009. ^EyalPropper."HowChinaViewsitsNationalSecurity,"TheIsraelJournalofForeignAffairs,May2008. ^"GeneralAssembly,26thsession :1976thplenarymeeting,Monday,25October1971,NewYork(A/PV.1976)".UnitedNationsDigitalLibrary.1974:41.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Henckaerts,Jean-Marie(1996).TheinternationalstatusofTaiwaninthenewworldorder.MartinusNijhoffPublishers.pp. 96–97.ISBN 978-90-411-0929-3. ^Wu,Sarah;Lee,Yimou(3November2021).Schmollinger,Christian(ed.)."TaiwanwelcomesfirstofficialEuropeanParliamentdelegation".Reuters.Retrieved3November2021. ^Vang,Pobzeb(2008).FivePrinciplesofChineseForeignPolicies.AuthorHouse.p. 46.ISBN 978-1-4343-6971-0. ^abYates,StephenJ.(16April1999)."TheTaiwanRelationsActAfter20Years:KeystoPastandFutureSuccess".TheHeritageFoundation.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22July2009.Retrieved19July2009. ^"China:USspatoverTaiwancouldhitco-operation".AgenceFrance-Presse.2February2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6February2010.Retrieved17July2014. ^Kelly,JamesA.(21April2004)."OverviewofUSPolicyTowardsTaiwan"(Pressrelease).UnitedStatesDepartmentofState.Retrieved17July2014. ^"UStosellarmstoTaiwandespiteChineseopposition".BBCNews.16December2015. ^"ObamatopushaheadonTaiwanfrigatesalesdespiteChineseanger".CNBC.Reuters.14December2015. ^"ChinawarnsagainstfirstmajorUS-Taiwanarmssaleinfouryears".TheGuardian.Reuters.16December2015. ^"ChinasayswarwithUSwouldbeadisasterastensionsmount".TheGuardian.2June2019.Retrieved2June2019. ^"TaiwanandtheUnitedNations".NewTaiwan.Retrieved28May2009. ^"Taiwan".UNPO.Retrieved7May2009. ^"AboutTFD".TFD.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18March2008. ^Tkacik,John(13May2009)."JohnTkacikonTaiwan:Taiwan's'undetermined'status".TaipeiTimes.Retrieved28May2009. ^Su,Joy(19May2004)."WHOapplication:aquestionofhealthorpolitics?".TaipeiTimes. ^"MinisterChiuleadsourWHAdelegationtoactivelyholdbilateraltalkswithdelegationsfromothernations.Thiseventhasbeenthemostsuccessfulmedical-relateddiplomaticrecordoverthepastyears".RepublicofChina:MinistryofHealthandWelfare.18June2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10February2015.Retrieved27January2015. ^"ROCurgesworldpublictosupportWHObid".TaiwanInfo.3May2002.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10February2015.Retrieved27January2015. ^"TaiwandelegationtoparticipateinWHA".TaiwanToday.14May2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19January2012.Retrieved2January2015. ^"WHOBowstoChinaPressure,ContravenesHumanRightsinRefusingTaiwanMedia".international.thenewslens.com.18May2018.Retrieved31March2020. ^Davidson,Helen(30March2020)."SeniorWHOadviserappearstododgequestiononTaiwan'sCovid-19response".TheGuardian. ^Blanchard,Ben(24January2020)."PartiesuniteoverTaiwan'sexclusionfromWHOanti-virusplanning".Reuters.Retrieved31March2020. ^http://hnn.us/article/51398#sthash.04ZCBpL4.dpuf;GeorgeMasonUniversityHistoryNewsNetwork:SusanBrownell,"CouldChinastopTaiwanfromcomingtotheOlympicGames?";originalsource:MinutesoftheExecutiveBoardmeeting,Nagoya,Japan,23–25October1979,p.103;viewed26August2014. ^CatherineK.Lin(5August2008)."How'ChineseTaipei'cameabout".TaipeiTimes. ^"Taiwaninsistson'ChineseTaipei'".ChinaPost.25July2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29June2017.Retrieved28May2009. ^"TaiwanflagsinSaltLakeruffleafewfeelings".TheDeseretNews.10February2002. ^abHorton,Chris(26November2018)."TaiwanAskedVoters10Questions.ItGotSomeUnexpectedAnswers.(Published2018)".TheNewYorkTimes.ISSN 0362-4331.Retrieved17February2021. ^"TaiwanIndependencevs.UnificationwiththeMainland".ElectionStudyCenter,NationalChengchiUniversity.Retrieved27October2021. ^Enav,Peter(16May2008)."UnificationwithChinaunlikely'inourlifetimes':president-elect".ChinaPost.Retrieved13June2009.'Itisverydifficultforustoseeanyunificationtalkseveninourlifetimes,'Masaid.'Taiwanesepeoplewouldliketohaveeconomicinteractionswiththemainland,butobviouslytheydon'tbelievetheirpoliticalsystemissuitableforTaiwan.' ^"TaiwanFlashpoint:Independencedebate".BBCNews.2009.Sinceneitheroutcomelookslikelyintheshortorevenmediumterm,itisperhapsnotsurprisingthatopinionpollssuggestmostTaiwanesepeoplewantthingstostayastheyare,withtheisland'sambiguousstatusunresolved. ^"ImpulsaTaiwanlareconciliación".ElSoldeMéxico(inSpanish).2September2008.Retrieved9June2009.Esencialmente,nodefiniríamoslarelaciónatravésdelestrechodeTaiwancomounarelacióndedospaísesodosChinas,porquenuestraConstituciónnolopermite.Nosotrosdefiniríamosestárelacióncomounarelaciónmuyespecial,yaquelaConstituciónnuestra,igualquelaConstitucióndeChinacontinental,nopermitelaexistenciadeotropaísdentrodelterritorio. ^Grant,Stan(10October2021)."ForChina'sXiJinping,attackingTaiwanisaboutidentity–that'swhatmakesitsodangerous".ABCNews.AustralianBroadcastingCorporation.Retrieved10October2021. ^dpa(13October2021)."China:ManöversollenDruckaufTaiwanundUSAverstärken"[China:ManeuversintendedtoincreasepressureonTaiwanandtheUSA].SüddeutscheZeitung(inGerman).München.Retrieved17October2021.OhnehinverstehtsichTaiwanlängstselbstalsunabhängig.[Inanycase,Taiwanhaslongseenitselfasindependent.] ^"Taiwanesepremier'sindependencestanceincursBeijing'swrath".TODAYonline.28September2017.Retrieved6October2017. ^abcdefg"Chapter4:Government".TheRepublicofChinaYearbook.GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).2011.pp. 55–65.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on12May2008. ^"Taiwanassemblypasseschanges".BBCNews.7June2005. ^Huang,Jei-hsuan(14September2006)."Letter:KMTholdsthekey".TaipeiTimes.p. 8.Retrieved28May2009. ^Jayasuriya,Kanishka(1999).Law,capitalismandpowerinAsia.Routledge.p. 217.ISBN 978-0-415-19743-4. ^AdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina(2005) .Article5–viaWikisource. ^Wang,Yang-yu;Kao,Evelyn(10December2019)."LegislaturepassesrevisedlawtoshrinkExaminationYuan".CentralNewsAgency.Retrieved19February2020. ^Yang,Mien-chieh;Chung,Jake."ExaminationYuanatoddswithself".TaipeiTimes.Retrieved10March2021. ^Ginsburg,Tom(2003).Judicialreviewinnewdemocracies.CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 111.ISBN 978-0-521-52039-3. ^Yeh,Jiunn-rong(2016).TheConstitutionofTaiwan.Bloomsbury.pp. 3–4.ISBN 978-1849465120. ^Chang,Ming-hsuan;Mazzetta,Matthew."DPPlawmakersseekremovalof'nationalunification'fromConstitution".CentralNewsAgency(Taiwan).No. 3September2020.Retrieved8March2021. ^"蒙古不是中華民國固有之疆域".自由時報LibertyTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3February2021.Retrieved6February2021. ^"ConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan)".Retrieved14February2021. ^Clark,KeithAllanII(3September2018)."ImaginedTerritory:TheRepublicofChina's1955VetoofMongolianMembershipintheUnitedNations".JournalofAmerican-EastAsianRelations.25(3):263–295.doi:10.1163/18765610-02503003. ^"Taiwan'embassy'changesangerChina".BBCNews.26February2002.Retrieved14February2021. ^"MongolianotwithinnationalboundaryunderROCConstitution:MAC".CentralNewsAgency(Taiwan).21May2012.Retrieved8March2021. ^"有關外蒙古是否為中華民國領土問題說明新聞參考資料"[ReferencematerialsabouttheterritoryoftheRepublicofChinaexcludeOuterMongolia](PDF)(inChinese(Taiwan)).MainlandAffairsCouncil.Retrieved22May2012. ^"TaiwanFlashpoint:IndependenceDebate".BBCNews.BBC.Retrieved6March2021. ^"TaiwanpartyassertsseparateidentityfromChina".USAToday.30September2007.Retrieved29May2009. ^CrisisGroup(6June2003)."TaiwanStraitI:What'sLeftof'OneChina'?".InternationalCrisisGroup.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9July2008.Retrieved29May2009. ^Shirk,SusanL.(2007).China:FragileSuperpower.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-530609-5. ^abPares,Susan(24February2005).ApoliticalandeconomicdictionaryofEastAsia.Routledge.p. 267.ISBN 978-1-85743-258-9.ThePan-BluecoalitiononthewholefavoursaChinesenationalistidentityandpoliciessupportingreunificationandincreasedeconomiclinkswiththePeople'sRepublicofChina. ^Ko,Shu-Ling(8October2008)."MareferstoChinaasROCterritoryinmagazineinterview".TaipeiTimes. ^"TaiwanandChinain'specialrelations':Ma".ChinaPost.4September2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6September2008.Retrieved11September2008. ^"World|Asia-Pacific|TaiwanoppositionleaderinChina".BBCNews.26April2005.Retrieved28May2009. ^ab"Taiwanese/ChineseIdentity(1992/06~2021/06)".ElectionStudyCenter.NationalChengchiUniversity.Retrieved27October2021. ^Shambaugh,DavidL.(2006).Powershift.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.pp. 179–183.ISBN 978-0-520-24570-9. ^Okazaki,Hisahiko(30December2008)."Nosignofa'peaceagreement'".JapanTimes.Retrieved15July2009.Foronething,IbelievethereisrecognitionthattheawarenessofTaiwaneseidentityisnowirreversible.TheKMTgovernmentdidthingslikerenamethe"TaiwanPost"to"ChunghwaPost"assoonasitcamein.ButitdidnottakemuchtimetoperceivethatitwouldcauseabacklashamongtheTaiwanpopulace.Thecross-straitexchangeshavealsobroughtaboutoppositiondemonstrationsfromtimetotime.ThisappearstobeoneofthereasonsfortheabruptdeclineintheapprovalratingoftheMaadministration. ^"10Questions:MaYing-jeou".Time.10July2006.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24October2007.Retrieved15July2009.IamTaiwaneseaswellasChinese. ^"SurveyonPresidentMa'sApprovalRatingandCross-StraitRelationsAfterFirstYearofDirectFlights"(PDF).GlobalViewsSurveyResearchCenter.24July2009.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on29April2011.Retrieved3December2014. ^Shortall,Dominick;Johnson,Jesse(28October2020)."Onceunimaginable,somenowdebatingreturnofU.S.forcestoTaiwan".TheJapanTimes.Retrieved6January2021. ^abFravel,M.Taylor(2002)."TowardsCivilianSupremacy:Civil-MilitaryRelationsinTaiwans'sDemocratization"(PDF).ArmedForces&Society.29(1):57–84.doi:10.1177/0095327X0202900104.S2CID 146212666.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on12February2020. ^"CommittedtoTaiwan".TheWallStreetJournal.26April2001.Retrieved28May2009. ^Swaine&Mulvenon2001,p. 65:"[...]theROCmilitaryfunctioneduntilveryrecentlyasaninstrumentofKMTrule[...]thebulkoftheofficercorpsisstillcomposedofmainlanders,manyofwhomallegedlycontinuetosupportthevaluesandoutlookofmoreconservativeKMTandNewPartymembers.ThisisviewedasespeciallythecaseamongtheseniorofficersoftheROCArmy.Hence,manyDPPleadersinsistthatthefirststeptobuildingamoresecureTaiwanistobringthemilitarymorefullyunderciviliancontrol,toremovethedominantinfluenceofconservativeKMTelements,andtoreducewhatisregardedasanexcessiveemphasisonthemaintenanceofinappropriategroundforcecapabilities,asopposedtomoreappropriateairandnavalcapabilities." ^"TaiwanYearbook2004".GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6January2012.Retrieved28May2009. ^Bishop,MacWilliam(1January2004)."WomenTakeCommand".GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28April2011.Retrieved5June2009. ^"TaiwanYearbook2005".GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27January2010.Retrieved28May2009. ^"ASIA-PACIFIC|MilitaryalternativeinTaiwan".BBCNews.1May2000.Retrieved28May2009. ^"Themyth:aprofessionalmilitaryinfiveyears".TaipeiTimes.21March2009.Retrieved28May2009. ^"Taiwantoendconscription".TheStraitsTimes.9March2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13March2009.Retrieved28May2009. ^"Taiwantoshortenconscriptiontermtooneyear".CentralNewsAgencywebsite,Taipei.3December2008.Retrieved28May2009. ^"Kidd-classwarshipssetsailforTaiwan".TaipeiTimes.31October2005. ^Rickards,Jane(5October2008)."TaiwaneseleaderhailsweaponsdealwithUS".TheWashingtonPost. ^Cabestan,Jean-Pierre(2001)."France'sTaiwanPolicy:ACaseofShopkeeperDiplomacy"(PDF).CERI.Retrieved5June2009.ByexcludingtheFrenchcompaniesfromthebiddinglistsofmanycontract,Pekingwantedabovealltostopagrowingtrend(...)todisregarditsobjectionsandinterestsintheTaiwanissue.(...)InspiteofthebanofarmssalestoTaiwanapprovedbytheFrenchgovernmentinJanuary1994,discreetandsmall-sizeddealshavecontinuedtobeconcludedsincethen. ^"Taiwantryingtoshoreupweaponssupport".USAToday.24September2004.Retrieved28May2009. ^Swaine,MichaelD.;Mulvenon,JamesC.(2001)[2001].Taiwan'sForeignandDefensePolicies:FeaturesandDeterminants(PDF).RANDCorporation.ISBN 978-0-8330-3094-8.Retrieved23May2015. ^"ChinaThreattoAttackTaiwanAlarmsAsia".AssociatedPress.14March2005.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11April2005. ^Kapstein,EthanB.;MichaelMastanduno(1999).Unipolarpolitics.ColumbiaUniversityPress.p. 194.ISBN 978-0-231-11309-0.TheJapaneseleadershipopenlysplitonwhetheracrisisinTaiwanwasincludedinthegeographicexpression"areasurroundingJapan."Intheevent,JapanrefusedtostipulatethecontingenciesunderwhichitwouldproviderearareasupportforU.S.forcesoreventhegeographicscopeofthe"areasurroundingJapan".(...)Thetwosideshavenotarticulatedclearlywhatthealliancestandsfor,norwhoitisdefinedtoprotectagainst. ^Tow,William(2005)."ANZUS:RegionalversusGlobalSecurityinAsia?".InternationalRelationsoftheAsia-Pacific.5(2):197–216.doi:10.1093/irap/lci113. ^Seidel,Jamie(31October2021)."ChinareactstoPeterDuttons'jaw-dropping'promisetodefendTaiwan".news.com.au.NationwideNews.Retrieved13November2021.TheRepublicofChinaautocracy-turned-democracydidn'tsurrendertotheCommunistPartyuprisingduringthe1949civilwar.Ithasnointentionofdoingsonow.NowTaipei'sowndefenceminister,ChiuKuo-cheng,sayshiscountryispreparedtodefenditselfalone,ifnecessary."Thecountrymustrelyonitself,"hetoldmediaThursday."Ifanyfriendsorothergroupscanhelpus,thenwe'rehappytohaveit.Butwecannotcompletelydependonit." ^"ChinaandTaiwan:flashpointforawar".TheSydneyMorningHerald.14July2004.Retrieved13June2009. ^Mirski,Sean."Stranglehold:TheContext,ConductandConsequencesofanAmericanNavalBlockadeofChina".CarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeace.JournalOfStrategicStudies.Retrieved15January2021. ^Lague,David;KangLim,Benjamin(30April2019)."China'sfearofanAmericanblockade".Reuters.Reuters.Retrieved15January2021. ^Axe,David."ToDefeatChinaInWar,StrangleItsEconomy:Expert".Forbes.Retrieved15January2021. ^Williams(29September2020)."After"theWarthatNeverWas"—TheRealBeginning".U.S.NavalInstitute.U.S.NavalInstitute.Retrieved15January2021. ^Mehra,Jyotsna."TheAustralia-India-Japan-USQuadrilateral:DissectingtheChinaFactor".ORF.ObserverResearchFoundation.Retrieved15January2021. ^"GoldShippedtoTaiwanin1949HelpedStabilizeROConTaiwan".KuomintangNewsNetwork.6April2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27September2011.Retrieved14June2011.Translatedfrom王銘義(5April2011).1949年運台黃金中華民國保命本.ChinaTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21February2015.Retrieved21February2015. ^Roy,Denny(2003).Taiwan:APoliticalHistory.Ithaca,NY:CornellUniversityPress.pp. 76,77.ISBN 978-0-8014-8805-4. ^Shih,Da-NienLiuandHui-Tzu(4December2013)."TheTransformationofTaiwan'sStatusWithintheProductionandSupplyChaininAsia".Brookings.Retrieved6January2021. ^Makinen&Woodward1989:"ItwasthefiscalregimechangeonTaiwan,asintheEuropeanepisodes,thatfinallybroughtpricestability.Itwastheaidpolicythatbroughtthebudgettonearbalance,andwhentheaidprogrammereacheditsfullproportionsin1952,pricesstabilized." ^RalphClough,"TaiwanunderNationalistRule,1949–1982,"inRoderickMacFarquaretal.,ed.,CambridgeHistoryofChina,Vol15,ThePeople'sRepublicPt2(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1991),p.837 ^Her,Kelly(12January2005)."PrivatizationSetinMotion".TaiwanReview.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30April2011.Retrieved5June2009. ^"Reservesofforeignexchangeandgold".WorldFactBook.CIA.4September2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13June2007.Retrieved3January2011.Rank5Taiwan$274,700,000,00031December2007 ^Harding,Phil(23January2010)."Taiwan'sGrandHotelwelcomeforChinesevisitors".BBCNews. ^DoIT2008,p. 5"Althoughused-to-be-hostiletensionbetweenTaiwanandChinahasbeeneasedtoacertaindegree,TaiwanshouldseektomaintainstablerelationwithChinawhilecontinuingtoprotectnationalsecurity,andavoidingexcessive"Sinicization"ofTaiwaneseeconomy.Strategiestoavoidexcessive"Sinicization"oftheTaiwaneseeconomycouldincludeeffortstoincreasegeographicdiversityofoverseasTaiwaneseemployment,diversifyingTaiwan'sexportmarketsandinvestment." ^BBCNews,"TaiwanFlashpoint","SomeTaiwaneseworrytheireconomyisnowdependentonChina.OtherspointoutthatcloserbusinesstiesmakesChinesemilitaryactionlesslikely,becauseofthecosttoChina'sowneconomy." ^Wang,Audrey(10January2011)."Taiwan's2010tradehitsrecordhigh".TaiwanToday. ^"US-TaiwanFTAwouldhavelimitedimpact".bilaterals.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10May2006.Retrieved28May2009. ^Morris,Peter(4February2004)."TaiwanbusinessinChinasupportsopposition".AsiaTimesOnline.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13February2004.{{citenews}}:CS1maint:unfitURL(link) ^"CopingwithAsianfinancialcrisis:TheTaiwanexperience|SeoulJournalofEconomics".FindArticlesatBNET.28April2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8June2009.Retrieved28May2009. ^"SeparateCustomsTerritoryofTaiwan,Penghu,KinmenandMatsu(ChineseTaipei)andtheWTO".WorldTradeOrganization.Retrieved7June2009. ^交通部統計查詢網.stat.motc.gov.tw(inChinese).Retrieved6May2019. ^Postiglione,GerardA.;GraceC.L.Mak(1997).Asianhighereducation.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.pp. 346–348.ISBN 978-0-313-28901-9. ^PrudenceChou,Chuing(2014)."Amatteroftrust:shadoweducationinTaiwan".OpenEdition. ^ab"Fearsoverover-educationinTaiwan".TheAustralian.3September2012. ^"PISA–ResultsinFocus"(PDF).OECD.p. 5. ^"ChineseTaipeiStudentperformance(PISA2015)".OECD.Retrieved19August2019. ^Kiersz,Andy(16December2016).Thelatestrankingoftopcountriesinmath,reading,andscienceisout–andtheUSdidn'tcrackthetop10. ^"TIMSSMath2003"(PDF). ^"TIMSSScience2003"(PDF). ^abChou,Chuing(12November2014)."EducationinTaiwan:Taiwan'sCollegesandUniversities". ^Wiese,Elizabeth(7May2015)."Taiwan'sproblem?Toomanycollegegraduates,toofewmachinists".USAToday.Retrieved19August2019. ^abHsueh,Chia-Ming(5August2018)."HigherEducationCrisisinTaiwan".InsideHigherEd.Retrieved19August2019. ^abSechiyama,Kaku(2013).PatriarchyinEastAsia:AComparativeSociologyofGender.BrillPublishers.p. 254.ISBN 978-9004230606. ^"5mil.Taiwaneseholddegreesfromhighereducationinstitutions".ChinaPost.13March2016.Retrieved19August2019. ^Lee,Pearl(13April2015).Universitydegrees:Mindsetshiftneeded.TheStraitsTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18January2017.Retrieved15January2017. ^"Taiwan'shighereducationenrolmentstartsadownwardslide".ICEFMonitor.16August2016. ^Sui,Cindy(23September2013)."ThedrawofbluecollarjobsinTaiwan".BBCNews. ^TaiwanCountry:StrategicInformationandDevelopments.InternationalBusinessPublications.2012.p. 25.ISBN 978-1438775708. ^abIhara,Kensaku(3December2020)."Taiwanloses3,000chipengineersto'MadeinChina2025'".nikkei.com.Nikkei.Retrieved11November2020. ^Kyng,James(4December2020)."Taiwan'sbraindrain:semiconductorengineersheadtoChina".ft.com.TheFinancialTimes.Retrieved11November2020. ^Strong,Matthew(1October2020)."Taiwan's'GodfatherofDRAM'leavesChina".taiwannews.com.Retrieved11November2020. ^"Over70%ofTaiwaneseparentssendkidstoEnglishbushibans".InvestinTaiwan,DepartmentofInvestmentServices.2September2005.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8June2008.Retrieved28May2009. ^C.Smith,Douglas(1997).MiddleeducationintheMiddleKingdom.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.p. 119.ISBN 978-0-275-95641-7. ^國人教育水準.gender.ey.gov.tw(inChinese).Retrieved3October2021. ^Exec.Yuan(2014),p. 36. ^"NumberofVillages,Neighborhoods,HouseholdsandResidentPopulation".MOIStatisticalInformationService.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29March2014.Retrieved2February2014. ^Yan,MargaretMian(2006).IntroductiontoChineseDialectology.LINCOMEuropa.p. 169.ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6. ^Exec.Yuan(2014),p. 49. ^"IndigenousPeople".MOIStatisticalInformationService.February2012.Retrieved14April2012. ^"AnOverviewofTaiwan'sIndigenousGroups".Taipei:GovernmentInformationOffice.2006.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11April2012.Retrieved14April2012. ^abc"Chapter2:PeopleandLanguage"(PDF).TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2011.GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on14May2012. ^Tsao,Feng-fu(2000)."ThelanguageplanningsituationinTaiwan".InBaldauf,RichardB.;Kaplan,RobertB.(eds.).LanguageplanninginNepal,Taiwan,andSweden.Vol. 115.MultilingualMatters.pp. 60–106.ISBN 978-1-85359-483-0.pages75–76. ^Cheong,Ching(2001).WillTaiwanbreakaway:theriseofTaiwanesenationalism.WorldScientific.p. 187.ISBN 978-981-02-4486-6. ^"法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明"(PDF)(inChinese).Retrieved2June2021. ^"《法律白話文運動》掀起一場法律革命"(inChinese).Retrieved9July2021. ^"OfficialdocumentsissuedinAboriginallanguages".TaipeiTimes.Retrieved20July2017. ^Zeitoun,Elizabeth;Yu,Ching-Hua."TheFormosanLanguageArchive:LinguisticAnalysisandLanguageProcessing"(PDF).ComputationalLinguisticsandChineseLanguageProcessing.10(2):168.Retrieved4August2012. ^ConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina .ChapterII,Article13–viaWikisource.Thepeopleshallhavefreedomofreligiousbelief ^"Freedomofreligion,Scale".WorldBank.2018.Retrieved2June2021. ^"TaiwanYearbook2006".GovernmentofInformationOffice.2006.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8July2007.Retrieved1September2007. ^"ReligiousCompositionbyCountry,2010–2050".PewResearchCenter.2April2015.Retrieved19May2019. ^Stainton,Michael(2002)."PresbyteriansandtheAboriginalRevitalizationMovementinTaiwan".CulturalSurvivalQuarterly26.2,5May2010.Retrieved3December2014. ^"IslaminTaiwan:Lostintradition".AlJazeera.31December2014. ^ab"表23各宗教教務概況"(inChinese).Retrieved2June2021. ^"Thesearethebestandworstcountriesintheworldtobeanatheist".journal.ie.28October2018.Retrieved2November2018. ^"THEFREEDOMOFTHOUGHTREPORT2018".2018.p. 14.Retrieved15October2019.Taiwanisclearlyanoutlierinthetop3,all-clearcountries.Itisnon-European,anddemographicallymuchmorereligious.Butinitsrelativelyopen,democraticandtolerantsocietywehaverecordednoevidenceoflawsorsocialdiscriminationagainstmembersofthenon-religiousminority. ^Wu,J.R.(24May2017)."Taiwancourtrulesinfavorofsame-sexmarriage,firstinAsia".Reuters.Retrieved11October2017. ^"Taiwangaymarriage:Parliamentlegalisessame-sexunions".BBC.17May2019.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17May2019.Retrieved17May2019. ^"Taiwanlegalizessame-sexmarriageinhistoricfirstforAsia".CNN.17May2019.Retrieved17May2019. ^Steger,Isabella(17May2019)."InafirstforAsia,Taiwanlegalizedsame-sexmarriage—withcaveats".Quartz.Retrieved31May2021. ^Fanchiang,Cecilia."NewIChealthinsurancecardexpectedtooffermanybenefits"Archived6June2008attheWaybackMachine,TaiwanJournal,2January2004Accessed28March2008 ^"TaiwaneseHospitalPublicSatisfactionPoll"(inChinese).TaiwanDepartmentofHealth.October2004.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21September2009. ^"CenterforDiseaseControl".TaiwanCDC.18July2006.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7August2016. ^"StatisticsofMedicalCareInstitution'sStatus&HospitalUtilization2019".17July2020. ^"Infantmortalityrate". ^"Taiwan".12August2020. ^陳鐵健、黃鐵炫(1992).《蔣介石與中國文化》(inChinese).HongKong:中華書局.p. 122.{{citebook}}:CS1maint:usesauthorsparameter(link) ^"5ReasonsWhyChineseTouristsAreSoRude".Archivedfromtheoriginalon8March2021.Retrieved4June2021. ^"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon27January2021.Retrieved4June2021.{{citenews}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^Yip2004,pp. 230–248;Makeham2005,pp. 2–8;Chang2005,p. 224 ^Hsiau2005,pp. 125–129;Winckler1994,pp. 23–41 ^Hunt,Katie(13January2016)."MeetFreddyLim,thedeathmetalstarrunningforpoliticalofficeinTaiwan".CNN.com.Retrieved17January2016. ^McVeigh,Tracy(26December2015)."Taiwan'sheavymetalstarralliesfanstorunforparliamentonanti-Chinaplatform".TheObserver.Retrieved1January2016–viaTheGuardian. ^"Museum".archive.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28October2009. ^"TaiwantoloanarttoChinaamidwarmingties".AgenceFrance-Presse.22September2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4May2011. ^"KTVinTaiwan(KaroakeinTaiwan)".www.reachtoteachrecruiting.com.Retrieved5April2021. ^AmericanChamberofCommerceinTaipei."ConvenienceStoresAimatDifferentiation".TaiwanBusinessTopics.34(11).Archivedfromtheoriginalon16May2008. ^News,Taiwan(24January2019)."FamilyMartrollsoutlaundryserviceinTaiwan|TaiwanNews|2019/01/24".TaiwanNews.Retrieved5April2021. ^"TRAticketscollectableatstores-TaipeiTimes".www.taipeitimes.com.5December2011.Retrieved5April2021. ^www.kyart.com.tw."台灣高鐵TaiwanHighSpeedRail".en.thsrc.com.tw.Retrieved5April2021. ^Wong,MaggieHiufu(29April2020)."Theriseofbubbletea,oneofTaiwan'smostbelovedbeverages".CableNewsNetwork.CNN.Retrieved29July2020. ^"IntroofCPBL".Cpbl.com.tw.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16March2009.Retrieved3December2014. ^"About關於中職".TheOfficialSiteofCPBL.ChineseProfessionalBaseballLeague.Retrieved2January2021. ^Wang,Audrey(1June2008)."APassionforHoops".TheTaiwanReview.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15February2012.Retrieved8April2012. ^Yen,William(11November2020)."P.LEAGUE+toboostdomestictourism,demonstratevirusprevention".FocusTaiwan.Retrieved31December2020. ^"ASEANBasketballLeaguetotipoffwithtwoteamsfromTaiwan".TaiwanNews.CentralNewsAgency.31October2019.Retrieved31December2020. ^Chen,Christie(30August2017)."UNIVERSIADE:ForeignathletespraiseTaipei'seffortsashostcity".FocusTaiwan.Retrieved25May2018. ^"MayorssignhostingdealforWorldMastersGames".TheTaipeiTimes.TheTaipeiTimes.12December2020.Retrieved30December2020. ^"TaiwanscoresfirsttabletennisgoldinPariswin–TaipeiTimes".TaipeiTimes.21May2013.Retrieved18July2019. ^"Athletes_Profile|Biographies|Sports".6October2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6October2014.Retrieved18July2019. ^"TaiwaneseMedalsinTableTennisintheOlympicGames".olympiandatabase.com.Retrieved18July2019. ^"T2DiamondSeries:MatchDay4".InternationalTableTennisFederation.21July2019.Retrieved21July2019. ^Phillips,Tony(7December2012)."Interview:TennisplayerHsiehSu-weihasyeartoremember".TaipeiTimes.Retrieved16September2019. ^"Hsieh&Peng:Co-DoublesNo.1s".WTA.10May2014.Retrieved16September2019. ^"ChanSistersTriumphatEastbourne".FocusTaiwan.30June2019.Retrieved16September2019. ^Livaudais,Stephanie(14March2019)."'Playingwithyoursiblingisnotthateasy':HowtheChansfoundcommonground".WTA.Retrieved16September2019. ^"ChanandHingissecureyear-endWorldNo.1doublesranking".WTA.27October2017.Retrieved16September2019. ^Meiseles,Josh(19April2019)."MeetThe#NextGenATPontheRiseinChineseTaipei".ATPTour.Retrieved16September2019. ^"NetherlandsRetainsWorldYouthKorfballChampion;TaiwanisontheWaytotheWorld".ReutersNewswire.8November2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3February2012.Retrieved14June2011. ^Hazeldine,Richard(22July2009)."Jujitsu,korfballputTaiwanbackonwinningtrack".TaipeiTimes.Retrieved14June2011. ^"AtOnly22,TsengWinsFifthMajor".TheNewYorkTimes.AssociatedPress.1August2011. ^"VictoriousTsengtakesNo.1ranking".TaipeiTimes.AgenceFrance-Presse.14February2011. ^"StacyLewiswins,nowNo.1inworld".ESPN.AssociatedPress.17March2013.Retrieved21March2013. ^Goh,ZK."MeetTaiTzu-ying,ChineseTaipei'sBadmintonStar".WhoisTaiTzu-ying.OlympicChannelServicesS.L.Retrieved29July2020. ^"BWFWorldRankings".Rankings.BadmintonWorldFederation.Retrieved29July2020. ^"Chinese(TraditionalHan,Taiwan)(zh-Hant-TW)".IBMKnowledgeCenter.Retrieved8May2019. ^"HolidaysandFestivalsinTaiwan".GovernmentInformationOffice,ROC.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9October2009.Retrieved28May2009. Workscited Andrade,Tonio(2008).HowTaiwanBecameChinese.Gutenberg-eE-book.NewYork,NY;Chichester,WestSussex:ColumbiaUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-231-50368-6. Bird,MichaelI;Hope,Geoffrey;Taylor,David(2004)."PopulatingPEPII:thedispersalofhumansandagriculturethroughAustral-AsiaandOceania"(PDF).QuaternaryInternational.118–119:145–163.Bibcode:2004QuInt.118..145B.doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00135-6.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on12February2014.Retrieved31March2007. Chang,Maukuei(2005)."TheMovementtoIndigenizetoSocialSciencesinTaiwan:OriginandPredicaments".InMakeham,John;Hsiau,A-chin(eds.).Cultural,Ethnic,andPoliticalNationalisminContemporaryTaiwan:Bentuhua.NewYork:PalgraveMacmillan.ISBN 978-1-4039-7020-6. Davidson,JamesW.(1903).TheIslandofFormosa,PastandPresent :history,people,resources,andcommercialprospects :tea,camphor,sugar,gold,coal,sulphur,economicalplants,andotherproductions.LondonandNewYork:Macmillan.OL 6931635M. DoIT(2008)."2008WhitePaperonTaiwanIndustrialTechnology"(PDF).DepartmentofIndustrialTechnology.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on29April2011. Exec.Yuan(2014).TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2014(PDF).ExecutiveYuan,R.O.C.ISBN 978-986-04-2302-0. Fenby,Jonathan(2009).ThePenguinHistoryofModernChina:TheFallandRiseofaGreatPower,1850–2009.PenguinBooks.ISBN 978-0-7139-9832-0. Fung,EdmundS.K.(2000).InsearchofChinesedemocracy:civiloppositioninNationalistChina,1929–1949.CambridgemodernChinaseries.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-521-77124-5. Hill,Catherine;Soares,Pedro;Mormina,Maru;Macaulay,Vincent;Clarke,Dougie;Blumbach,PetyaB.;Vizuete-Forster,Matthieu;Forster,Peter;Bulbeck,David;Oppenheimer,Stephen;Richards,Martin(January2007)."AMitochondrialStratigraphyforIslandSoutheastAsia".TheAmericanJournalofHumanGenetics.80(1):29–43.doi:10.1086/510412.PMC 1876738.PMID 17160892. Hsiau,A-Chin(2005)."TheIndigenizationofTaiwaneseLiterature:HistoricalNarrative,StrategicEssentialism,andStateViolence".InMakeham,John;Hsiau,A-chin(eds.).Cultural,Ethnic,andPoliticalNationalisminContemporaryTaiwan:Bentuhua.NewYork:PalgraveMacmillan.ISBN 978-1-4039-7020-6. Jiao,Tianlong(2007).TheNeolithicofsoutheastChina:culturaltransformationandregionalinteractiononthecoast.CambriaPress.ISBN 978-1-934043-16-5. Makeham,John(2005)."IndigenizationDiscourseinTaiwaneseConfucianRevivalism".InMakeham,John;Hsiau,A-chin(eds.).Cultural,Ethnic,andPoliticalNationalisminContemporaryTaiwan:Bentuhua.NewYork:PalgraveMacmillan.ISBN 978-1-4039-7020-6. Makinen,GailE.;Woodward,G.Thomas(1989)."TheTaiwanesehyperinflationandstabilizationof1945–1952".JournalofMoney,CreditandBanking.21(1):90–105.doi:10.2307/1992580.JSTOR 1992580. Thompson,LawrenceG.(1964)."TheearliesteyewitnessaccountsoftheFormosanaborigines".MonumentaSerica.23:163–204.doi:10.1080/02549948.1964.11731044.JSTOR 40726116. Valentijn,François(1903)[Firstpublished1724inOudenNieuwOost-Indiën]."HistoryoftheDutchTrade".InCampbell,William(ed.).FormosaundertheDutch:describedfromcontemporaryrecords,withexplanatorynotesandabibliographyoftheisland.London:KeganPaul.pp. 25–75.ISBN 9789576380839.OCLC 644323041. Wills,JohnE.,Jr.(2006)."TheSeventeenth-centuryTransformation:TaiwanundertheDutchandtheChengRegime".InRubinstein,MurrayA.(ed.).Taiwan:ANewHistory(expanded ed.).M.E.Sharpe.pp. 84–106.ISBN 978-0-7656-1495-7. Winckler,Edwin(1994).Harrell,Stevan;Huang,Chun-chieh(eds.).CulturalPolicyinPostwarTaiwan.CulturalChangeinPostwarTaiwan(10–14April1991;Seattle).Boulder,Colo.:WestviewPress.ISBN 978-0-8133-8632-4. Yip,June(2004).EnvisioningTaiwan:Fiction,CinemaandtheNationintheCulturalImaginary.Durham,N.C.andLondon:DukeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-8223-3357-9. Ballantine,Joseph(1952).Formosa:AProblemforUnitedStatesForeignPolicy.Washington,D.C.:TheBrookingsInstitution. UnitedStates(1949).UnitedStatesrelationswithChina,withspecialreferencetotheperiod1944-1949,basedonthefilesoftheDepartmentofState.Washington,D.C.:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice. Furtherreading "TaiwanFlashpoint".BBCNews.2005. Bush,R.;O'Hanlon,M.(2007).AWarLikeNoOther:TheTruthAboutChina'sChallengetoAmerica.Wiley.ISBN 978-0-471-98677-5. Bush,R.(2006).UntyingtheKnot:MakingPeaceintheTaiwanStrait.BrookingsInstitutionPress.ISBN 978-0-8157-1290-9. Carpenter,T.(2006).America'sComingWarwithChina:ACollisionCourseoverTaiwan.PalgraveMacmillan.ISBN 978-1-4039-6841-8. Clark,Cal;Tan,AlexanderC.(2012).Taiwan'sPoliticalEconomy:MeetingChallenges,PursuingProgress.LynneRiennerPublishers.ISBN 978-1-58826-806-8. Cole,B.(2006).Taiwan'sSecurity:HistoryandProspects.Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-36581-9. Copper,J.(2006).PlayingwithFire:TheLoomingWarwithChinaoverTaiwan.PraegerSecurityInternationalGeneralInterest.ISBN 978-0-275-98888-3. Copper,JohnF.ed.HistoricaldictionaryofTaiwan(1993)online FederationofAmericanScientists;et al.(2006)."ChineseNuclearForcesandUSNuclearWarPlanning"(PDF). Feuerwerker,Albert(1968).TheChineseEconomy,1912–1949.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress. Fravel,M.Taylor(2002)."TowardsCivilianSupremacy:Civil-militaryRelationsinTaiwan'sDemocratization".ArmedForces&Society.29(1):57–84.doi:10.1177/0095327x0202900104.S2CID 146212666. Gill,B.(2007).RisingStar:China'sNewSecurityDiplomacy.BrookingsInstitutionPress.ISBN 978-0-8157-3146-7. Selby,Burnard(March1955)."Formosa:TheHistoricalBackground".HistoryToday.5(3):186–194. Shirk,S.(2007).China:FragileSuperpower:HowChina'sInternalPoliticsCouldDerailItsPeacefulRise.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-530609-5. Taeuber,IreneB."PopulationGrowthinaChineseMicrocosm:Taiwan."PopulationIndex27#2(1961),pp. 101–126online Tsang,S.(2006).IfChinaAttacksTaiwan:MilitaryStrategy,PoliticsandEconomics.Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-40785-4. Tucker,N.B.(2005).DangerousStrait:theUS-Taiwan-ChinaCrisis.ColumbiaUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-231-13564-1. Externallinks RepublicofChinaatWikipedia'ssisterprojectsDefinitionsfromWiktionaryMediafromCommonsNewsfromWikinewsQuotationsfromWikiquoteTextsfromWikisourceTextbooksfromWikibooksTravelguidesfromWikivoyageResourcesfromWikiversity LibraryresourcesaboutTaiwan Resourcesinyourlibrary Resourcesinotherlibraries Overviewsanddata Taiwan.TheWorldFactbook.CentralIntelligenceAgency. TaiwanfromUCBLibrariesGovPubs TaiwancountryprofileBBCNews BackgroundNote:TaiwanUSDepartmentofState Taiwan's400yearsofhistoryNewTaiwan,IlhaFormosa KeyDevelopmentForecastsforTaiwanfromInternationalFutures ChineseTaipeiOECD WikimediaAtlasofTaiwan Governmentagencies OfficeoftheGovernment OfficeofthePresident ExecutiveYuan JudicialYuan ControlYuan ExaminationYuan MinistryofForeignAffairs RepublicofChina(Taiwan)EmbassiesandMissionsAbroad Taiwan,TheHeartofAsiaArchived23December2016attheWaybackMachine,TourismBureau,RepublicofChina(Taiwan) vteTaiwan articlesHistory TimelineofTaiwanesehistory Prehistory archaeologicalsites KingdomofMiddag DutchFormosa SpanishFormosa KingdomofTungning TaiwanunderQingrule RepublicofFormosa TaiwanunderJapaneserule RepublicofChina RetreattoTaiwan WhiteTerror Martiallaw GeographyOverviews Beaches Cities Climate Deforestation Earthquakes Endemicspecies/Protectedspecies Hotsprings Islands Lakes Mountains Nationalparks Rivers Scenicareas Superlatives Volcanoes GovernmentPoliticsEconomyGovernmentandpolitics Cabinet Censorship Constitution AdditionalArticles Elections Humanrights LGBTrights Intelligence Law Lawenforcement Military North–Southdivide Parliament President Politicalparties Propaganda RegionsofTaiwan Administrativedivisions Specialmunicipalities Counties Cities Listofadministrativedivisions Metropolitanareas Politicalissues Cross-Straitrelations Chineseunification Chinesenationalism ChineseTaipei DangGuo De-Sinicization Foreignrelations OneCountryonEachSide PoliticalstatusofTaiwan Specialnon-state-to-staterelations TwoChinas Taiwanesenationalism Taiwanindependencemovement Economy Agriculture Aquaculture Floriculture Automotiveindustry Banking Listofbanks Centralbank Companies Defenseindustry Dollar(currency) Economichistory Energy Forestry Maritimeindustries Mining Semiconductorindustry State-ownedenterprises Stockexchange TaiwanMiracle Taxation Telecommunications Textile Tourism Transportation NationalSymbolsPeopleSocietyCultureNationalsymbols Anthem Emblem Flag Flower Seals PeopleDemographics Taiwanesepeople Taiwaneseindigenouspeoples Ethnicgroups Hans Hoklos Hakkas MainlandChinese Languages Formosanlanguages Amis Atayal Bunun Kanakanavu Kavalan Paiwan Puyuma Rukai Saaroa Saisiyat Sakizaya Seediq Thao Tsou Yami Sinitic Mandarin TaiwaneseHokkien Hakka Matsudialect SignLanguage Braille Society Architecture Crime Sextrafficking Education Healthcare Inventionsanddiscoveries Prostitution Publicholidays Squatting Superlatives Taiwanstudies Women Culture Animation Art Cinema Cuisine Culturalhistory Drama Gambling Glovepuppetry Literature Media Music Opera Nightmarkets Philosophy Photography Religion Smoking Sports T-Beauty Taiwanesewave Tea Touristattractions Category Portal Outline Linkstorelatedarticles vteCountriesanddependenciesofAsiaSovereignstates Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus EastTimor(Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan NorthKorea SouthKorea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia SaudiArabia Singapore SriLanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan UnitedArabEmirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Stateswithlimitedrecognition Abkhazia Artsakh NorthernCyprus Palestine SouthOssetia Taiwan DependenciesandspecialadministrativeregionsAustralia ChristmasIsland Cocos(Keeling)Islands China HongKong Macau UnitedKingdom AkrotiriandDhekelia BritishIndianOceanTerritory Category Asiaportal vteEastAsiaCountriesandregions China Mainland HongKong Macau Japan Ryukyu Mongolia NorthKorea SouthKorea Taiwan Ethnicgroups Ainu Han Subgroups Hui Koreans inChina Manchu Miao Mongolic Qiang Ryukyuans IndigenousTaiwanese Tibetans Tujia Uyghurs Yamato Yi Zhuang otherethnicgroupsinChina unrecognized historical Culture Agereckoning Architecture‎ Art Chinese Japanese Korean Taiwanese Blepharoplasty Buddhism Calligraphy Cinema Cuisine Culturalsphere Dance Decorativeknotwork Dragon Fashion Festivals Gardens Gothictypeface Hancharacters Hip-and-gableroof Languages Literature Mādhyamaka Music Mythology Philosophy Religion Scripts Seal Sino-Xenicpronunciations Surnames Television Yogācāra Zodiac Environment EastAsiaClimatePartnership Monsoon Rainyseason Flora EconomyandPolitics China–Japan–SouthKoreatrilateralsummit ComprehensiveEconomicPartnershipforEastAsia Capitalism EastAsiaSummit EastAsianBureauofEconomicResearch EastAsianCommunity FourAsianTigers HumanrightsinEastAsia Ports Stockexchanges History Archaeology Archaeologicalcultures BronzeAge IronAge Formercountries Sports China–Japan–KoreaFriendshipAthleticMeeting EastAsianFootballFederation EastAsianGames EastAsianJudoChampionships EastAsianmartialarts EastAsianYouthGames EAFFE-1FootballChampionship Education AssociationofEastAsianResearchUniversities CrossAsia EastAsianEconomicReview EastAsiaImageCollection EastAsiaLawReview EastAsianstudies JournalofEastAsianStudies LudwigshafenEastAsiaInstitute Military HorsesinEastAsianwarfare MiyamotoMusashi SunTzu TheArtofWar TheBookofFiveRings YiSun-sin Scienceandtechnology NeedhamResearchInstitute Printing Swords Traditionalmedicine vteMajornon-NATOalliesoftheUnitedStates  Afghanistan(dejure)  Argentina  Australia  Bahrain  Brazil  Egypt  Israel  Japan  Jordan  Kuwait  Morocco  NewZealand  Pakistan  Philippines  Qatar  SouthKorea  Taiwan(defacto)  Thailand  Tunisia Potentialcountries  Georgia  India  Moldova  Oman  SaudiArabia  Singapore  Ukraine  UnitedArabEmirates vteStateswithlimitedrecognitionDetailsconcerninginternationalrecognitionandforeignrelationsprovidedbythearticleslinkedinparenthesisUNmemberstatesPartiallyunrecognised Armenia relations China relations Cyprus relations Israel recognition relations NorthKorea relations SouthKorea relations UNobserverstatesPartiallyunrecognised Palestine recognition relations Non-UNmemberstatesRecognisedbyatleastoneUNmember Abkhazia recognition relations Kosovo recognition relations NorthernCyprus relations SahrawiArabDemocraticRepublic recognition relations SouthOssetia recognition relations Taiwan relations Recognisedonlybynon-UNmembers Artsakh recognition relations Transnistria recognition relations Unrecognised Somaliland relations AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 VIAF 1 2 3 WorldCat 2 3 Nationallibraries France(data) Germany UnitedStates Japan Other HistoricalDictionaryofSwitzerland MusicBrainzarea NationalArchives(US) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&oldid=1073138375" Categories:TaiwanRepublicofChina1912establishmentsinChinaIslandcountriesNortheastAsiancountriesChinese-speakingcountriesandterritoriesStatesandterritoriesestablishedin1912TaiwanplacenamesoriginatingfromFormosanlanguagesStateswithlimitedrecognitionRepublicsFormerJapanesecoloniesFormermemberstatesoftheUnitedNationsHiddencategories:ArticlescontainingChinese-languagetextArticlescontainingtraditionalChinese-languagetextArticlescontainingMandarinChinese-languagetextArticlescontainingMinNanChinese-languagetextArticlescontainingHakka-languagetextArticlescontainingAmis-languagetextArticlescontainingPaiwan-languagetextCS1Chinese-languagesources(zh)CS1usesChinese-languagescript(zh)WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1TraditionalChinese-languagesources(zh)ArticleswithChinese-languagesources(zh)CS1Chinese(Taiwan)-languagesources(zh)CS1:Julian–GregorianuncertaintyCS1usesJapanese-languagescript(ja)CS1Japanese-languagesources(ja)HarvandSfnno-targeterrorsCS1errors:missingperiodicalCS1SwissHighGerman-languagesources(de)CS1Spanish-languagesources(es)CS1German-languagesources(de)CS1maint:unfitURLCS1maint:usesauthorsparameterCS1maint:archivedcopyastitleArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataWikipediapagessemi-protectedagainstvandalismUsedmydatesfromDecember2021CoordinatesonWikidataPagesusinginfoboxcountryorinfoboxformercountrywiththeflagcaptionortypeparametersPagesusinginfoboxcountryorinfoboxformercountrywiththesymbolcaptionortypeparametersAllWikipediaarticlesneedingwords,phrasesorquotesattributedWikipediaarticlesneedingwords,phrasesorquotesattributedfromDecember2018AllarticleswithfailedverificationArticleswithfailedverificationfromJanuary2022AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2022ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromFebruary2021Articlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2009AllarticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsArticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2015Articlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2008Articlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2020Articlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2019ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2013ArticlesslantedtowardsrecenteventsfromJune2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2020CS1:longvolumevaluePagesusingSisterprojectlinkswithhiddenwikidataPagesusingSisterprojectlinkswithdefaultsearchArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithHDSidentifiersArticleswithMusicBrainzareaidentifiersArticleswithNARAidentifiersArticleswithmultipleidentifiersArticlescontainingvideoclips Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadViewsourceViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikibooksWikiquoteWikivoyage Languages AcèhАдыгэбзэAfrikaansAlemannischАлтайтилአማርኛAnarâškielâالعربيةAragonésArmãneashtiArpetanঅসমীয়াAsturianuअवधीAvañe'ẽAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBasaBaliবাংলাBân-lâm-gúBasaBanyumasanБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBikolCentralBislamaБългарскиBoarischབོད་ཡིགBosanskiBrezhonegБуряадCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaChavacanodeZamboangaChiShonaCymraegDanskالدارجةDavvisámegiellaDeutschދިވެހިބަސްDinébizaadDolnoserbskiडोटेलीཇོང་ཁEestiΕλληνικάЭрзяньEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraEʋegbeفارسیFijiHindiFøroysktFrançaisFryskGaeilgeGaelgGagauzGàidhligGalego贛語ગુજરાતી𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺गोंयचीकोंकणी/GõychiKonknni客家語/Hak-kâ-ngîХальмг한국어HawaiʻiՀայերենहिन्दीHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdoIlokanoবিষ্ণুপ্রিয়ামণিপুরীBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueИронÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaKabɩyɛKalaallisutಕನ್ನಡKapampanganქართულიKaszëbscziҚазақшаKernowekIkinyarwandaKiswahiliKreyòlayisyenKriyòlgwiyannenKurdîКыргызчаLadinLadinoລາວLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLigureLimburgsLingálaLinguaFrancaNovaLombardMagyarमैथिलीМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംMāoriमराठीმარგალურიمصرىمازِرونیBahasaMelayuꯃꯤꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟMinangkabauMìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄Монголမြန်မာဘာသာDorerinNaoeroNederlandsनेपाली日本語НохчийнNordfriiskNorfuk/PitkernNorskbokmålNorsknynorskNovialOccitanОлыкмарийଓଡ଼ିଆOshiwamboOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀपालिPälzischپنجابیPapiamentuپښتوPatoisភាសាខ្មែរPicardPiemontèisTokPisinPlattdüütschPolskiPortuguêsQaraqalpaqshaQırımtatarcaRomânăRunaSimiРусиньскыйРусскийСахатылаGaganaSamoaसंस्कृतम्ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤSarduScotsSeediqSeelterskShqipSicilianuසිංහලSimpleEnglishسنڌيSiSwatiSlovenčinaSlovenščinaŚlůnskiSoomaaligaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaၽႃႇသႃႇတႆးTayalతెలుగుTetunไทยትግርኛТоҷикӣᏣᎳᎩTsetsêhestâheseTürkçeTürkmençeУдмуртᨅᨔᨕᨘᨁᨗУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە/UyghurcheVahcuenghVènetoTiếngViệtVolapükVõro文言West-VlamsWinarayWolof吴语ייִדישYorùbá粵語ZazakiZeêuwsŽemaitėška中文PangcahPinayuanan Editlinks