Cruise ship - Wikipedia

Cruise ships are large passenger ships used mainly for vacationing. Unlike ocean liners, which are used for transport, cruise ships typically embark on ... Cruiseship FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Passengersshipusedforpleasurevoyages "Seacruise"redirectshere.Forthesong,seeSeaCruise. Nottobeconfusedwithcruiser. VoyageroftheSeasatPortofKobeinMarch2013 QueenElizabethinHamburg Cruiseshipsarelargepassengershipsusedmainlyforvacationing.Unlikeoceanliners,whichareusedfortransport,cruiseshipstypicallyembarkonround-tripvoyagestovariousports-of-call,wherepassengersmaygoontoursknownas"shoreexcursions".On"cruisestonowhere"or"nowherevoyages",cruiseshipsmaketwo-tothree-nightroundtripswithoutvisitinganyportsofcall.[1] CruiseferryMS GalaxyattheportofMariehamn,Åland,inFebruary2016 Moderncruiseshipstendtohavelesshullstrength,speed,andagilitycomparedtooceanliners.[2]However,theyhaveaddedamenitiestocatertowatertourists,withrecentvesselsbeingdescribedas"balcony-ladenfloatingcondominiums".[3] CruiseshipsMSCPoesia,VisionoftheSeas,andMeinSchiff2atTallinnPassengerPort. AsofDecember2018,therewere314cruiseshipsoperatingworldwide,withacombinedcapacityof537,000passengers.[4]Cruisinghasbecomeamajorpartofthetourismindustry,withanestimatedmarketof$29.4 billionperyear,andover19 millionpassengerscarriedworldwideannuallyasof2011[update].[5]Theindustry'srapidgrowthsawnineormorenewlybuiltshipscateringtoaNorthAmericanclienteleaddedeveryyearsince2001,aswellasothersservicingEuropeanclienteleuntiltheCOVID-19pandemicin2020sawtheentireindustryallbutshutdown.[6] Asof2022,theworld'slargestpassengershipisRoyalCaribbean'sWonderoftheSeas. Contents 1History 1.1Origins 1.2Fromluxuryoceanlinersto"megaship"cruising 2Cruiselines 3Organization 3.1Dining 3.2Otheron-boardfacilities 3.3Crew 3.4Businessmodel 3.5Cruiseshiputilization 4Regionalindustries 4.1Caribbeancruisingindustry 4.2Alaskancruisingindustry 5Shipyards 6Safetyandsecurity 6.1Piracy 6.2Crimeon-board 6.3Overboarddrownings 6.4Stability 6.5Disease 6.5.1Norovirus 6.5.2Legionnaires'disease 6.5.3EnterotoxigenicEscherichiacoli(ETEC) 6.5.4COVID-19 7Environmentalimpact 8Seealso 9References 9.1Bibliography 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks History[edit] Origins[edit] RMS Strathaird,aP&Ocruiseshipoftheearly-20thcentury.Thecompanybeganofferingluxurycruiseservicesin1844. Italy,atraditionalfocusoftheGrandTour,offeredanearlycruiseexperienceontheFrancescoI,flyingtheflagoftheKingdomoftheTwoSicilies.Builtin1831,theFrancescoIsailedfromNaplesinearlyJune1833,precededbyanadvertisingcampaign.Nobles,authorities,androyalprincesfromalloverEuropeboardedthecruiseship,whichsailedinjustoverthreemonthstoTaormina,Catania,Syracuse,Malta,Corfu,Patras,Delphi,Zante,Athens,SmyrnaandConstantinople,delightingpassengerswithexcursionsandguidedtours,[7][8]dancing,cardtablesonthedeckandpartiesonboard.However,itwasrestrictedtothearistocracyofEuropeandwasnotacommercialendeavour.[citationneeded] P&Ofirstintroducedpassenger-cruisingservicesin1844,advertisingseatourstodestinationssuchasGibraltar,MaltaandAthens,sailingfromSouthampton.Theforerunnerofmoderncruiseholidays,thesevoyageswerethefirstoftheirkind.P&OCruisesistheworld'soldestcruiseline.[9]ThecompanylaterintroducedroundtripstodestinationssuchasAlexandriaandConstantinople.Itunderwentaperiodofrapidexpansioninthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury,commissioninglargerandmoreluxuriousshipstoservethesteadilyexpandingmarket.NotableshipsoftheeraincludetheSSRavennabuiltin1880,whichbecamethefirstshipbuiltwithatotalsteelsuperstructure,[10]andtheSSValettabuiltin1889,whichwasthefirstshiptouseelectriclights. PrinzessinVictoriaLuisewasthefirstpurpose-builtcruiseship ThecruiseoftheGermanshipAugustaVictoriaintheMediterraneanSeaandtheNearEastfrom22Januaryto22March1891,with241passengers(includingAlbertBallinandhiswife),[11]popularizedcruisestoawidermarket.[12]ChristianWilhelmAllerspublishedanillustratedaccountofitasBackschisch(Baksheesh). ThefirstvesselbuiltexclusivelyforluxurycruisingwasPrinzessinVictoriaLuiseoftheGermanEmpire,designedbyAlbertBallin,generalmanageroftheHamburg-AmericaLine.Theshipwascompletedin1900.[13][14] Thepracticeofluxurycruisingmadesteadyinroadsintothemoreestablishedmarketfortransatlanticcrossings.Inthecompetitionforpassengers,oceanliners–Titanicbeingthemostfamousexample–addedluxuriessuchasfinedining,luxuryservices,andstateroomswithfinerappointments.[citationneeded]Inthelate-19thcentury,AlbertBallin,directoroftheHamburg-AmericaLine,wasthefirsttosendhistransatlanticshipsoutonlongsoutherncruisesduringtheworstoftheNorthAtlanticwinterseasons.Othercompaniesfollowedsuit.Someofthembuiltspecializedshipsdesignedforeasytransformationbetweensummercrossingsandwintercruising.[15] In1897threeluxuryliners,allEuropean-owned,offeredtransportationbetweenEuropeandNorthAmerica.In1906thenumberhadincreasedtoseven.TheBritishInmanLineownedCityofParis,[16]theCunardLinehadCampaniaandLucania.[17]TheWhiteStarLineownedMajestic[18]andTeutonic.[19]LaLorraineandLaSavoiesailedfortheFrenchCompagnieGénéraleTransatlantique.[20] Fromluxuryoceanlinersto"megaship"cruising[edit] Withtheadventoflargepassengerjetaircraftinthe1960s,intercontinentaltravelersswitchedfromshipstoplanessendingtheoceanlinertradeintoaterminaldecline.Certaincharacteristicsofolderoceanlinersmadethemunsuitableforcruisingduties,suchashighfuelconsumption,deepdraughtpreventingthemfromenteringshallowports,andcabins(oftenwindowless)designedtomaximizepassengernumbersratherthancomfort. RMSQueenElizabeth2wasreinventedasaluxuryoceanlinerfollowingtheadventofthejetairliner. Oceanlinerservicesaimedatpassengersceasedin1986,withthenotableexceptionoftransatlanticcrossingsoperatedbytheBritishshippingcompanyCunardLine,cateringtoanichemarketofthosewhoappreciatedtheseveraldaysatsea.Inanattempttoshiftthefocusofthemarketfrompassengertraveltocruisingwithentertainmentvalue,CunardLinepioneeredtheluxurycruisetransatlanticserviceonboardtheoceanlinerQueenElizabeth2.Internationalcelebritieswerehiredtoperformcabaretactsonboardandthecrossingwasadvertisedasavacationinitself. QueenElizabeth2alsoinaugurated"one-classcruising"whereallpassengersreceivedthesamequalityberthingandfacilities.Thisrevitalizedthemarketastheappealofluxurycruisingbegantocatchon,onbothsidesoftheAtlantic.The1970stelevisionseriesLoveBoathelpedtopopularizetheconceptasaromanticopportunityforcouples.[21]AnothershiptomakethistransitionwasSSNorway,originallytheoceanlinerSSFranceandlaterconvertedtocruisingdutiesastheCaribbeanSea'sfirst"super-ship". SovereignoftheSeas(formerlySovereign)wasthefirstofRoyalCaribbeanInternational'sSovereign-classcruiseships. Contemporarycruiseshipsbuiltinthelate1980sandlater,suchastheSovereignclasswhichbrokethesizerecordheldfordecadesbyNorway,showedcharacteristicsofsizeandstrengthoncereservedforoceanliners–somehaveundertakenregularscheduledtransatlanticcrossings.[22]TheSovereign-classshipswerethefirst"megaships"tobebuiltforthemasscruisingmarket,theyalsowerethefirstseriesofcruiseshipstoincludeamulti-storyatriumwithglasselevators.Theyalsohadasingledeckdevotedentirelytocabinswithprivatebalconiesinsteadofoceanviewcabins.Othercruiselinessoonlaunchedshipswithsimilarattributes,suchastheFantasyclass,leadinguptothePanamax-typeVistaclass,designedsuchthattwo-thirdsoftheoceanviewstateroomshaveverandas.Astheverandasuiteswereparticularlylucrativeforcruiselines,somethingwhichwaslackinginolderoceanliners,recentcruiseshipshavebeendesignedtomaximizesuchamenitiesandhavebeendescribedas"balcony-ladenfloatingcondominiums". OasisoftheSeaswastheleadshipofRoyalCaribbeanInternational'sOasis-classofcruiseships. Until1975–1980,cruisesofferedshuffleboard,deckchairs,"drinkswithumbrellasandlittleelseforafewhundredpassengers".After1980,theyofferedincreasingamenities.Asof2010,city-sizedshipshavedozensofamenities.[23] Therehavebeennineormorenewcruiseshipsaddedeveryyearsince2001,includingthe11membersoftheaforementionedVistaclass,andallat100,000 GTorgreater.TheonlycomparableoceanlinertobecompletedinrecentyearshasbeenCunardLine'sQueenMary2in2004.FollowingtheretirementofherrunningmateQueenElizabeth2inNovember2008,QueenMary2istheonlylineroperatingontransatlanticroutes,thoughshealsoseessignificantserviceoncruiseroutes.[24] OasisoftheSeaswitha6-deckhighoutdoorarea QueenMary2wasforatimethelargestpassengershipbeforebeingsurpassedbyRoyalCaribbeanInternational'sFreedom-classvesselsin2006.TheFreedom-classshipswereinturnovertakenbyRCI'sownOasis-classvesselswhichenteredservicein2009and2010.[25]AdistinctivefeatureoftheOasis-classshipsisthesplit"open-atrium"structure,madepossiblebythehull'sextraordinarywidth,withthe6-deckhigh"CentralPark"and"Boardwalk"outdoorareasrunningdownthemiddleoftheshipandverandasonalldecks. Intwoshortdecades(1988–2009),thelargestclasscruiseshipshavegrownathirdlonger(268to360 m,879 ft3 into1,181 ft1 in),almostdoubledtheirwidths(32.2to60.5 m,105 ft8 into198 ft6 in),doubledthetotalpassengers(2,744to5,400),andtripledinvolume(73,000to225,000GT).Also,the"megaships"wentfromasingledeckwithverandastoalldeckswithverandas.[26] Cruiselines[edit] CelebritySolsticewastheleadshipofCelebrity'sSolstice-classofcruiseships. Operatorsofcruiseshipsareknownascruiselines,whicharecompaniesthatsellcruisestothepublic.[27]Cruiselineshaveadualcharacter;theyarepartlyinthetransportationbusiness,andpartlyintheleisureentertainmentbusiness,adualitythatcarriesdownintotheshipsthemselves,whichhavebothacrewheadedbytheship'scaptain,andahospitalitystaffheadedbytheequivalentofahotelmanager.Amongcruiselines,somearedirectdescendantsofthetraditionalpassengershippinglines(suchasCunard),whileotherswerefoundedfromthe1960sspecificallyforcruising. Historically,thecruiseshipbusinesshasbeenvolatile.Theshipsarelargecapitalinvestmentswithhighoperatingcosts.Apersistentdecreaseinbookingscanputacompanyinfinancialjeopardy.Cruiselineshavesold,renovated,orrenamedtheirshipstokeepupwithtraveltrends.Cruiselinesoperatetheirshipsalmostconstantly.Ifthemaintenanceisunscheduled,itcanresult,potentially,inthousandsofdissatisfiedcustomers.[28] Awaveoffailuresandconsolidationsinthe1990sledtomanycruiselinesbeingboughtbymuchlargerholdingcompaniesandcontinuetooperateas"brands"orsubsidiariesoftheholdingcompany.Brandscontinuetobemaintainedpartlybecauseoftheexpectationofrepeatcustomerloyalty,andalsotoofferdifferentlevelsofqualityandservice.Forinstance,CarnivalCorporation&plcownsbothCarnivalCruiseLine,whoseformerimagewerevesselsthathadareputationas"partyships"foryoungertravelers,buthavebecomelarge,modern,yetstillprofitable,andHollandAmericaLine,whoseshipscultivateanimageofclassicelegance.In2004,CarnivalhadmergedCunard'sheadquarterswiththatofPrincessCruisesinSantaClarita,Californiasothatadministrative,financialandtechnologyservicescouldbecombined,endingCunard'shistorywhereithadoperatedasastandalonecompany(subsidiary)regardlessofparentownership.[29]However,Cunarddidregainsomeindependencein2009whenitsheadquartersweremovedtoCarnivalHouseinSouthampton.[30] SilverSpiritinKuşadası,Turkey Thecommonpracticeinthecruiseindustryinlistingcruiseshiptransfers[31]andorders[32]istolistthesmalleroperatingcompany,notthelargerholdingcorporation,astherecipientcruiselineofthesale,transfer,orneworder.Inotherwords,CarnivalCruiseLineandHollandAmericaLine,forexample,arethecruiselinesfromthiscommonindustrypracticepointofview;whereasCarnivalCorporation&plcandRoyalCaribbeanCruisesLtd.,forexample,canbeconsideredholdingcorporationsofcruiselines.Thisindustrypracticeofusingthesmalleroperatingcompany,notthelargerholdingcorporation,isalsofollowedinthelistofcruiselinesandinmember-basedreviewsofcruiselines.[33] Somecruiselineshavespecialties;forexample,SagaCruisesonlyallowspassengersover50yearsoldaboardtheirships,andStarClippersandformerlyWindjammerBarefootCruisesandWindstarCruisesonlyoperatetallships.RegentSevenSeasCruisesoperatesmedium-sizedvessels—smallerthanthe"megaships"ofCarnivalandRoyalCaribbean—designedsuchthatvirtuallyalloftheirsuitesarebalconies.Severalspecialtylinesoffer"expeditioncruising"oronlyoperatesmallships,visitingcertaindestinationssuchastheArcticandAntarctica,ortheGalápagosIslands.JohnW.Brown,whichformerlyoperatedaspartoftheUnitedStatesMerchantMarineduringWorldWarIIbeforebeingconvertedtoamuseumship,stillgetsunderwayseveraltimesayearforsix-hour"LivingHistoryCruises"thattaketheshipthroughBaltimoreHarbor,downthePatapscoRiver,andintotheChesapeakeBay,andsheisalsothelargestcruiseshipoperatingundertheAmericanflagontheUnitedStatesEastCoast.[34] CurrentlythethreelargestcruiselineholdingcompaniesandoperatorsintheworldareCarnivalCorporation&plc,RoyalCaribbeanCruisesLtd.andNorwegianCruiseLineHoldings. Asanindustry,thetotalnumberofcabinsonalloftheworld'scruiseshipsamounttolessthan2%oftheworld'shotelrooms.[35] Organization[edit] DisneyMagicdepartingPortCanaveral,Florida. AIDAdivainİzmir Cruiseshipsareorganizedmuchlikefloatinghotels,withacompletehospitalitystaffinadditiontotheusualship'screw.Itisnotuncommonforthemostluxuriousshipstohavemorecrewandstaffthanpassengers.[36] Dining[edit] IslandPrincessinCaboSanLucas SerenadeoftheSeaswasoneofRoyalCaribbean'sRadiance-classofcruiseships. Diningonalmostallcruiseshipsisincludedinthecruiseprice.Traditionally,theships'restaurantsorganizetwodinnerservicesperday,earlydiningandlatedining,andpassengersareallocatedasetdiningtimefortheentirecruise;arecenttrendistoallowdinerstodinewhenevertheywant.Havingtwodinnertimesallowstheshiptohaveenoughtimeandspacetoaccommodatealloftheirguests.Havingtwodifferentdinnerservicescancausesomeconflictswithsomeoftheship'sevents(suchasshowsandperformances)forthelatediners,butthisproblemisusuallyfixedbyhavingashorterversionoftheeventtakeplacebeforelatedinner.CunardLineshipsmaintaintheclasstraditionofoceanlinersandhaveseparatediningroomsfordifferenttypesofsuites,whileCelebrityCruisesandPrincessCruiseshaveastandarddiningroomand"upgrade"specialtyrestaurantsthatrequirepre-bookingandcovercharges.Manycruisesscheduleoneormore"formaldining"nights.Guestsdress"formally",howeverthatisdefinedfortheship,oftensuitsandtiesoreventuxedosformen,andformaldressesforwomen.Themenuismoreupscalethanusual. Besidesthediningroom,moderncruiseshipsoftencontainoneormorecasualbuffet-styleeateries,whichmaybeopen24hoursandwithmenusthatvarythroughoutthedaytoprovidemealsrangingfrombreakfasttolate-nightsnacks.Inrecentyears,cruiselineshavestartedtoincludeadiverserangeofethnicallythemedrestaurantsaboardeachship.[37]Shipsalsofeaturenumerousbarsandnightclubsforpassengerentertainment;themajorityofcruiselinesdonotincludealcoholicbeveragesintheirfaresandpassengersareexpectedtopayfordrinksastheyconsumethem.Mostcruiselinesalsoprohibitpassengersfrombringingaboardandconsumingtheirownbeverages,includingalcohol,whileaboard.Alcoholpurchasedduty-freeissealedandreturnedtopassengerswhentheydisembark. Thereisoftenacentralgalleyresponsibleforservingallmajorrestaurantsaboardtheship,thoughspecialtyrestaurantsmayhavetheirownseparategalleys. Aswithanyvessel,adequateprovisioningiscrucial,especiallyonacruiseshipservingseveralthousandmealsateachseating.Forexample,aquasi"militaryoperation"isrequiredtoloadandunload3,600passengersandeighttonsoffoodatthebeginningandendofeachcruise,fortheRoyalPrincess.[38] Otheron-boardfacilities[edit] Moderncruiseshipstypicallyhaveaboardsomeorallofthefollowingfacilities: Buffetrestaurant Cardroom Casino —Onlyopenwhentheshipisatseatoavoidconflictwithlocallaws Childcarefacilities[39] Cinema Clubs Fitnesscenter Hottub Indoorand/oroutdoorswimmingpoolwithwaterslides Infirmaryandmorgue[40] Karaoke Library Lounges Observationlounge Pingpongtables Pooltables Shops —Onlyopenwhentheshipisatseatoavoidmerchandisinglicensingandlocaltaxes Spa TeenLounges TheatrewithBroadway-styleshows Someshipshavebowlingalleys,iceskatingrinks,rockclimbingwalls,sky-divingsimulators,miniaturegolfcourses,videoarcades,ziplines,surfingsimulators,waterslides,basketballcourts,tenniscourts,chainrestaurants,ropesobstaclecourses,andevenrollercoasters.[41] H2OZoneaboardFreedomoftheSeas PromenadeontheAllureoftheSeas GolfcourseonBrillianceoftheSeas MolecularBaraboardtheCelebrityEquinoxbeforeChristmas FormalbrunchaboardtheCelebrityEquinox SurfsimulatoronOasisoftheSeas AjuniorsuiteonRadianceoftheSeas AluxurysuiteaboardtheCelebrityEquinox Crew[edit] Crewareusuallyhiredonthreetoelevenmonthcontractswhichmaythenberenewedasmutuallyagreed,dependingonserviceratingsfrompassengersaswellasthecyclicalnatureofthecruiselineoperator.Most[42]staffwork77-hourworkweeksfor10monthscontinuouslyfollowedbytwomonthsofvacation.[43][44] Therearenopaidvacationsorpensionsforservice,non-managementcrew,dependingonthelevelofthepositionandthetypeofthecontract.Non-serviceandmanagementcrewmembersgetpaidvacation,medical,retirementoptions,andcanparticipateinthecompany'sgroupinsuranceplan. ThedirectsalaryislowbyNorthAmericanstandards,[44]thoughrestaurantstaffhaveconsiderableearningpotentialfrompassengertips.Crewmembersdonothaveanyexpenseswhileonboard,becausefoodandaccommodation,medicalcare,andtransportationformostemployees,areincluded.Oyogoastatesthat"Crewingagenciesoftenexploitthedesperationofpotentialemployees."[45] Livingarrangementsvarybycruiseline,butmostlybyshipboardposition.Ingeneraltwoemployeesshareacabinwithashower,commodeandadeskwithatelevisionset,whileseniorofficersareassignedsinglecabins.Thereisasetoffacilitiesforthecrewseparatefromthatforpassengers,suchasmessroomsandbars,recreationrooms,prayerrooms/mosques,andfitnesscenter,withsomelargershipsevenhavingacrewdeckwithaswimmingpoolandhottubs.[46] AllcrewmembersarerequiredtobringtheircertificatesfortheStandardoftraining,certificationandwatchkeepingorcompletingthetrainingwhilebeingonboard.Crewmembersneedtoconsidercompletingthiscertificationpriortoembarkingsinceitistime-consumingandneedstobeaccomplishedatthesametimetheyperformtheirdailyworkactivitieswhilebeingonboard.[citationneeded] Forthelargestcruiseoperators,most"hotelstaff"arehiredfromlessindustrializedcountriesinAsia,EasternEurope,theCaribbean,andCentralAmerica.WhileseveralcruiselinesareheadquarteredintheUnitedStates,likemostinternationalshippingcompanies,shipsareregisteredincountriessuchastheNetherlands,theUK,theBahamas,andPanama.TheInternationalLabourOrganization's2006MaritimeLabourConvention,[47]alsoknownasthe"Seafarers'BillofRights,"[48]providescomprehensiverightsandprotectionsforallcrewmembers.TheILOsetsrigorousstandardsregardinghoursofworkandrest,healthandsafety,andlivingconditionsforcrewmembers,andrequiresgovernmentstoensurethatshipscomply.ForcruiseroutesaroundHawaii,operatorsarerequiredtoregistertheirshipsintheUnitedStatesandthecrewisunionized,sothesecruisesaretypicallymuchmoreexpensivethanintheCaribbeanortheMediterranean.[citationneeded] Businessmodel[edit] Mostcruiselinessincethe2000shavetosomeextentpricedthecruisingexperienceàlacarte,aspassengerspendingaboardgeneratessignificantlymorethanticketsales.[44]Thepassenger'sticketincludesthestateroomaccommodation,roomservice,unlimitedmealsinthemaindiningroom(ormainrestaurant)andbuffet,accesstoshows,anduseofpoolandgymfacilities,whilethereisadailygratuitychargetocoverhousekeepingandwaiterservice.However,thereareextrachargesforalcoholandsoftdrinks,officialcruisephotos,Internetandwi-fiaccess,andspecialtyrestaurants.Cruiselinesearnsignificantlyfromsellingonshoreexcursionsofferedbylocalcontractors;keeping50%ormoreofwhatpassengersspendforthesetours.[44]Inaddition,cruiseshipsearnsignificantcommissionsonsalesfromonshorestoresthatarepromotedonboardas"preferred"(asmuchas40%ofgrosssales).Facilitatingthispracticearemoderncruiseterminalswithestablishmentsofduty-freeshopsinsideaperimeteraccessibleonlybypassengersandnotbylocals.[44]Portsofcallhaveoftenorientedtheirownbusinessesandfacilitiestowardsmeetingtheneedsofvisitingcruiseships.Inonecase,IcyStraitPointinAlaska,theentiredestinationwascreatedexplicitlyandsolelyforcruiseshipvisitors.[49] Traveltoandfromtheportofdepartureisusuallythepassengers'responsibility,althoughpurchasingatransferpassfromthecruiselineforthetripbetweentheairportandcruiseterminalwillguaranteethattheshipwillnotleaveuntilthepassengerisaboard.Similarly,ifthepassengerbooksashoreexcursionwiththecruiselineandthetourrunslate,theshipisobligedtoremainuntilthepassengerreturns.[50] LuxurycruiselinessuchasRegentSevenSeasCruisesandCrystalCruisesmarkettheirfaresas"all-inclusive".[51]Forexample,thebasefareonRegentSevenSeasshipsincludesmostalcoholicbeveragesonboardshipandmostshoreexcursionsinportsofcall,aswellasallgratuitiesthatwouldnormallybepaidtohotelstaffontheship.[52]Thefaremayalsoincludeaone-nighthotelstaybeforeboarding,andtheairfaretoandfromthecruise'soriginanddestinationports.[52] Manycruiselineshaveloyaltyprograms.Usingtheseandbybookinginexpensivetickets,somepeoplehavefounditcheapertolivecontinuouslyoncruiseshipsinsteadofonland.[53] Cruiseshiputilization[edit] Cruiseshipsandformerlinersoftenfinduseinapplicationsotherthanthoseforwhichtheywerebuilt.Duetoslowerspeedandreducedseaworthiness,aswellasbeinglargelyintroducedafterseveralmajorwars,cruiseshipshavealsobeenusedastrooptransportvessels.[citationneeded]Bycontrast,oceanlinerswereoftenseenastheprideoftheircountryandusedtorivallinersofothernations,andhavebeenrequisitionedduringbothWorldWarsandtheFalklandsWartotransportsoldiersandserveashospitalships.[54] Duringthe1992SummerOlympics,elevencruiseshipsdockedatthePortofBarcelonaforanaverageof18days,servedasfloatinghotelstohelpaccommodatethelargeinfluxofvisitorstotheGames.Theywereavailabletosponsorsandhosted11,000guestsaday,makingitthesecondlargestconcentrationofOlympicaccommodationbehindtheOlympicVillage.[55]ThishostingsolutionhasbeenusedsincetheninGamesheldincoastalcities,suchasatSydney2000,Athens2004,[56]London2012,Sochi2014,[57]Rio2016andwasgoingtobeusedatTokyo2020.[58] Cruiseshipshavebeenusedtoaccommodatedisplacedpersonsduringhurricanes.Forexample,on1September2005,theU.S.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)contractedthreeCarnivalCruiseLinesvessels(CarnivalFantasy,theformerCarnivalHoliday,andtheCarnivalSensation)tohouseHurricaneKatrinaevacuees.[59]In2017,cruiseshipswereusedtohelptransportresidentsfromsomeCaribbeanislandsdestroyedbyHurricaneIrma,[60]aswellasPuertoRicoresidentsdisplacedbyHurricaneMaria.[61] Thecruiseshipshavealsobeenusedforevacuations.In2010,inresponsetotheshutdownofUKairspaceduetotheeruptionofIceland'sEyjafjallajökullvolcano,thenewlycompletedCelebrityEclipsewasusedtorescue2,000BritishtouristsstrandedinSpainasanactofgoodwillbytheowners.TheshipdepartedfromSouthamptonforBilbaoon21April,andreturnedon23April.[62]AcruiseshipwaskeptonstandbyincaseinhabitantsofKangarooIslandrequiredevacuationin2020afteraseriesoffiresburnedontheisland.[63] Regionalindustries[edit] 4cruiseshipsdockedatportofNassau,theBahamas. CruiseshipsinUshuaia,Argentina MostcruiseshipssailtheCaribbeanortheMediterranean.OthersoperateelsewhereinplaceslikeAlaska,theSouthPacific,theBalticSeaandNewEngland.Acruiseshipthatismovingfromoneoftheseregionstoanotherwillcommonlyoperatearepositioningcruisewhiledoingso.Expeditioncruiselines,whichusuallyoperatesmallships,visitcertainmorespecializeddestinationssuchastheArcticandAntarctica,ortheGalápagosIslands. Thenumberofcruisetouristsworldwidein2005wasestimatedatsome14 million.ThemainregionforcruisingwasNorthAmerica(70%ofcruises),wheretheCaribbeanislandswerethemostpopulardestinations. ThesecondmostpopularregionwascontinentalEurope(13%),wherethefastestgrowingsegmentiscruisesintheBalticSea.[64]ThemostvisitedBalticportsareCopenhagen,St.Petersburg,Tallinn,StockholmandHelsinki.[65] TheseaportofSt.Petersburg,themainBalticportofcall,received426,500passengersduringthe2009cruiseseason.[66] Accordingto2010CEMAR[67]statisticstheMediterraneancruisemarketisgoingthroughafastandfundamentalchange;ItalyhaswonprimepositionasadestinationforEuropeancruises,anddestinationforthewholeoftheMediterraneanbasin.ThemostvisitedportsinMediterraneanSeaareBarcelona(Spain),Civitavecchia(Italy),Palma(Spain)andVenice(Italy). 2013sawtheentranceofthefirstChinesecompanyintothecruisemarket.China'sfirstluxurycruiseship,Henna,madehermaidenvoyagefromSanyaPhoenixIslandInternationalPortinlateJanuary.[68] Caribbeancruisingindustry[edit] Nearly9,000passengersfromthreeCarnivalshipsvisitingSt.Thomas,USVirginIslands;fromfronttoback:CarnivalLiberty,CarnivalTriumphandtheCarnivalGlory TheCaribbeancruisingindustryisoneofthelargestintheworld,responsibleforover$2 billionindirectrevenuetotheCaribbeanislandsin2012.[69]Over45,000peoplefromtheCaribbeanaredirectlyemployedinthecruiseindustry.[69]Anestimated17,457,600cruisepassengersvisitedtheislandsinthe2011–2012cruiseyear(May2011toApril2012.[69])CruiselinesoperatingintheCaribbeanincludeRoyalCaribbeanInternational,PrincessCruises,CarnivalCruiseLine,CelebrityCruises,DisneyCruiseLine,HollandAmerica,P&O,CunardandNorwegianCruiseLine.Therearealsosmallercruiselinesthatcatertoamoreintimatefeelingamongtheirguests.ThethreelargestcruiseoperatorsareCarnivalCorporation,RoyalCaribbeanInternational,andStarCruises/NorwegianCruiseLines. ManyAmericancruiselinestotheCaribbeandepartoutofthePortofMiami,with"nearlyone-thirdofthecruisessailingoutofMiamiinrecentyears".[70]OthercruiseshipsdepartfromPortEverglades(inFortLauderdale),PortCanaveral(approximately45miles(72 km)eastofOrlando),NewYork,Tampa,Galveston,NewOrleans,CapeLiberty,Baltimore,Jacksonville,Charleston,Norfolk,Mobile,andSanJuan,PuertoRico.SomeUKcruiselinesbasetheirshipsoutofBarbadosfortheCaribbeanseason,operatingdirectcharterflightsoutoftheUK. ThebusiestportsofcallintheCaribbeanforcruisinginthe2013yeararelistedbelow[71] Rank Destination PassengerArrivals(2013)[71] 1 Bahamas 4,709,236 2 Cozumel,Mexico 2,751,178 3 UnitedStatesVirginIslands 1,998,579 4 SintMaarten 1,779,384 5 CaymanIslands 1,375,872 6 Jamaica 1,288,184 7 PuertoRico 1,176,343 8 TurksandCaicosIslands 778,920 9 Aruba 688,568 10 Belize 677,350 11 Haiti 643,634 12 SaintKittsandNevis 629,000 13 Curacao 610,186 14 SaintLucia 594,118 15 Barbados 570,263 16 AntiguaandBarbuda 533,993 17 DominicanRepublic 423,910 18 BritishVirginIslands 367,362 19 Bermuda 320,090 20 Dominica 230,588 21 Grenada 197,311 22 Martinique 103,770 23 Bonaire 96,818 24 SaintVincentandtheGrenadines 82,974 Alaskancruisingindustry[edit] 2016wasthemostrecentyearofCLIA(CruiseLinesInternationalAssociation)studiesconductedaroundthecruiseindustryspecificallyintheUSandmorespecificallyAlaska.In2016,Alaskancruisesgeneratednearly5 millionpassengerandcrewvisits,20.3%ofallpassengerandcrewvisitsintheUS.(NASDAQ,2017)CruiselinesfrequentlybringpassengerstoGlacierBayNationalPark,Ketchikan,Anchorage,Skagway,andthestate'scapital,Juneau.[72] Alaskacruisestatistics Total ShareoftheU.S.(%) Passengerembarkations 157,000 1.3 Residentcruisepassengers 9,000 0.1 Totalpassenger&crewvisits 4,897,000 20.3 Directexpenditures $1,065m 4.9 Totalemploymentimpact[clarificationneeded] 19,842 5.1 Totalwageimpact[clarificationneeded] $991m 4.8 VisitorvolumeisrepresentedbyoverallvisitorsenteringAlaskanwatersand/orairspace.BetweenOctober2016andSeptember2017Alaskahadabout2.2 millionvisitors;49%ofthosewerethroughthecruiseindustry.That2.2 millionwasa27%increasesince2009,andthevolumeoverallhassteadilyincreased.Visitorsgenerallyspendmoneywhentravelling,andthisismeasuredintwodistinctareas:thecruisingcompaniesthemselvesandthevisitors.Therearenocurrentnumbersforcruisespecificpassengerspendingashore,buttheoverallvisitorexpenditurecanbemeasured.Toursaccountedfor$394 million(18%),giftsandsouvenirs$427 million(20%),food$428 million(20%),transportation$258 million(12%),lodging$454 million(21%),andother$217 million(10%).Thesecondmainareaofeconomicgrowthcomesfromwhatthecruisingcompaniesandtheircrewsspendthemselves.Cruiselinersspendaround$297 millionontheitemsthatcomeintheirpackagesonboardandashoreaspartsofgrouptours:thingslikestagecoachridesandboattoursonsmallervesselsthroughouttheirportsofcall.Thismoneyispaidtotheserviceprovidersbythecruiselinecompany.Cruiselinercrewarealsoarevenuegenerator,with27,000crewmembersvisitingAlaskain2017alone,generatingabout$22 million.2017wasalsoagoodyearforjobgenerationwithinAlaska:43,300jobswerecreated,bringingin$1.5 billioninlaborcosts,andatotalincomeof$4.5 billionwasgenerated.ThesejobswerescatteredacrossallofAlaska.SoutheastAlaskahad11,925jobs($455 millionlaborincome),Southwest1,800jobs($50 millionlaborincome),SouthCentral20,700jobs($761 millionLaborincome),Interior8,500jobs($276 millionlaborincome),FarNorth375jobs($13Mlaborincome).Laborincomeisshowninthegraphbelow. Employment LaborIncomeUS$millions Foodanddrink 6,900 173 Accommodations 6,200 163 Retail 5,300 108 Toursandactivities 5,000 173 Transportation 4,100 173 Other 2,800 79 Totaldirectjobs/incomefromvisitorspending 30,400 870 DirectJobs/incomefromindustryspending 4,100 133 Indirect/inducedjobsincome 8,800 536 Totalvisitorindustry-relatedjobs/income 43,300 1,539 Shipyards[edit] TheconstructionmarketforcruiseshipsisdominatedbythreeEuropeancompaniesandoneAsiancompany: Chantiersdel’AtlantiqueofFrance. FincantieriofItalywith: Anconashipyards(locatedatAncona) Margherashipyards(locatedatMarghera,Venice) Monfalconeshipyards(locatedatMonfalcone,Gorizia) SestriPonenteshipyards[73](locatedatGenoa) VARDBrailashipyards(locatedatBraila) VARDSøviknesShipyard(locatedinNorway) VARDTulceashipyards(locatedatTulcea) MeyerWerftofGermanywithtwoshipyards: MeyerTurkuatPernoshipyardinTurku,Finland MeyerWerftofGermany. MitsubishiHeavyIndustriesofJapan. Alargenumberofcruiseshipshavebeenbuiltbyothershipyards,butnootherindividualyardhasreachedthelargenumbersofbuiltshipsachievedbythefourabove. Safetyandsecurity[edit] Seealso:Passengership§ Safetyregulations Piracy[edit] Mainarticle:Piracy Asmostofthepassengersonacruiseareaffluentandhaveconsiderableransompotential,nottomentionaconsiderableamountofcashandjewelryonboard(forexampleincasinosandshops),therehavebeenseveralhigh-profilepirateattacksoncruiseships,suchasonSeabournSpiritandMSCMelody.[74][75] Asaresult,cruiseshipshaveimplementedvarioussecuritymeasures.Whilemostmerchantshippingfirmshavegenerallyavoidedarmingcreworsecurityguardsforreasonsofsafety,liabilityandconformitywiththelawsofthecountrieswheretheydock,cruiseshipshavesmallarms(usuallysemi-automaticpistols)storedinasafeaccessibleonlybythecaptainwhodistributesthemtoauthorizedpersonnelsuchassecurityorthemaster-at-arms.Theship'shigh-pressurefirehosescanbeusedtokeepboardersatbay,andoftenthevesselitselfcanbemaneuveredtorampiratecraft.ArecenttechnologytodeterpirateshasbeentheLRADorsoniccannonwhichwasusedinthesuccessfuldefenceofSeabournSpirit.[75][76] Arelatedriskisthatofterrorism,themostnotableincidentbeingthatofthe1985hijackingofAchilleLauro,anItaliancruiseship.[77] Crimeon-board[edit] Passengersenteringthecruiseshiparescreenedbymetaldetectors.ExplosivedetectionmachinesusedincludeX-raymachinesandexplosivestrace-detectionportalmachines(a.k.a."puffermachines"),topreventweapons,drugs[78]andothercontrabandonboard.Securityhasbeenconsiderablytightenedsince11September2001,suchthatthesemeasuresaresimilartoairportsecurity.[79][80] Inadditiontosecuritycheckpoints,passengersareoftengivenaship-specificidentificationcard,whichmustbeshowninordertogetonorofftheship.Thispreventspeopleboardingwhoarenotentitledtodoso,andalsoensurestheship'screwareawareofwhoisontheship.[81]TheCruiseShipIDcardsarealsousedasthepassenger'sroomkey.CCTVcamerasaremountedfrequentlythroughouttheship. In2010,theUnitedStatesCongresspassedtheCruiseVesselSecurityandSafetyAct[82]afternumerousincidentsofsexualviolence,passengerdisappearances,physicalassault,andotherseriouscrimes.Congresssaid: Passengersoncruisevesselshaveaninadequateappreciationoftheirpotentialvulnerabilitytocrimewhileonoceanvoyages,andthosewhomaybevictimizedlacktheinformationtheyneedtounderstandtheirlegalrightsortoknowwhomtocontactforhelpintheimmediateaftermathofthecrime. Congresssaidbothpassengersandcrewcommittedcrimes.Itsaiddataontheproblemwaslackingbecausecruiselinesdidnotmakeitpubliclyavailable,multiplecountrieswereinvolvedininvestigatingincidentsoninternationalwaters,andcrimescenescouldnotbesecuredquicklybypolice.Itrecommendedthatownersofcruisevessels: installacoustichailingandwarningdevicescapableofworkingatadistance.[83][84] installmoresecuritycameras installpeepholesinpassengerroomdoors limitaccesstopassengerroomstoselectstaffatspecifictimes AfterinvestigatingthedeathofDianneBrimblein2002,acoronerinAustraliarecommended: Federalpoliceofficerstravelonshipstoensureaquickresponsetocrime, scannersanddrugdetectiondogscheckpassengersandcrewatAustralianports, anendtooverlapsbetweenjurisdictions,and flagsofshipsbedisregardedfornationsunabletoinvestigateincidentsthoroughlyandcompetently.[85] ThelobbygroupInternationalCruiseVictimsAssociation,basedinArizona,pushesformoreregulationofthecruiseindustry,andsupportsvictimsofcrimescommittedoncruiseships.[86] Overboarddrownings[edit] Passengersandcrewsometimesdrownaftergoingoverboardinwhattheindustrycallsman-overboardincidents(MOBs).Since2000,morethan300peoplehavefallenoffcruiseshipsorlargeferries,whichisanaverageofabout1.5peopleeachmonth.Ofthose,onlyabout17to25percentwererescued.Criticsoftheindustryblamealcoholpromotionformanypassengerdeaths,andpoorlabourconditionsforcrewsuicides.TheyalsopointtounderinvestmentinthelatestMOBsensors,alackofregulationandconsumerprotection,andalackofon-boardcounsellingservicesforcrew.Theindustryblamesirresponsiblebehaviourbypassengers,andsaysoverboardsensorsareunreliableandgeneratefalsealarms.[87] MaritimelawyerJimWalkerestimatesabouthalfofalldisappearancesatseainvolvesomefactoroffoulplay,andthatalackofpolicejurisdictiononinternationalwatersallowssexualpredatorstogounpunished.[88] Stability[edit] Seealso:Shipstability Moderncruiseshipsaretallbutremainstableduetotheirrelativelylowcenterofmass.Thisisduetolargeopenspacesandtheextensiveuseofaluminium,high-strengthsteelandotherlightweightmaterialsintheupperparts,andthefactthattheheaviestcomponents —engines,propellers,fueltanksandsuch —arelocatedatthebottomofthehull.Thus,eventhoughmoderncruiseshipsmayappeartall,properweightdistributionensuresthattheyarenottop-heavy.[89][90]Furthermore,largecruiseshipstendtobeverywide,whichconsiderablyincreasestheirinitialstabilitybyincreasingthemetacentricheight. Althoughmostpassengershipsutilizestabilizerstoreducerollinginheavyweather,theyareonlyusedforcrewandpassengercomfortanddonotcontributetotheoverallintactstabilityofthevessel.Theshipsmustfulfillallstabilityrequirementsevenwiththestabilizerfinsretracted.[91] AccordingtotheWashingtonPost,arecentstudybyeconomicconsultantG.P.Wild–commissionedbythecruiseindustry'stradegroupandreleasedinMarch2019–arguedthatcruisesaregettingsaferovertime.Thestudyclaimsthat,evenascapacityincreased55percentbetween2009and2018,thenumberofoverall"operationalincidents"declined37percentandtherateofman-overboardcasesdropped35percent.[92] Disease[edit] Norovirus[edit] Norovirusisavirusthatcommonlycausesgastroenteritisindevelopedcountries,[93]andisalsoacauseofgastroenteritisoncruiseships.[94]Itistypicallytransmittedfrompersontoperson.[95]Symptomsusuallylastbetween1and3daysandgenerallyresolvewithouttreatmentorlongtermconsequences.Theincubationperiodofthevirusaveragesabout24hours.[96] Norovirusoutbreaksareoftenperceivedtobeassociatedwithcruiseships.AccordingtotheUnitedStatesCDC,thefactorsthatcausenorovirustobeassociatedwithcruiseshipsincludetheclosertrackingandfasterreportingofillnessesoncruiseshipscomparedtothoseonland;thecloserlivingquartersthatincreasestheamountofinterpersonalcontact;aswellastheturnoverofpassengersthatmaybringthevirusesonboard.[97] However,theestimatedlikelihoodofcontractinggastroenteritisfromanycauseonanaverage7-daycruiseislessthan1%.[dubious–discuss][98]In2009,duringwhichmorethan13 millionpeopletookacruise,[94]therewereninereportednorovirusoutbreaksoncruiseships.[94]OutbreakinvestigationsbytheUnitedStatesCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)haveshownthattransmissionamongcruiseshippassengersisprimarilyperson-to-person;potablewatersupplieshavenotbeenimplicated.InastudypublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,theCDCreportedthat,"Perceptionsthatcruiseshipscanbeluxurybreedinggroundsforacutegastroenteritisoutbreaksdon'tholdwater.ArecentCDCreportshowedthatfrom2008to2014,only0.18%ofmorethan73millioncruisepassengersand0.15%ofsome28millioncrewmembersreportedsymptomsoftheillness."[99] Shipsdockedinportundergosurprisehealthinspections.In2009,shipsthatunderwentunannouncedinspectionsbytheCDCreceivedanaverageCDCVesselSanitationProgramscoreofapproximately97outofatotalpossible100points.[100]Theminimumpassinginspectionscoreis85.[100]CollaborationwiththeCDC'sVesselSanitationProgramandthedevelopmentofOutbreakPreventionandResponsePlanshasbeencreditedindecreasingtheincidenceofnorovirusoutbreaksonships.[101] Legionnaires'disease[edit] OtherpathogenswhichcancolonisepoolsandspasincludingthoseoncruiseshipsincludeLegionella,thebacteriumwhichcausesLegionnaires'disease.Legionella,andinparticularthemostvirulentstrain,Legionellapneumophilaserogroup1,cancauseinfectionswheninhaledasanaerosoloraspirated.Individualswhoareimmunocompromisedandthosewithpre-existingchronicrespiratoryandcardiacdiseasearemoresusceptible.Legionnaires'hasbeeninfrequentlyassociatedwithcruiseships.[102][103][104]TheCruiseindustryVesselSanitationProgramhasspecificpublichealthrequirementstocontrolandpreventLegionella.[105] EnterotoxigenicEscherichiacoli(ETEC)[edit] EnterotoxigenicEscherichiacoliisaformofE.coliandtheleadingbacterialcauseofdiarrheainthedevelopingworld,aswellasthemostcommoncauseofdiarrheafortravelerstothoseareas.[106]Since2008therehasbeenatleastonereportedincidenteachyearofE.colioninternationalcruiseshipsreportedtotheVesselSanitationProgramoftheCentersforDiseaseControl,thoughtherewerenonein2015.[94]CausesofE.coliinfectionincludetheconsumptionofcontaminatedfoodorwatercontaminatedbyhumanwaste.[107] COVID-19[edit] Mainarticle:COVID-19pandemiconcruiseships NewsoutletsreportedseveralcasesandsuspectedcasesofCoronavirusdisease2019associatedwithcruiseshipsinearly2020.Authoritiesvariouslyturnedawayshipsorquarantinedthem;cruiseoperatorscancelledsomeportvisitsandultimatelysuspendedglobalcruiseoperations.Peopleaboardcruiseshipsplayedaroleinspreadingthediseaseinsomecountries.[108] Environmentalimpact[edit] Mainarticle:Environmentalimpactofshipping Furtherinformation:CruiseshippollutioninEuropeandCruiseshippollutionintheUnitedStates DieselsmokefromcruiseshipsoverJuneau,Alaska Cruiseshipsgenerateanumberofwastestreamsthatcanresultindischargestothemarineenvironment,includingsewage,graywater,hazardouswastes,oilybilgewater,ballastwater,andsolidwaste.Theyalsoemitairpollutantstotheairandwater.Thesewastes,ifnotproperlytreatedanddisposedof,canbeasignificantsourceofpathogens,nutrients,andtoxicsubstanceswiththepotentialtothreatenhumanhealthanddamageaquaticlife.[109] Mostcruiseshipsrun(primarily)onheavyfueloil(HFO)/bunkerfuel,which,becauseofitshighsulphurcontent,resultsinsulphurdioxideemissionsworsethanthoseofequivalentroadtraffic.[110]TheinternationalMARPOLIV-14agreementforSulphurEmissionControlAreasrequireslessthan0.10%sulphurinthefuel,contrastingwithHeavyFuelOil.[111]Cruiseshipsmayuse60percentofthefuelenergyforpropulsion,and40percentforhotelfunctions,butloadsanddistributiondependhighlyonconditions.[112] Ithasbeenclaimedthatairpollutionfrommaritimetransport,includingcruiseships,isresponsiblefor50000deathsperyearinEurope.[113][114] Somecruiselines,suchasCunard,aretakingstepstoreduceenvironmentalimpactbyrefrainingfromdischarges(QueenMary2hasazero-dischargepolicy)andreducingtheircarbondioxideoutputeveryyear.[115] Cruiseshipsrequireelectricalpower,normallyprovidedbydieselgenerators,[116]althoughanincreasingnumberofnewshipsarefueledbyliquifiednaturalgas(LNG).[117]Whendocked,shipsmustruntheirgeneratorscontinuouslytopoweron-boardfacilities,unlesstheyarecapableofusingonshorepower,whereavailable.Somecruiseshipsalreadysupporttheuseofshorepower,whileothersarebeingadaptedtodoso.[118] Seealso[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoCruiseships. 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Bibliography[edit] Berger,ArthurAsa(2004).OceanTravelandCruising:ACulturalAnalysis.NewYork:HaworthHospitalityPress.ISBN 978-0789021984. Butler,Manuel(2010).CruiseTourism:CurrentSituationandTrends.Madrid:WorldTourismOrganization.ISBN 9789284413645. Cartwright,Roger;Baird,Carolyn(1999).TheDevelopmentandGrowthoftheCruiseIndustry.Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann.ISBN 978-0750643849. Cudahy,BrianJ.(2001).TheCruiseShipPhenomenoninNorthAmerica.Centreville,MD,USA:CornellMaritimePress.ISBN 978-0870335297. Dawson,Philip(2000).CruiseShips:AnEvolutioninDesign.London:ConwayMaritimePress.ISBN 9780851776606. Dickinson,RobertH.;Vladimir,AndrewN.(2008).SellingtheSea:AnInsideLookattheCruiseIndustry(2nd ed.).Hoboken,NJ,USA:JohnWiley&Sons.ISBN 9780471749189. Douglas,Norman;Douglas,Ngaire(2004).TheCruiseExperience:GlobalandRegionalIssuesinCruising.FrenchsForest,NSW,Australia:PearsonHospitalityPress.ISBN 978-1862505124. Dowling,RossK.,ed.(2006).CruiseShipTourism.Wallingford:CABInternational.ISBN 978-1845930486. Garin,KristofferA.(2005).DevilsontheDeepBlueSea:thedreams,schemes,andshowdownsthatbuiltAmerica'scruise-shipempires.NewYork:Viking.ISBN 978-0670034185. Klein,RossA.(2002).CruiseShipBlues:TheUndersideoftheCruiseindustry.GabriolaIsland,BC,Canada:NewSocietyPublishers.ISBN 978-0865714625. Middlemiss,NormanL.(1997).WorldCruiseShips:TheHistoryandDevelopmentofCruising.Newcastle-upon-Tyne,UK:ShieldPublications.ISBN 978-1871128154. Munsart,Craig(2015).ACruiseShipPrimer:History&Operations.Atglen,PA,USA:SchifferPublishing.ISBN 9780870336386. Peter,Bruce(2017).CruiseShips:ADesignVoyage.Ramsey,IsleofMan:FerryPublications.ISBN 9781911268086. Quartermaine,Peter;Peter,Bruce(2006).Cruise:Identity,DesignandCulture.London:LauranceKingPublishing.ISBN 9781856694469. Saunders,Aaron(19December2013).GiantsoftheSea:TheShipsthatTransformedModernCruising.SeaforthPublishing.ISBN 978-1848321724. Ulrich,Kurt(1998).MonarchsoftheSea:TheGreatOceanLiners.London:TaurisParke.ISBN 978-1860643736. Ward,Douglas,BerlitzOceanCruisingandCruiseShips,publishedannually Furtherreading[edit] FranGolden(6December2019)."Whycruiselineskeepcuttingtheirshipsinhalf".Bloomberg.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4December2019. Externallinks[edit] WikivoyagehasatravelguideforCruiseships. Cruise-relatedresourcesatCurlie vteModernmerchantshipsDrycargo Barge Bulkcarrier Carfloat Chainboat Coaster Collier Containership Heavy-liftship Hopperbarge Lakefreighter Lighteraboardship Livestockcarrier Reefership ROROship SubmarineCargoVessel Trainferry Tankers Chemicaltanker FPSOunit Gascarrier Hydrogentanker LNGcarrier Oiltanker Passenger Cableferry Cargoliner Cruiseship Cruiseferry Ferry Narrowboat Oceanliner ROROship Trainferry Support Anchorhandlingtugsupplyvessel Divingsupportvessel Emergencytowvessel Fireboat Platformsupplyvessel Pusher Salvagetug Tender Tugboat Other Floatingrestaurant Cablelayer Cranevessel Dredger Drillship Fishingvessel Icebreaker Merchantsubmarine Narco-submarine Pipe-layingship Researchvessel Riverboat Semi-submersible Snagboat AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries Germany Israel UnitedStates Japan CzechRepublic Artresearchinstitutes KulturNav(Norway) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruise_ship&oldid=1097411154" Categories:ShiptypesCruiseshipsHiddencategories:AllarticleswithdeadexternallinksArticleswithdeadexternallinksfromMarch2019WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1Norwegian-languagesources(no)CS1French-languagesources(fr)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromMarch2020Articlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2011AllarticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJune2020ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMay2013ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromOctober2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMay2020ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromOctober2019WikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromOctober2019AllaccuracydisputesArticleswithdisputedstatementsfromMay2021CommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithCurlielinksArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithKULTURNAVidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikivoyage Languages AfrikaansالعربيةБеларускаяБългарскиCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGalego한국어HrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתKiswahiliLatviešuLietuviųMagyarBahasaMelayuမြန်မာဘာသာNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskਪੰਜਾਬੀPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishСрпски/srpskiSuomiSvenskaไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt粵語中文 Editlinks