Occupy Wall Street - Wikipedia

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest movement against economic inequality and the influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, ... OccupyWallStreet FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch 2011Americanprotestmovementagainsteconomicinequality ThisarticleisabouttheprotestsinNewYorkCity.Forthewidermovement,seeOccupymovement. OccupyWallStreetPartoftheOccupymovementAdbustersposterofMsChelseaElliottadvertisingtheoriginalprotestDateSeptember 17, 2011 (2011-09-17)LocationNewYorkCity40°42′33″N74°0′40″W/40.70917°N74.01111°W/40.70917;-74.01111Coordinates:40°42′33″N74°0′40″W/40.70917°N74.01111°W/40.70917;-74.01111CausedbyWealthinequality,politicalcorruption,[1]corporateinfluenceofgovernmentMethods Occupation Civildisobedience Picketing Demonstrations Internetactivism Partiestothecivilconflict Occupymovementprotesters WallStreet Number ZuccottiPark OtheractivityinNYC: 700+marchersarrested(crossingBrooklynBridge,October1,2011)[2] 2,000+marchers(marchonpoliceheadquarters,October2,2011)[3] 15,000+marchers(LowerManhattansolidaritymarch,October5,2011)[4] 6,000+marchers(TimesSquarerecruitmentcentermarch,October15,2011)[5] 50,000–100,000marchers(2012MayDaymarchonWallSt.)[6] OccupyWallStreet(OWS)wasaprotestmovementagainsteconomicinequalityandtheinfluenceofmoneyinpoliticsthatbeganinZuccottiPark,locatedinNewYorkCity'sWallStreetfinancialdistrict,inSeptember2011.[7]ItgaverisetothewiderOccupymovementintheUnitedStatesandothercountries. TheCanadiananti-consumeristmagazineAdbustersinitiatedthecallforaprotest.ThemainissuesraisedbyOccupyWallStreetweresocialandeconomicinequality,greed,corruptionandtheundueinfluenceofcorporationsongovernment—particularlyfromthefinancialservicessector.TheOWSslogan,"Wearethe99%",referstoincomeandwealthinequalityintheU.S.betweenthewealthiest1%andtherestofthepopulation.Toachievetheirgoals,protestersactedonconsensus-baseddecisionsmadeingeneralassemblieswhichemphasizedredressthroughdirectactionoverthepetitioningtoauthorities.[8][nb1] TheprotesterswereforcedoutofZuccottiParkonNovember15,2011.Protestersthenturnedtheirfocustooccupyingbanks,corporateheadquarters,boardmeetings,foreclosedhomes,collegeanduniversitycampusesandsocialmedia. Contents 1Origins 2Background 2.1"Wearethe99%" 2.2Incomeandwealthinequality 2.3Goals 2.4Mainorganization 2.5ThePeople'sLibrary 3ZuccottiParkencampment 4Occupymedia 5Security,crimeandlegalissues 6Governmentcrackdowns 6.1Surveillance 6.2Arrests 6.2.1BrooklynBridgearrests 6.3Courtcases 7Notableresponses 7.1TimeMagazine:PersonoftheYear2011 8Criticism 9Subsequentactivity 9.1Influenceonmovementforhigherwagesandotherinfluences 10Seealso 11References 11.1Explanatorynotes 11.2Citations 12Furtherreading 13Externallinks Origins[edit] TheoriginalprotestwascalledforbyKalleLasnandothersofAdbusters,aCanadiananti-consumeristpublication,whoconceivedofaSeptember17occupationinLowerManhattan.ThefirstsuchproposalappearedontheAdbusterswebsiteonFebruary2,2011,underthetitle"AMillionManMarchonWallStreet."[9]LasnregisteredtheOccupyWallStreet.orgwebaddressonJune9.[10]Thewebsitehassincebeentakendown.InablogpostonJuly13,2011,[11]AdbustersproposedapeacefuloccupationofWallStreettoprotestcorporateinfluenceondemocracy,thelackoflegalconsequencesforthosewhobroughtabouttheglobalcrisisofmonetaryinsolvency,andanincreasingdisparityinwealth.[12]TheprotestwaspromotedwithanimagefeaturingadanceratopWallStreet'siconicChargingBullstatue.[13][14][15] TheU.S.DayofRage,agroupthatorganizedtoprotest"corporateinfluence[that]corruptsourpoliticalparties,ourelections,andtheinstitutionsofgovernment",alsojoinedthemovement.[16][17]TheprotestitselfbeganonSeptember17;aFacebookpageforthedemonstrationsbegantwodayslateronSeptember19featuringaYouTubevideoofearlierevents.Bymid-October,Facebooklisted125Occupy-relatedpages.[18] TheoriginallocationfortheprotestwasOneChaseManhattanPlaza,withBowlingGreenPark(thesiteofthe"ChargingBull")andZuccottiParkasalternatechoices.Policediscoveredthisbeforetheprotestbeganandfencedofftwolocations;buttheyleftZuccottiPark,thegroup'sthirdchoice,open.Sincetheparkwasprivateproperty,policecouldnotlegallyforceprotesterstoleavewithoutbeingrequestedtodosobythepropertyowner.[19][20]Atapressconferenceheldthesamedaytheprotestsbegan,NewYorkCitymayorMichaelBloombergexplained,"peoplehavearighttoprotest,andiftheywanttoprotest,we'llbehappytomakesuretheyhavelocationstodoit."[17] MorerecentprototypesforOWSincludetheBritishstudentprotestsof2010,2009-2010Iranianelectionprotests,theArabSpringprotests,[21]and,morecloselyrelated,protestsinChile,Greece,SpainandIndia.OccupyWallStreet,inturn,gaverisetotheOccupymovementintheUnitedStates.[22][23][24] ManycommentatorshavestatedthattheOccupyWallStreetmovementhasrootsinthephilosophyofanarchism.[25][26][27][28][29] Background[edit] "Wearethe99%"[edit] Mainarticle:Wearethe99% "WeAreThe99%" TheOccupyprotesters'slogan"Wearethe99%"referredtotheincomedisparityintheUSandeconomicinequalityingeneral,whichweremainissuesforOWS.Itderivesfroma"Wethe99%"flyercallingforOWS'ssecondGeneralAssemblyinAugust2011.Thevariation"Wearethe99%"originatedfromaTumblrpageofthesamename.[30][31]HuffingtonPostreporterPaulTaylorsaidthesloganwas"arguablythemostsuccessfulslogansince'Hellno,wewon'tgo!'"oftheVietnamWarera,andthatthevastmajorityofAmericanssawtheincomegapascausingsocialfriction.[30]ThesloganwasboostedbystatisticswhichwereconfirmedbyaCongressionalBudgetOffice(CBO)reportreleasedinOctober2011.[32]Writingin2022,historianGaryGerstlesaysthattheslogan"provedsurprisinglyappealing"inanationthat,duringitsneoliberalhighpoint,oftendenouncedideasofclasswarfare.[33] Incomeandwealthinequality[edit] AchartshowingthedisparityinincomedistributionintheUnitedStates.[34][35]WealthinequalityandincomeinequalityhavebeencentralconcernsamongOWSprotesters.[36][37][38] IncomeinequalityandWealthInequalitywerefocalpointsoftheOccupyWallStreetprotests.[39][40][41]ThisfocusbythemovementwasstudiedbyArindajitDubeandEthanKaplanoftheUniversityofMassachusettsAmherst,whonotedthat"...OnlyafteritbecameincreasinglyclearthatthepoliticalprocesswasunabletoenactseriousreformstoaddressthecausesorconsequencesoftheeconomiccrisisdidweseetheemergenceoftheOWSmovement."[42] Goals[edit] BeginningonSeptember17,2011,ZuccottiParkwasoccupiedbyprotesters.[43] OWS'sgoalsincludedareductionintheinfluenceofcorporationsonpolitics,[44]morebalanceddistributionofincome,[44]moreandbetterjobs,[44]bankreform[24](especiallytocurtailspeculativetradingbybanks[45]),forgivenessofstudentloandebt[44][46]orotherreliefforindebtedstudents,[47][48]andalleviationoftheforeclosuresituation.[49]Somemedialabeledtheprotests"anti-capitalist",[50]whileothersdisputedtherelevanceofthislabel.[51] Someprotestersfavoredafairlyconcretesetofnationalpolicyproposals.[52][53]OneOWSgroupthatfavoredspecificdemandscreatedadocumententitledthe99PercentDeclaration,[54]butthiswasregardedasanattemptto"co-opt"the"Occupy"name,[55]andthedocumentandgroupwererejectedbytheGeneralAssembliesofOccupyWallStreetandOccupyPhiladelphia.[55] DuringtheoccupationinLibertySquare,adeclarationwasissuedwithalistofgrievances.Thedeclarationstatedthatthe"grievancesarenotall-inclusive".[56][57] Mainorganization[edit] Protestersengaginginthe'humanmicrophone' TheassemblywasthemainOWSdecision-makingbodyandusedamodifiedconsensusprocess,whereparticipantsattemptedtoreachconsensusandthendroppedtoa9/10voteifconsensuswasnotreached. AssemblymeetingsinvolvedOWSworkinggroupsandaffinitygroups,andwereopentothepublicforbothattendanceandspeaking.[58]Themeetingslackedformalleadership.Participantscommenteduponcommitteeproposalsusingaprocesscalleda"stack",whichisaqueueofspeakersthatanyonecanjoin.NewYorkusedaprogressivestack,inwhichpeoplefrommarginalizedgroupsaresometimesallowedtospeakbeforepeoplefromdominantgroups.Facilitatorsand"stack-keepers"urgespeakersto"stepforward,orstepback"basedonwhichgrouptheybelongto,meaningthatwomenandminoritiesoftenmovedtothefrontoftheline,whilewhitemenoftenhadtowaitforaturntospeak.[59][60]Inadditiontotheover70workinggroups,[61]theorganizationalstructurealsoincludes"spokescouncils",atwhicheveryworkinggroupcanparticipate.[62] ThePeople'sLibrary[edit] Mainarticle:ThePeople'sLibrary ThePeople'sLibraryatOccupyWallStreetwasstartedafewdaysaftertheprotestwhenapileofbookswasleftinacardboardboxatZuccottiPark.Thebookswerepassedaroundandorganized,andastimepassed,itreceivedadditionalbooksandresourcesfromreaders,privatecitizens,authorsandcorporations.[63]AsofNovember2011thelibraryhad5,554bookscatalogedinLibraryThinganditscollectionwasdescribedasincludingsomerareoruniquearticlesofhistoricalinterest.[64]AccordingtoAmericanLibraries,thelibrary'scollectionhad"thousandsofcirculatingvolumes",whichincluded"holybooksofeveryfaith,booksreflectingtheentirepoliticalspectrum,andworksforallagesonahugerangeoftopics."[63] ThelibrarywaslargelydestroyedduringtheNovember15,2011raidand,inacourtsettlement,theCitylateragreedtopay$360,000incompensation,includingattorneyfees.[65][66]Similarly,theCityofNewYorkhassincebegunsettlingcaseswithindividualparticipants.[67] TherewerealreadylibrariesintheencampmentsofSpain[68]andGreece.FollowingtheexampleoftheOWSPeople'sLibrary,protestersthroughoutNorthAmericaandEuropeformedsisterlibrariesattheirencampments.[69] ZuccottiParkencampment[edit] Mainarticle:TimelineofOccupyWallStreet EncampmentatZuccottiParkand"People'sLibrary"withover5,000books,wi-fiinternet,andareferenceservice,oftenstaffedbyprofessionallibrarians,procuringmaterialthroughtheinterlibraryloansystem. Priortobeingclosedtoovernightuseandduringtheoccupationofthespace,somewherebetween100and200peoplesleptinZuccottiPark.Initiallytentswerenotallowedandprotesterssleptinsleepingbagsorunderblankets.[70]Mealservicestartedatatotalcostofabout$1,000perday.Manyprotestersusedthebathroomsofnearbybusinessestablishments.Somesupportersdonateduseoftheirbathroomsforshowersandthesanitaryneedsofprotesters.[71] NewYorkCityrequiresapermittouse"amplifiedsound",includingelectricbullhorns.SinceOccupyWallStreetdidnothaveapermit,theprotesterscreatedthe"humanmicrophone"inwhichaspeakerpauseswhilethenearbymembersoftheaudiencerepeatthephraseinunison.[72][70] ZuccottiPark,clearedandcleanedonNovember15,2011 OnOctober13,NewYorkCityMayorBloombergandBrookfieldPropertiesannouncedthattheparkmustbevacatedforcleaningthefollowingmorningat7am.[73][74][75]Thenextmorningthepropertyownerpostponeditscleaningeffort.[74]Havingpreparedforaconfrontationwiththeauthoritiestopreventthecleaningeffortfromproceeding,someprotestersclashedwithpoliceinriotgearoutsideCityHallafteritwascanceled.[73] ShortlyaftermidnightonNovember15,2011,theNewYorkCityPoliceDepartmentgaveprotestersnoticefromthepark'sownertoleaveZuccottiParkduetoitspurportedlyunsanitaryandhazardousconditions.Thenoticestatedthattheycouldreturnwithoutsleepingbags,tarpsortents.[76][77]Aboutanhourlater,policeinriotgearbeganremovingprotestersfromthepark,arrestingsome200peopleintheprocess,includinganumberofjournalists. RageAgainsttheMachineguitaristTomMorelloplayingOccupyWallStreetinNewYork,October2011 OnDecember31,2011,protestersstartedtore-occupythepark.[78]Policeinriotgearstartedtoclearouttheparkaround1:30 am.Sixty-eightpeoplewerearrestedinconnectionwiththeevent,includingoneaccusedbymediaofstabbingapoliceofficerinthehandwithapairofscissors.[79] WhentheZuccottiParkencampmentwasclosed,someformercamperswereallowedtosleepinlocalchurches.[80]SincetheclosureoftheZuccottiParkencampment,themovementhasturneditsfocusonoccupyingbanks,corporateheadquarters,boardmeetings,foreclosedhomes,collegeanduniversitycampuses,andWallStreetitself.Sinceitsinception,theOccupyWallStreetprotestsinNewYorkCityhavecostthecityanestimated$17 millioninovertimefeestoprovidepolicingofprotestsandencampmentinsideZuccottiPark.[81][82][83] OnMarch17,2012,OccupyWallStreetdemonstratorsattemptedtomarkthemovement'ssix-monthanniversarybyreoccupyingZuccottiPark.Protestersweresoonclearedawaybypolice,whomadeover70arrests.[84][85]OnMarch24,hundredsofOWSprotestersmarchedfromZuccottiParktoUnionSquareinademonstrationagainstpoliceviolence.[86] OnSeptember17,2012,protestersreturnedtoZuccottiParktomarkthefirstanniversaryofthebeginningoftheoccupation.ProtestersblockedaccesstotheNewYorkStockExchangeaswellasotherintersectionsinthearea.This,alongwithseveralviolationsofZuccottiParkrules,ledpolicetosurroundgroupsofprotesters,attimespullingprotestersfromthecrowdstobearrestedforblockingpedestriantraffic.Therewere185arrestsacrossthecity.[87][88][89][90] Occupymedia[edit] OccupyWallStreetactivistsdisseminatedtheirmovementupdatesthroughvarietyofmediums,includingsocialmedia,printmagazines,newspapers,film,radioandlivestream.LikemuchofOccupy,manyofthesealternativemediaprojectswerecollectivelymanaged,whileautonomousfromthedecision-makingbodiesofOccupyWallStreet.[91][92]ArunGupta,editorofOccupiedWallStreetJournalholdingacopyofthefirstissue,standinginsideZuccottiPark. TheOccupiedWallStreetJournal(OWSJ)wasafreenewspaperfoundedinOctober2011byindependentjournalistsArunGupta,JedBrandtandMichaelLevitin.[93][94]Thefirstissuehadatotalprintrunof70,000copies,alongwithanunspecifiednumberinSpanish.[95]ItslastarticleappearedinFebruary2012.OccupierreadingthespecialeditionofOccupiedWallStreet,withposterscuratedbyOccuprint. TheOccuprintcollective,foundedbyJesseGoldsteinandJoshMacPhee,formedthroughthecurationofthefourthandspecialeditionofTheOccupiedWallStreetJournal(OWSJ).[96][97]Afterwards,itcontinuedtocollectandpublishimagesundertheCreativeCommonsfornoncommercialuselicense,tospreadtheartworkthroughoutthemovement. TheOccupy!GazettewasfoundedbyeditorsAstraTaylor,KeithGessenofn+1andSarahLeonardofDissentMagazine.ItpublishedfiveissuesfromOctober2011toSeptember2012,[98]withacommemorativesixthissuepublishedinMay2014,tosupportOWSactivistCecilyMcMillanduringthesentencingphaseofhertrial.[99][100] Tidal:OccupyTheory,OccupyStrategymagazinewaspublishedtwiceayear,withitsfirstreleaseinDecember2011,thefourthandfinalissueinMarch2013.Itconsistedoflongessays,poetryandartwithinthirtypages.Eachissuehadacirculationof12,000to50,000.[101] InFrontandCenter:CriticalVoicesinthe99%wasafully-onlinepublicationmanagedbyaneditorialcollectiveofOWSparticipants.ItfeaturedcriticalessaysandreflectionsfromwithinOWS,aimingtoputthevoices,experiencesandissuesofoppressedandmarginalizedcommunitiesinthefrontandcenteroftheOccupymovement.Itisstillavailableonline. Security,crimeandlegalissues[edit] OWSdemonstratorscomplainedoftheftsofassorteditemssuchascellphonesandlaptops;thievesalsostole$2,500ofdonationsthatwerestoredinamakeshiftkitchen.[102]InNovember,amanwasarrestedforbreakinganEMT'sleg.[103] Afterseveralweeksofoccupation,protestershadmadeenoughallegationsofrape,sexualassault,andgropingsthatwomen-onlysleepingtentsweresetup.[104][105][106][107]OccupyWallStreetorganizersreleasedastatementregardingthesexualassaultsstating,"Asindividualsandasacommunity,wehavetheresponsibilityandtheopportunitytocreateanalternativetothiscultureofviolence,WeareworkingforanOWSandaworldinwhichsurvivorsarerespectedandsupportedunconditionally...Weareredoublingoureffortstoraiseawarenessaboutsexualviolence.Thisincludestakingpreventivemeasuressuchasencouraginghealthyrelationshipdynamicsandconsentpracticesthatcanhelptolimitharm."[108] ItwasrevealedthataninternalDepartmentofHomelandSecurityreportwarnedthatOccupyWallStreetprotestswereapotentialsourceofviolence;thereportstatedthat"massgatheringsassociatedwithpublicprotestmovementscanhavedisruptiveeffectsontransportation,commercial,andgovernmentservices,especiallywhenstagedinmajormetropolitanareas".TheDHSkeepsafileonthemovementandmonitorssocialmediaforinformation,accordingtoleakedemailsreleasedbyWikiLeaks.[109][110] Governmentcrackdowns[edit] Surveillance[edit] AninternaldocumentoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofHomelandSecurityshowedthattheU.S.governmentwaskeepingtabsonprotesters AsthemovementspreadacrosstheUnitedStates,theUnitedStatesDepartmentofHomelandSecurity(DHS)begankeepingtabsonprotesters.ADHSreportentitled"SPECIALCOVERAGE:OccupyWallStreet",datedOctober2011,observedthat"massgatheringsassociatedwithpublicprotestmovementscanhavedisruptiveeffectsontransportation,commercial,andgovernmentservices,especiallywhenstagedinmajormetropolitanareas."[111] OnDecember21,2012,PartnershipforCivilJusticeobtainedandpublishedU.S.governmentdocuments[112]revealingthatoveradozenlocalFBIfieldoffices,DHSandotherfederalagenciesmonitoredOccupyWallStreet,despitelabelingitapeacefulmovement.[113]TheNewYorkTimesreportedinMay2014thatdeclassifieddocumentsshowedextensivesurveillanceofOWSrelatedgroupsacrossthecountry.[114] SitewheretheBrooklynBridgeArresttookplace Arrests[edit] ThefirstpersonarrestedwasAlexanderArbuckle,astudentvideographerfromNewYorkUniversityengagedinaclassproject.Thepolicedepartmentallegedhewasblockingthesidewalk.However,videoshownathistrialshowedtheprotestersincludingArbuckle,hadfollowedpoliceordersandwithdrewtothesidewalk.[115] GideonOliver,whorepresentedOccupywiththeNationalLawyersGuildinNewYork,saidabout2,000[protesters]hadbeenarrestedjustinNewYorkCityalone.MostofthesearrestsinNewYorkandelsewhere,areonchargesofdisorderlyconduct,trespassing,andfailuretodisperse.[116]Nationally,alittleunder8,000Occupyaffiliatedarrestshavebeendocumentedbytallyingnumberspublishedinlocalnewspapers.[117] Inareport[118]thatfollowedaneight-monthstudy,researchersatthelawschoolsofNYUandFordhamaccusetheNYPDofdeployingunnecessarilyaggressiveforce,obstructingpressfreedomsandmakingarbitraryandbaselessarrests.[119] BrooklynBridgearrests[edit] OnOctober1,2011,alargegroupofprotesterssetouttowalkacrosstheBrooklynBridgeresultingin768arrests,thelargestnumberofarrestsinonedayatanyOccupyevent.[120][121][2]ByOctober2,allbut20ofthearresteeshadbeenreleasedwithcitationsfordisorderlyconductandacriminalcourtsummons.[122]OnOctober4,agroupofprotesterswhowerearrestedonthebridgefiledalawsuitagainstthecity,allegingthatofficershadviolatedtheirconstitutionalrightsbyluringthemintoatrapandthenarrestingthem.[123] InJune2012,afederaljudgeruledthattheprotestershadnotreceivedsufficientwarning.[124] Courtcases[edit] VideoofhisarrestwasconvincingevidenceinAlexanderArbuckle'sacquittal.[115] In2011,eightmenassociatedwithOccupyWallStreetwerefoundguiltyoftrespassing,havingintendedtosetupacamponpropertycontrolledbyTrinityChurch.Onewasalsoconvictedofattemptedcriminalmischiefandattemptedcriminalpossessionofburglar'stoolsfortryingtoslicealockonachain-linkfencewithboltcutters,spendingamonthinprison.Therestweresentencedtocommunityservice.[125][126] InMay2012,threecasesinarowwerethrownoutofcourt,themostrecentonefor"insufficientsummons".[127] Onedefendant,MichaelPremo,chargedwithassaultinganofficer,wasfoundnotguiltyafterthedefensepresentedvideoevidencewhich"showedofficerschargingintothedefendantunprovoked",contradictingthesworntestimonyofNYPDofficers.[128] InApril2014,thefinalOccupycourtcase,theTrialofCecilyMcMillanbegan.CecilyMcMillanwaschargedwithandconvictedofassaultingapoliceofficerandsentencedto90daysinRikersIslandPenitentiary.[129]McMillanclaimedtheassaultwasanaccidentandaresponsetowhatsheclaimedtobeasexualassaultatthehandsofsaidofficer.[130]Thejurythatfoundherguiltyrecommendednojailtime.[131]Shewasreleasedafterserving60days.[132] Notableresponses[edit] Mainarticle:ReactionstoOccupyWallStreet October5,2011,inFoleySquare,membersofNationalNursesUnitedlaborunionsupportingOWS DuringanOctober6newsconference,PresidentBarackObamasaid,"IthinkitexpressesthefrustrationstheAmericanpeoplefeel,thatwehadthebiggestfinancialcrisissincetheGreatDepression,hugecollateraldamageallthroughoutthecountry...andyetyou'restillseeingsomeofthesamefolkswhoactedirresponsiblytryingtofighteffortstocrackdownontheabusivepracticesthatgotusintothisinthefirstplace."[133][134] OnOctober5,2011,notedcommentatorandpoliticalsatiristJonStewartsaidinhisDailyShowbroadcast:"Ifthepeoplewhoweresupposedtofixourfinancialsystemhadactuallydoneit,thepeoplewhohavenoideahowtosolvetheseproblemswouldn'tbegettingshitfornotofferingsolutions."[135] RepublicanpresidentialcandidateMittRomneysaidthatwhiletherewere"badactors"thatneededtobe"foundandpluckedout",hebelievesthattargetingoneindustryorregionofAmericaisamistake,andsaidtheOccupyWallStreetprotestsare"dangerous"andinciting"classwarfare".[136][137]Aweeklater,Romneyexpressedempathyforthemovement,saying,"Ilookatwhat'shappeningonWallStreetandmyviewis,boy,Iunderstandhowthosepeoplefeel."[138] HouseDemocraticLeaderRep.NancyPelosisaidshesupportstheOccupyWallStreetmovement.[139]InSeptember,variouslaborunions,includingtheTransportWorkersUnionofAmericaLocal100andtheNewYorkMetro32BJServiceEmployeesInternationalUnion,pledgedtheirsupportfordemonstrators.[140] InNovember2011,PublicPolicyPollingdidanationalsurveywhichfoundthat33%ofvoterssupportedOWSand45%opposedit,with22%notsure.43%ofthosepolledhadahigheropinionoftheTeaPartymovementthantheOccupymovement.[141]InJanuary2012,asurveywasreleasedbyRasmussenReports,inwhich51%oflikelyvotersfoundprotesterstobeapublicnuisance,while39%sawitasavalidprotestmovementrepresentingthepeople.[142] Manynotablefiguresjoinedtheoccupation,includingDavidCrosby,KanyeWest,RussellSimmons,AlecBaldwin,SusanSarandon,DonKing,NoamChomsky,JesseJackson,CornelWest,JudithButler,andMichaelMoore.[143] TimeMagazine:PersonoftheYear2011[edit] OWSwasmentionedbyTimeMagazineinits2011selectionof"TheProtester"asPersonoftheYear.[144] Criticism[edit] AnumberofcriticismsofOccupyWallStreethaveemerged,bothduringthemovement'smostactiveperiodandsubsequentlyafter.Thesecriticismincludealackofcleargoals,falseclaimasthe99%,alackofmeasurablechange,troubleconveyingitsmessage,afailuretocontinueitssupportbase,pursuingthewrongaudience,andaccusationsofanti-Semitism. Althoughthemovement'sprimarysloganwas"wearethe99%,"itwascriticizedfornotencompassingthevoiceoftheentire99%,specificallylower-classindividualsandminorities TheOccupyMovementhasbeencriticizedfornothavingasetofcleardemandsthatcouldbeusedtopromptformalpolicychange.ThislackofagendahasbeencitedasthereasonwhytheOccupyMovementfizzledbeforeachievinganyspecificlegislativechanges.Althoughthelackofdemandshassimultaneouslybeenarguedasoneoftheadvantagesofthemovement,[145]theprotestersinOccupyrejectedtheideaofhavingonlyonedemand,orasetofdemands,andinsteadrepresentedahostofbroaddemandsthatdidnotspecificallyalludetoadesiredpolicyagenda.[146][147] Althoughthemovement'sprimarysloganwas"Wearethe99%,"itwascriticizedfornotencompassingthevoiceoftheentire99%,specificallylowerclassindividualsandminorities.Forexample,itwascharacterizedasbeingoverwhelminglywhite[148]andpoorlyrepresentativeoftheneedsoftheimmigrantpopulation.ThelackofAfricanAmericanpresencewasespeciallynotable,withthemovementbeingcriticizedinseveralnewsoutletsandjournalarticlesforitslackofinclusivityandracialdiversity.[149][150][151][152] SomepublicationsmentionedthattheOccupyWallStreetMovementfailedtosparkanytrueinstitutionalchangesinbanksandinCorporateAmerica.ThisideaissupportedbythenumberofscandalsthatcontinuedtoemergefollowingthefinancialcrisissuchastheLondonWhaleincident,theLIBOR-fixingscandal,andtheHSBCmoneylaunderingdiscovery.Furthermore,theideaofexcesscompensationthroughsalariesandbonusesatWallStreetbankscontinuedtobeacontentioustopicfollowingtheOccupyprotests,especiallyasbonusesincreasedduringaperiodoffallingbankprofits.[153][154][155] Themovementwasalsocriticizedfornotbuildingasustainablebaseofsupportandinsteadfadingquicklyafteritsinitialsparkinlate2011throughearly2012.[156]ThismaybeattributedtoOccupy'slackoflegislativevictories,whichlefttheprotestorswithalackofmeasurablegoals.Itwasalsoarguedthatthemovementwastootiedtoitsbase,ZuccottiPark.EvidenceofthisliesinthefactthatwhenthepoliceevictedtheprotestorsonNovember15,themovementlargelydissipated.[157][158]Whilethereisevidencethatthemovementhadanenduringimpact,protestsanddirectmentionsoftheOccupymovementquicklybecameuncommon.[159][160][156] SomeOccupyWallStreetprotestshaveincludedanti-zionistandoranti-Semiticslogansandsignagesuchas"JewscontrolWallStreet"or"ZionistJewswhoarerunningthebigbanksandtheFederalReserve".Asaresult,theOccupymovementhasbeenconfrontedwithaccusationsofanti-SemitismbymajorUSmediaoutletsandUSpoliticians.[161][162][163][164][165] Subsequentactivity[edit] Seealso:OccupymovementandOccupymovementintheUnitedStatesOccupyWallStreetmountedanambitiouscallforacitywidegeneralstrikeanddayofactiononMay1,2012.TensofthousandsofpeopleparticipatedinamarchthroughNewYorkCity,demonstratingcontinuedsupportforOccupyWallStreet'scauseandconcerns. OccupySandywasanorganizedreliefeffortcreatedtoassistthevictimsofHurricaneSandyinthenortheasternUnitedStates,madeupofformerandpresentOccupyWallStreetprotesters,othermembersoftheOccupymovement,andformernon-Occupyvolunteers.[166] TocelebratethethirdanniversaryoftheoccupationofZuccottiPark,anOccupyWallStreetcampaigncalled"StrikeDebt"announcedithadwipedoutalmost$4 millioninstudentloans,amountingtotheindebtednessof2,761students.TheloanswereallheldbystudentsofEverestCollege,aforprofitcollegethatoperatesCorinthianColleges,Inc.whichinturnownsEverestUniversity,EverestInstitute,HealdCollege,andWyoTech.StrikeDebt,andasuccessororganization,TheDebtCollective,wereactiveinorganizingtheCorinthian100studentswhostruckagainstCorinthiancollege,afor-profitschoolthatwasshutdownbytheU.S.DepartmentofEducation.[167][168] OccupytheSECcametogetherduringtheoccupation.Thegroupseekstorepresentthe99%intheregulatoryprocess.Theyfirstattractedattentionin2012whentheysubmitteda325-pagecommentletterontheVolckerRuleportionofDoddFrank.[169] AnotheroffshootoftheOccupyMovement,callingitselftheOWSAlternativeBankingGroup,wasestablishedduringtheoccupationofZuccottiParkin2011.[170] Influenceonmovementforhigherwagesandotherinfluences[edit] In2013,commentatorsdescribedOccupyWallStreetashavinginfluencedthefastfoodworkerstrikes.[171]OccupyWallStreetorganizersalsocontributedtoaworkercampaignatHotandCrustycafeinNewYorkCity,helpingthemobtainhigherwagesandtherighttoformaunionbyworkingwithaworkercenter.[172]OccupyWallStreethasbeencreditedwithreintroducingastrongemphasisonincomeinequalityintobroadpoliticaldiscourseand,relatedly,forinspiringthefightfora$15minimumwage.[173] In2021,onthe10thanniversaryofOccupyWallStreet,TheAtlanticlistedseverallong-terminfluencesoftheprotests,including"ReinventingActivism"byencouraging"agenerationtotaketothestreetsanddemandsystemicreforms",influencingtheGreenNewDeal,influencingactivismforhigherminimumwages,and"shiftingthewindowofwhatisdeemedpoliticallyacceptablediscourseandpullingthenationtotheleft."[174] Seealso[edit] Societyportal Politicsportal Businessandeconomicsportal NewYorkCityportal NewYork(state)portal UnitedStatesportal 1932Bonusarmy 1968PoorPeople'sCampaign 15October2011globalprotests 2011protestsinSpain 2011UnitedStatespublicemployeeprotests 2011Wisconsinprotests 2013protestsinBrazil 2013protestsinTurkey 2014HongKongprotests OccupyGalleFace CapitolHillOccupiedProtest GameStopshortsqueeze ListofincidentsofcivilunrestintheUnitedStates ListofOccupymovementtopics Listofprotestsinthe21stcentury NuitDebout Post-democracy Radicalmedia UCDavispepper-sprayincident References[edit] Explanatorynotes[edit] 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Furtherreading[edit] Bray,Mark(2013).TranslatingAnarchy:TheAnarchismofOccupyWallStreet.ZeroBooks.ISBN 9781782791263. JanetByrne,ed.(2012).TheOccupyHandbook.BackBayBooks.ISBN 978-0-316-22021-7. Gautney,Heather(2017)."TheInfluenceofAnarchisminOccupyWallStreet".InGoyens,Tom(ed.).RadicalGotham:AnarchisminNewYorkCityfromSchwab'sSaloontoOccupyWallStreet.Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress.pp. 221–240.ISBN 978-0-252-08254-2. Graeber,David(May7,2012)."Occupy'sliberationfromliberalism:therealmeaningofMayDay".TheGuardian.London.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMay10,2012.RetrievedMay20,2012. Schneider,Nathan(2013).ThankYou,Anarchy:NotesfromtheOccupyApocalypse.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.ISBN 9780520276802. Schram,SanfordF.(2015).TheReturnofOrdinaryCapitalism:Neoliberalism,Precarity,Occupy.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0190253028. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoOccupyWallStreet. 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