Happy Birthday to You - Wikipedia

"Happy Birthday to You", also known as "Happy Birthday", is a song traditionally sung to celebrate a person's birthday. According to the 1998 Guinness World ... HappyBirthdaytoYou FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Birthdaysong Thisarticleisaboutthesong.Forthebook,seeHappyBirthdaytoYou! "HappyBirthday(song)"redirectshere.Forothersongsbythatname,seeHappyBirthday. "HappyBirthdaytoYou"Candlesspelling"HappyBirthday",oneofmanytypesofbirthdaycakedecorationsthataccompanythissongSongPublished1893byClaytonF.SummySongwriter(s)PattyHill,MildredJ.Hill(disputed) "HappyBirthdaytoYou"songmelody "HappyBirthdaytoYou",alsoknownas"HappyBirthday",isasongtraditionallysungtocelebrateaperson'sbirthday.Accordingtothe1998GuinnessWorldRecords,itisthemostrecognizedsongintheEnglishlanguage,followedby"ForHe'saJollyGoodFellow".Thesong'sbaselyricshavebeentranslatedintoatleast18languages.[1]Themelodyof"HappyBirthdaytoYou"comesfromthesong"GoodMorningtoAll",[2]whichhastraditionallybeenattributedtoAmericansistersPattyandMildredJ.Hillin1893,[3][4]althoughtheclaimthatthesisterscomposedthetuneisdisputed.[5] ThesongisinthepublicdomainintheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnion.WarnerChappellMusichadpreviouslyclaimedcopyrightonthesongintheUSandcollectedlicensingfeesforitsuse;in2015thecopyrightclaimwasdeclaredinvalidandWarnerChappellagreedtopayback$14millioninlicensingfees. Contents 1History 2Lyrics 2.1"Happybirthdaytoyou" 2.2Lyricswithmelody 2.3Traditionalvariations 3Copyrightstatus 3.12013lawsuit 4Publicperformances 5Seealso 6References 6.1Footnotes 6.2Workscited 7Externallinks History PattyHillwasakindergartenprincipalinLouisville,KentuckydevelopingvariousteachingmethodsattheLittleLoomhouse,[6]andhersisterMildredwasapianistandcomposer.[7]Thesistersused"GoodMorningtoAll"asasongthatyoungchildrenwouldfindeasytosing.[8]Thecombinationofmelodyandlyricsin"HappyBirthdaytoYou"firstappearedinprintin1912.[9]Noneoftheearlyappearancesofthe"HappyBirthdaytoYou"lyricsincludedcreditsorcopyrightnotices.TheSummyCompanyregisteredacopyrightin1935,creditingauthorsPrestonWareOremandMrs.R. R.Forman.In1988,Warner/ChappellMusicpurchasedthecompanyowningthecopyrightforUS$25 million,withthevalueof"HappyBirthday"estimatedatUS$5 million.[10][11]WarnerclaimedthattheUnitedStatescopyrightwouldnotexpireuntil2030,andthatunauthorizedpublicperformancesofthesongareillegalunlessroyaltiesarepaid.InFebruary2010,theroyaltyforasingleusewasUS$700.[12]Byoneestimate,thesongisthehighest-earningsinglesonginhistory.[13]IntheEuropeanUnion,thecopyrightforthesongexpiredonJanuary1,2017.[14] TheAmericancopyrightstatusof"HappyBirthdaytoYou"begantodrawmoreattentionwiththepassageoftheCopyrightTermExtensionActin1998.TheSupremeCourtupheldtheActinEldredv.Ashcroftin2003,andAssociateJusticeStephenBreyerspecificallymentioned"HappyBirthdaytoYou"inhisdissentingopinion.[15]AmericanlawprofessorRobertBrauneisextensivelyresearchedthesongandconcludedin2010that"itisalmostcertainlynolongerundercopyright."[16]GoodMorningtoYouProductionssuedWarner/Chappellforfalselyclaimingcopyrighttothesongin2013.[5][10]InSeptember2015,afederaljudgedeclaredthattheWarner/Chappellcopyrightclaimwasinvalid,rulingthatthecopyrightregistrationappliedonlytoaspecificpianoarrangementofthesongandnottoitslyricsandmelody.In2016,Warner/Chappellsettledfor$14million,andthecourtdeclaredthat"HappyBirthdaytoYou"isinthepublicdomain.[17][18] Lyrics "Happybirthdaytoyou" Thepersonwhosebirthdayisbeingcelebratedisfilledinfor"[NAME]".[19] Happybirthdaytoyou Happybirthdaytoyou Happybirthday,dear[NAME] Happybirthdaytoyou. Sincethesyllablelengthsandscansionofpeople'snamesmayvary,themeasurethatincludesthe[NAME]invocationistraditionallynotatedwithafermatatoadaptthemeter;however,ViHartassertsthatthisshouldnotbeinterpretedtobetimedadlibitumbutratherasanadditionalfullbeatinthatmeasure.[20] Lyricswithmelody Audioplaybackisnotsupportedinyourbrowser.Youcandownloadtheaudiofile. Traditionalvariations Itistraditional,amongEnglish-speakers,thatatabirthdayparty,thesong"HappyBirthdaytoYou"besungtothebirthdaypersonbytheotherguestscelebratingthebirthday,oftenwhenpresentedwithabirthdaycake.Afterthesongissung,partyguestssometimesaddwisheslike"andmanymore!"expressingthehopethatthebirthdaypersonwillenjoyalonglife.IntheUnitedKingdom,Ireland,AustraliaandNewZealand,immediatelyafter"HappyBirthday"hasbeensung,itistraditionalforoneofthegueststoleadwith"Hiphip..."andthenforalloftheothergueststojoininandsay"...hooray!"Thisisnormallyrepeatedforatotalofthreetimes.[citationneeded] InregionsofAmericaandCanada,especiallyatyoungchildren'sbirthdays,immediatelyafter"HappyBirthday"hasbeensung,itisnotuncommonforthesingerssegueinto"Howoldareyounow?Howoldareyounow?Howoldareyounow-ow,howoldareyounow?"[citationneeded]andthencountup:"Areyouone?Areyoutwo?Areyou..."untiltheyreachtherightage.[21][22] Copyrightstatus Thepublicdomainsong"Good-MorningtoAll" Instrumentalversionof"GoodMorningtoAll" Musicandlyricsofthesong"GoodMorningtoAll",withthirdverse"HappyBirthdaytoYou",printedin1912inBeginnersbookofSongswithinstructions Musicandlyricsofthesong"GoodMorningtoAll",withthirdverse"HappyBirthdaytoYou",printedin1915inGoldenBookofFavoriteSongs ThemusicandlyricsareinthepublicdomainintheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates.ThecopyrightexpiredintheEuropeanUniononJanuary1,2017.[23]AU.S.federalcourtruledin2016thatWarnerandChappell'scopyrightclaimwasinvalidandtherewasnootherclaimtocopyright.[18] "HappyBirthdaytoYou"datesfromthelate19thcentury,whensistersPattyandMildredJ.Hillintroducedthesong"GoodMorningtoAll"toPatty'skindergartenclassinKentucky.[10]Theypublishedthetuneintheir1893songbookSongStoriesfortheKindergartenwithChicagopublisherClaytonF.Summy.KembrewMcLeodstatedthattheHillsisterslikelycopiedthetuneandlyricalideafromotherpopularandsimilarnineteenth-centurysongs,includingHoraceWaters'"HappyGreetingstoAll","GoodNighttoYouAll"alsofrom1858,"AHappyNewYeartoAll"from1875,and"AHappyGreetingtoAll",published1885.However,U.S.lawprofessorRobertBrauneisdisputesthis,notingthattheseearliersongshadquitedifferentmelodies.[24] Thecompletetextof"HappyBirthdaytoYou"firstappearedinprintasthefinalfourlinesofEdithGoodyearAlger'spoem"Roy'sBirthday",publishedinAPrimerofWorkandPlay,copyrightedbyD.C.Heathin1901,withnoreferencetothewordsbeingsung.[25]Thefirstbookincluding"HappyBirthday"lyricssettothetuneof"GoodMorningtoAll"thatbearsadateofpublicationisfrom1911inTheElementaryWorkerandHisWork,butearlierreferencesexisttoasongcalled"HappyBirthdaytoYou",includinganarticlefrom1901intheInlandEducatorandIndianaSchoolJournal.[26]In1924,RobertColemanincluded"GoodMorningtoAll"inasongbookwiththebirthdaylyricsasasecondverse.Colemanalsopublished"HappyBirthday"inTheAmericanHymnalin1933.Children'sPraiseandWorshippublishedthesongin1928,editedbyByers,Byrum,andKoglin.[citationneeded] TheSummyCompany,publisherof"GoodMorningtoAll",copyrightedpianoarrangementsbyPrestonWareOremandasecondversebyMrs.R. R.Forman.[27][28]ThisservedasthelegalbasisforclaimingthatSummyCompanylegallyregisteredthecopyrightforthesong,aswellasthelaterrenewalofthesecopyrights.[29]A2015lawsuitfoundthisclaimbaseless.[citationneeded] SummyCompanybecametheSummy-BirchardCompanyin1957,andthisbecameadivisionofBirchTreeGroupLimitedin1970.Warner/ChappellMusicacquiredBirchTreeGroupLimitedin1988forUS$25 million.[10][11]Thecompanycontinuedtoinsistthatonecannotsingthe"HappyBirthdaytoYou"lyricsforprofitwithoutpayingroyalties;in2008,WarnercollectedaboutUS$5,000perday(US$2 millionperyear)inroyaltiesforthesong.[30]Warner/Chappellclaimedcopyrightforeveryuseinfilm,television,radio,andanywhereopentothepublic,andforanygroupwhereasubstantialnumberofthoseinattendancewerenotfamilyorfriendsoftheperformer.Brauneiscitedproblemswiththesong'sauthorshipandthenoticeandrenewalofthecopyright,andconcluded:"Itisalmostcertainlynolongerundercopyright."[3][16] IntheEuropeanUnion,copyrightlastsforthelifeoftheauthorplus70years.PattyHilldiedin1946asthelastsurvivingauthor,sothecopyrightexpiredinthesecountriesonJanuary1,2017.[23] 2013lawsuit OnJune13,2013,documentaryfilmmakerJenniferNelsonfiledaputativeclassactionsuitinfederalcourtfortheSouthernDistrictofNewYorkagainstWarner/ChappellinthenameofherproductioncompanyGoodMorningtoYouProductions.[5]ShehadpaidUS$1,500tosecuretherightsaspartofadocumentarythatshewasmakingaboutthesonganditshistory.HercomplaintreliedheavilyonBrauneis'sresearch,seekingthereturnofhermoneyandallroyaltiescollectedbythecompanyfromotherfilmmakerssince2009.[10][31][32]Aweeklater,RupaMaryav.WarnerChappellMusicIncwasfiledintheCentralDistrictofCalifornia.[33]Fiveweekslater,Nelsonrefiledthecasethere,[34]andthecaseswerecombined.[35][36][37]InApril2014,Warner'smotiontodismisshadbeendeniedwithoutprejudice,anddiscoverybeganunderanagreedplanwithrespecttoClaimOne,declaratoryjudgmentastowhether"HappyBirthdaytoYou"isinthepublicdomain.ThecourtwasexpectedtoruleonthemotionforsummaryjudgmentastothemeritsissuesonClaimOne.[38]Ajurytrialwasrequested.[39] Nelson'sattorneysBetsyManifoldandMarkRifkinpresentednewevidenceonJuly28,2015,onedaybeforeascheduledruling,whichtheyarguedwasconclusiveproofthatthesongwasinthepublicdomain,"thusmakingitunnecessaryfortheCourttodecidethescopeorvalidityofthedisputedcopyrights,muchlesswhetherPattyHillabandonedanycopyrightshemayhavehadtothelyrics".TheyhadbeengivenaccesstodocumentspreviouslyheldbackfromthembyWarner/Chappell,whichincludedacopyofthe15theditionofTheEverydaySongBookpublishedin1927.Thebookcontained"GoodMorningandHappyBirthday",butthecopywasblurry,obscuringalineoftextbelowthetitle.ManifoldandRifkinlocatedaclearercopyofaneditionpublishedin1922thatalsocontainedthe"HappyBirthday"lyrics.Thepreviouslyobscuredlinewasrevealedtobethecredit"SpecialpermissionthroughcourtesyofTheClaytonFSummyCo.".ManifoldandRifkinarguedthatthemusicandlyricswerepublishedwithoutavalidcopyrightnoticeaswasrequiredatthetime,so"HappyBirthday"wasinthepublicdomain.[40] Warner/Chappelldisputedtheevidence,arguingthat,unlesstherewas"necessaryauthorizationfromthecopyrightowner",the"HappyBirthday"lyricsandsheetmusicwouldstillbesubjecttocommonlawcopyrightasanunpublishedwork,andthatitwasunknownwhetherthe"specialpermission"fromtheSummyCompanycovered"GoodMorningtoAll","HappyBirthday",orboth,thusallegingthatthepublicationinTheEverydaySongBookwasunauthorized.Thecompanyalsoarguedthatitwasnotactinginbadfaithinwithholdingtheevidenceofthe1927publication.[41] OnSeptember22,2015,federaljudgeGeorgeH.Kingruled[19]thattheWarner/Chappellcopyrightclaimoverthelyricswasinvalid.[42][43]The1935copyrightheldbyWarner/Chappellappliedonlytoaspecificpianoarrangementofthesong,notthelyricsormelody.[44]Thecourtheldthatthequestionofwhetherthe1922and1927publicationswereauthorized,thusplacingthesonginthepublicdomain,presentedquestionsoffactthatwouldneedtoberesolvedattrial.[19]However,Warner/Chappellhadfailedtoprovethatitactuallyhadeverheldacopyrighttothelyrics,sothecourtwasabletograntsummaryjudgmenttotheplaintiffs,thusresolvingthecase.[19] Someinitialnewssourcescharacterizedthedecisionasrulingthatthesongwasinthepublicdomain,[44][45]butthedecisiondidnotgosofar,holdingonlythatWarner/Chappelldidnotprovetheyownedthecopyright.[42]However,becausetherearenootherclaimantstothecopyright,andthecopyrighttothemelodylongagoexpired,[46]theplaintiffssuggestedthatthesongwasdefactointhepublicdomain.[42]Also,thejudgeruledthatthesongwasnotcopyrightedbySummyCo.,whohadwritteninthesongbook,"SpecialpermissionthroughcourtesyoftheClaytonF.SummyCo."SincetherewasnoevidenceSummyCo.hadcopyrightonthesong,thesongisstillconsideredtobeinthepublicdomain.[47] Beforethelawsuit,Warner/Chappellhadbeenearning$2millionayearlicensingthesongforcommercialuse,[45]withanotableexamplethe$5,000paidbythefilmmakersofthe1994documentaryHoopDreams[48]inordertosafelydistributethefilm.[49]OnFebruary8,2016,Warner/Chappellagreedtopayasettlementof$14milliontothosewhohadlicensedthesong,andwouldallowafinaljudgmentdeclaringthesongtobeinthepublicdomain,withafinalhearingscheduledinMarch2016.[50][51]OnJune28,2016,thefinalsettlementwasofficiallygrantedandthecourtdeclaredthatthesongwasinthepublicdomain.[18]Thefollowingweek,Nelson'sshort-formdocumentaryHappyBirthday:MyCampaigntoLiberatethePeople'sSongwaspublishedonlinebyTheGuardian.[52] Inthewakeoftheirsuccess,thelawyersinvolvedinthe"HappyBirthday"lawsuitfiledsimilarlawsuitsregarding"WeShallOvercome"[53]and"ThisLandIsYourLand".[54] Publicperformances Oneofthemostfamousperformancesof"HappyBirthdaytoYou"wasMarilynMonroe'srenditiontoU.S.PresidentJohnF.KennedyinMay1962.AnothernotableusewasbycomedypianistVictorBorge,whoplayedthesonginstylesofvariouscomposers,[55]orwouldbeginplayingMoonlightSonata,smoothlytransitioningintothesong.[56] TheBeatlesrecorded"HappyBirthdayDearSaturdayClub"fortheBBC'sradioprogramme'sfifthanniversary.ThisrecordingisincludedonthecompilationalbumOnAir–LiveattheBBCVolume2,releasedin2013.[57] Ina1998episodeofthetelevisionshowSportsNight,"IntellectualProperty",characterDanRydellsingsthesongtohisco-anchorduringatelecast,forcinghisnetworktopayroyalties,andcausinghimtoaskhiscolleaguestochoosepublic-domainsongsforhimtosingfortheirbirthdays.[58] Inthe1987documentaryEyesonthePrizeabouttheU.S.civilrightsmovement,therewasabirthdaypartysceneinwhichDr.MartinLutherKingJr.'sdiscouragementbegantolift.Afteritsinitialrelease,thefilmwasunavailableforsaleorbroadcastformanyyearsbecauseofthecostofclearingmanycopyrights,ofwhich"HappyBirthdaytoYou"wasone.Grantsin2005forcopyrightclearances[59]allowedPBStorebroadcastthefilm.[60] In2010,theWesternclassicalmusicconductorZubinMehtaconductedtheorchestratoplayvariationsof"HappyBirthday"inthestylesofvariousWesternclassicalmusiccomposersincludingWagner,Bach,MozartandBeethoven,andintheViennese,NewOrleansandHungariancompositionstyles.[61][62] OnAugust5,2013,thefirstanniversaryofitslandingonMars,NASA'sCuriosityrovercelebratedits"birthday"whenengineersatGoddardSpaceFlightCenterusedtheSampleAnalysisatMars(SAM)instrumenttocausetheroverto"sing"HappyBirthdayontheMartiansurface.[63] DuringtheMarch6,2014episodeoftheComedyCentralseriesTheColbertReport,StephenColbertattemptedtosingthesonginhonorofthe90thanniversaryofits1924publication,butwaspreventedtoduetothecopyrightissues.Colbertinsteadpremieredhisnew"royalty-free"birthdaysong–whichturnsouttobeaparodyoftheUnitedStates'nationalanthem,andendswiththestanza"WarnerMusiccan'tsueme,andthehomeofthebrave".[64][65][66] Seealso Historyportal UnitedStatesportal Musicportal Listofbirthdaysongs Copyfraud Copyrighttroll References Footnotes ^Brauneis(2010),p. 17. ^Hill,MildredJ.(music);Hill,PattyS.(lyrics)(1896)."GoodMorningtoAll".SongStoriesfortheKindergarten.IllustrationsbyMargaretByers;WithanintroductionbyAnnaE.Bryan(New,Revised,IllustratedandEnlarged ed.).Chicago:ClaytonF.SummyCo.p. 3. ^abCollins,Paul(July21,2011)."YouSayIt'sYourBirthday.DoestheInfamous'HappyBirthdaytoYou'CopyrightHolduptoScrutiny?".Slate.RetrievedAugust9,2011. ^OriginallypublishedinSongStoriesfortheKindergarten.Chicago:ClaytonF.SummyCo.1896.ascitedbySnyder,Agnes(1972).DauntlessWomeninChildhoodEducation,1856–1931.Washington,D.C.:AssociationforChildhoodEducationInternational.p. 244. ^abcMasnick,Mike(June13,2013)."LawsuitFiledtoProveHappyBirthdayIsinThePublicDomain;DemandsWarnerPayBackMillionsofLicenseFees".Techdirt. ^Clifft,Candice(2007)."LittleLoomhouse".LouisvilleLifeProgram.KentuckyEducationalTelevision.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust2,2009. ^Brauneis(2010),p. 7. ^Brauneis(2010),p. 14. ^Brauneis(2010),pp. 31–32. ^abcdeWeiser,Benjamin(June13,2013)."BirthdaySong'sCopyrightLeadstoaLawsuitfortheAges".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedJune14,2013. ^ab"'HappyBirthday'andtheMoneyItMakes".TheNewYorkTimes.December26,1989.RetrievedMarch7,2013. ^Williams,Wendy(February5,2010)."Transcript".TheWendyWilliamsShow.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonOctober9,2011.RetrievedSeptember17,2014. ^Mohan,Isabel(December29,2012)."TheRichestSongsintheWorld,BBCFour,Review".TheTelegraph.London.RetrievedSeptember23,2015. ^EUcountriesobservethe"life+70"copyrightstandard. ^537US186,JusticeBreyer,dissenting,II,C. ^abBrauneis(2010). ^Blistein,Jon(February9,2016)."WarnerMusicSettles'HappyBirthday'Lawsuitfor$14Million".RollingStone.RetrievedMay3,2016. ^abcGoodMorningtoYouProductionsv.Warner/ChappellMusic,Inc.(U.S.DistrictCourtfortheCentralDistrictofCalifornia2016).Text ^abcdUSDistrictCourtCA(2015). ^ViHart(September25,2015).Happy"HappyBirthday"Day!.RetrievedMay20,2022. ^Lunden,Joan(March10,2020).WhyDidIComeintoThisRoom?:ACandidConversationaboutAging.SimonandSchuster.p. 25.ISBN 978-1-948677-29-5. ^Kimelman,Michael(March28,2017).ConfessionsofaWallStreetInsider:ACautionaryTaleofRats,Feds,andBanksters.SimonandSchuster.ISBN 978-1-5107-1338-3.Afteranoff-key“HappyBirthday”(andtheannoyingmodern-Greenwichadditionalverses“Areyouone?Areyoutwo?”) ^abBalme,Charlie(December22,2015)."USHappyBirthdaycopyrightcasesettlesafterprotractedlegalbattle".Marks&Clerk.RetrievedJanuary7,2017. ^Brauneis(2010),pp. 12–14. ^Feaster,Patrick(June20,2014),"EdithGoodyearAlger:Lyricistof'HappyBirthdaytoYou'?"Griffonage-Dot-Com. ^USDistrictCourtCA(2015),pp. 3. ^Romeo,Dave(2009).StrivingforSignificance:LifeLessonsLearnedWhileFishing.iUniverse.p. 93.ISBN 978-1-4401-2213-2.RetrievedJune14,2013–viaGoogleBooks. ^Russell,Carrie(2004).CompleteCopyright:AnEverydayGuideforLibrarians.AmericanLibraryAssociation.p. 15.ISBN 9780838935439.RetrievedJune14,2013–viaGoogleBooks. ^Brauneis(2010),p. 25 ^Brauneis(2010),pp. 4,68. ^"'HappyBirthdaytoYou'BelongstoEveryone:Lawsuit".NewYorkPost. ^"ClassActionComplaint:GoodMorningtoYouProductionsv.Warner/ChappellMusic".June13,2013–viaScribd.com. ^"Casedocket:RupaMaryav.WarnerChappellMusicInc".archive.org.RetrievedSeptember15,2015. ^NoticeofVoluntaryDismissal,GoodMorningToYouProductionsCorp.v.Warner/ChappellMusic,DocketNo.1:13-cv-04040(S.D.N.Y.filedJuly26,2013). ^ThirdAmendedConsolidatedComplaint,GoodMorningtoYouProductionsCorp.v.Warner/ChappellMusic,DocketNo.2:13-cv-04460(C.D.Cal.November6,2013). ^Masnick,Mike(September3,2013)."WarnerMusicReprisingtheRoleoftheEvilSlayerofthePublicDomain,FightsBackAgainstHappyBirthdayLawsuit".Techdirt. ^Johnson,Ted(October7,2013)."CourtKeepsCandlesLitonDisputeOver'HappyBirthday'Copyright".Variety. ^Dkt.89(JointReportRule26(f)DiscoveryPlan) ^AmendedComplaint,Dkt.75. ^"'HappyBirthday'Lawsuit:'SmokingGun'EmergesinBidtoFreeWorld'sMostPopularSong".TheHollywoodReporter.RetrievedJuly28,2015. ^"WarnerLawyers:1922Songbookwith'HappyBirthday'LyricsWasn't'Authorized'".ArsTechnica.July29,2015.RetrievedJuly30,2015. ^abcMai-Duc,Christine(September22,2015)."'HappyBirthday'SongCopyrightIsNotValid,JudgeRules".LosAngelesTimes.RetrievedSeptember22,2015. ^Gardner,Eriq(September22,2015)."'HappyBirthday'CopyrightRuledtoBeInvalid".TheHollywoodReporter.RetrievedSeptember23,2015. ^abHunt,Elle(September23,2015)."HappyBirthdayRuledPublicDomainasJudgeThrowsoutCopyrightClaim".TheGuardian.London.RetrievedSeptember23,2015. ^abCalamur,Krishnadev(September22,2015)."UnchainedMelody".TheAtlantic.RetrievedSeptember23,2015. ^USDistrictCourtCA(2015),pp. 14–16. ^Mai-Duc,Christine(September23,2015)."FilmmakerPicksaFightwithaCorporateGiantandSets'HappyBirthday'Free".LosAngelesTimes.RetrievedFebruary24,2016. ^Quinn,Gordon(May8,2009)."TruthandConsequences".OntheMedia(Transcript).InterviewedbyBobGarfield.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonDecember22,2015.RetrievedDecember12,2015. ^"'HappyBirthday','HoopDreams',andtheFightforFairUse".KartemquinFilms.September22,2015.RetrievedDecember12,2015. ^Gardner,Eriq(February9,2016)."WarnerMusicPays$14MilliontoEnd'HappyBirthday'CopyrightLawsuit".TheHollywoodReporter.RetrievedFebruary9,2016. ^"HappyBirthday:WarnerOffersupto$14MtoSettleCopyrightDispute".CBCNews.February9,2016.RetrievedFebruary9,2016. ^"DocumentaryAboutFreeingHappyBirthdayFromCopyfraudComesOutTheDayAfterHappyBirthdayOfficiallyDeclaredPublicDomain".Techdirt.July5,2016.RetrievedJuly13,2016. ^"'HappyBirthday'LegalTeamTurnsAttentionto'WeShallOvercome'".Billboard.April12,2016.RetrievedApril15,2016. ^Farivar,Cyrus(June18,2016)."Lawyerswhoyanked'HappyBirthday'intopublicdomainnowsueover'ThisLand'".ArsTechnica.RetrievedAugust18,2016. ^Higham,Nick(December24,2000)."VictorBorge:TheGreatDane".BBCNews.RetrievedApril5,2012. ^Logan,Brian(March14,2012)."RainerHersch'sVictorBorge".TheGuardian(Review).London.RetrievedApril5,2012. ^"OnAir–LiveattheBBCVolume2".September12,2013. ^"SportsNight"IntellectualProperty"Quotes".imdb.com.RetrievedSeptember25,2015. ^Dean,Katie(August30,2005)."CashRescuesEyesonthePrize".Wired.RetrievedMay11,2008. ^"PBSNews:PBSCelebratesBlackHistoryMonthwithanExtensiveLineupofSpecialProgramming"(Pressrelease).PBS.January10,2008.RetrievedMay11,2008. ^"ZubinMehta,HappyBirthdayVariation,Symphony"(Video).ArchivedfromtheoriginalonOctober30,2021.RetrievedJune6,2015–viaYouTube. ^"ZubinMehtaDoesVariationson'HappyBirthday'".BestJonBon.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonOctober30,2021.RetrievedJune6,2015–viaYouTube. ^"HappyBirthday,Curiosity!".NASA.August4,2013.RetrievedAugust7,2013. ^"StephenColbertCreatesRoyalty-FreeAlternativeto'HappyBirthday'For'HappyBirthday'sHappyBirthday".Techdirt.March10,2014.RetrievedSeptember27,2015. ^"TheStephenColbertAudienceExperience".WorcesterTelegram&Gazette.March10,2014.RetrievedMarch10,2014. ^"Why'HappyBirthday'willcostyou".BBCNews.September15,2015.RetrievedJuly22,2020. Workscited Brauneis,Robert(October14,2010)."CopyrightandtheWorld'sMostPopularSong".JournaloftheCopyrightSocietyoftheU.S.A.LegalStudiesResearchPaperNo.392.GeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.56(2–3):335–426.doi:10.2139/ssrn.1111624.SSRN 1111624. "RupaMarya,etal.v.Warner/ChappellMusic,Inc.,etal.".UnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheCentralDistrictofCalifornia.September22,2015.CaseNumberCV-13-4460-GHK.RetrievedSeptember22,2015. Externallinks "HappyBirthdaytoYou"atWikipedia'ssisterprojects MediafromCommonsTextsfromWikisource Freesheetmusicof"HappyBirthdaytoYou"fromCantorion.org SongStoriesfortheKindergartenbyMildredHill:containingthesong"Goodmorningtoyou"attheInternationalMusicScoreLibraryProject TheHappyBirthdaySongandTheLittleLoomhouse MarsroverCuriosityplays"HappyBirthday"toitselfonYouTubein2013 TheHappyBirthdaySongprovidesaccesstothe"GoodMorningandBirthdaySong"fromthe1927editionofTheEverydaySongBookheldbytheUniversityofPittsburghLibrarySystem. 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