Detergent - Wikipedia

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. ... There are a large variety of detergents; often ... Detergent FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Surfactantswithcleansingproperties,evenindilutesolutions Forotheruses,seeDetergent(disambiguation). Detergents Adetergentisasurfactantoramixtureofsurfactantswithcleansingpropertieswhenindilutesolutions.[1]Therearealargevarietyofdetergents;oftentheyarethesodiumsaltsoflongchainalkylhydrogensulphateoralongchainofbenzenesulphonicacid.[1]Themostcommonlyfounddetergentsarealkylbenzenesulfonates:afamilyofsoap-likecompoundsthataremoresolubleinhardwater,becausethepolarsulfonate(ofdetergents)islesslikelythanthepolarcarboxylate(ofsoap)tobindtocalciumandotherionsfoundinhardwater. Contents 1Definitions 2Structureandproperties 3Chemicalclassificationsofdetergents 3.1Anionicdetergents 3.2Cationicdetergents 3.3Non-ionicdetergents 3.4Amphotericdetergents 4History 5Majorapplicationsofdetergents 5.1Householdcleaning 5.2Fueladditives 5.3Biologicalreagent 6Seealso 7References 8Externallinks Definitions[edit] LookupdetergentinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. TheworddetergentisderivedfromtheLatinadjectivedetergens,fromtheverbdetergere,meaningtowipeorpolishoff.Detergentisasurfactantoramixtureofsurfactantswithcleansingpropertieswhenindilutesolutions.[1]However,conventionally,detergentisusedtomeansyntheticcleaningcompoundsasopposedtosoap(asaltofthenaturalfattyacid),eventhoughsoapisalsoadetergentinthetruesense.[2]Indomesticcontexts,thetermdetergentreferstohouseholdcleaningproductssuchaslaundrydetergentordishdetergent,whichareinfactcomplexmixtureofdifferentcompounds,notallofwhicharebythemselvesdetergents. Detergencyistheabilitytoremoveunwantedsubstancestermed'soils'fromasubstrate(e.gclothing).[3] Structureandproperties[edit] Detergentsareagroupofcompoundswithanamphiphilicstructure,whereeachmoleculehasahydrophilic(polar)headandalonghydrophobic(non-polar)tail.Thehydrophobicportionofthesemoleculesmaybestraight-orbranched-chainhydrocarbons,oritmayhaveasteroidstructure.Thehydrophilicportionismorevaried,theymaybeionicornon-ionic,andcanrangefromasimpleorarelativelyelaboratestructure.[4]Detergentsaresurfactantssincetheycandecreasethesurfacetensionofwater.Theirdualnaturefacilitatesthemixtureofhydrophobiccompounds(likeoilandgrease)withwater.Becauseairisnothydrophilic,detergentsarealsofoamingagentstovaryingdegrees. Detergentmoleculesaggregatetoformmicelles,whichmakesthemsolubleinwater.Thehydrophobicgroupofthedetergentisthemaindrivingforceofmicelleformation,itsaggregationformsthehydrophobiccoreofthemicelles.Themicellecanremovegrease,proteinorsoilingparticles.Theconcentrationatwhichmicellesstarttoformisthecriticalmicelleconcentration(CMC),andthetemperatureatwhichthemicellesfurtheraggregatetoseparatethesolutionintotwophasesisthecloudpointwhenthesolutionbecomescloudyanddetergencyisoptimal.[4] DetergentsworkbetterinanalkalinepH.Thepropertiesofdetergentsaredependentonthemolecularstructureofthemonomer.Theabilitytofoammaybedeterminedbytheheadgroup,forexampleanionicsurfactantsarehigh-foaming,whilenonionicsurfactantsmaybenon-foamingorlow-foaming.[5] Chemicalclassificationsofdetergents[edit] Detergentsareclassifiedintofourbroadgroupings,dependingontheelectricalchargeofthesurfactants.[6] Anionicdetergents[edit] Typicalanionicdetergentsarealkylbenzenesulfonates.Thealkylbenzeneportionoftheseanionsislipophilicandthesulfonateishydrophilic.Twovarietieshavebeenpopularized,thosewithbranchedalkylgroupsandthosewithlinearalkylgroups.Theformerwerelargelyphasedoutineconomicallyadvancedsocietiesbecausetheyarepoorlybiodegradable.[7] Anionicdetergentsarethemostcommonformofdetergents,andanestimated6billionkilogramsofanionicdetergentsareproducedannuallyforthedomesticmarkets. Bileacids,suchasdeoxycholicacid(DOC),areanionicdetergentsproducedbythelivertoaidindigestionandabsorptionoffatsandoils. Threekindsofanionicdetergents:abranchedsodiumdodecylbenzenesulfonate,linearsodiumdodecylbenzenesulfonate,andasoap. Cationicdetergents[edit] Cationicdetergentsaresimilartoanionicones,butquaternaryammoniumreplacesthehydrophilicanionicsulfonategroup.Theammoniumsulfatecenterispositivelycharged.[7]Cationicsurfactantsgenerallyhavepoordetergency. Non-ionicdetergents[edit] Non-ionicdetergentsarecharacterizedbytheiruncharged,hydrophilicheadgroups.Typicalnon-ionicdetergentsarebasedonpolyoxyethyleneoraglycoside.CommonexamplesoftheformerincludeTween,Triton,andtheBrijseries.ThesematerialsarealsoknownasethoxylatesorPEGylatesandtheirmetabolites,nonylphenol.Glycosideshaveasugarastheirunchargedhydrophilicheadgroup.Examplesincludeoctylthioglucosideandmaltosides.HEGAandMEGAseriesdetergentsaresimilar,possessingasugaralcoholasheadgroup. Amphotericdetergents[edit] Furtherinformation:Surfactant§ Applicationsandsources AmphotericorzwitterionicdetergentshavezwitterionswithinaparticularpHrange,andpossessanetzerochargearisingfromthepresenceofequalnumbersof+1and−1chargedchemicalgroups.ExamplesincludeCHAPS. History[edit] Seealso:Soap§ History SoapisknowntobehavebeenusedasasurfactantforwashingclothessincetheSumeriantimein2,500B.C.[8]InancientEgypt,sodawasusedasawashadditive.Inthe19thcentury,syntheticsurfactantsbegantobecreated,forexamplefromoliveoil.[9]Sodiumsilicate(waterglass)wasusedinsoap-makingintheUnitedStatesinthe1860s,[10]andin1876,Henkelsoldasodiumsilicate-basedproductthatcanbeusedwithsoapandmarketedasa"universaldetergent"(Universalwaschmittel)inGermany.SodawasthenmixedwithsodiumsilicatetoproduceGermany'sfirstbrandnamedetergentBleichsoda.[11]In1907Henkelalsoaddedableachingagentsodiumperboratetolaunchthefirst'self-acting'laundrydetergentPersiltoeliminatethelaboriousrubbingoflaundrybyhand.[12] DuringtheFirstWorldWar,therewasashortageofoilsandfatsneededtomakesoap.Inorderfindalternativesforsoap,syntheticdetergentsweremadeinGermanybychemistsusingrawmaterialderivedfromcoaltar.[13][14][9]Theseearlyproducts,however,didnotprovidesufficientdetergency.In1928,effectivedetergentwasmadethroughthesulfationoffattyalcohol,butlarge-scaleproductionwasnotfeasibleuntillow-costfattyalcoholsbecomeavailableintheearly1930s.[15]Thesyntheticdetergentcreatedwasmoreeffectiveandlesslikelytoformscumthansoapinhardwater,andcanalsoeliminateacidandalkalinereactionsanddecomposedirt.Commercialdetergentproductswithfattyalcoholsulphatesbegantobesold,initiallyin1932inGermanybyHenkel.[15]IntheUnitedStates,detergentsweresoldin1933byProcter&Gamble(Dreft)primarilyinareaswithhardwater.[14]However,salesintheUSgrewslowlyuntiltheintroductionof'built'detergentswiththeadditionofeffectivephosphatebuilderdevelopedintheearly1940s.[14]Thebuilderimprovestheperformanceofthesurfactantsbysofteningthewaterthroughthechelationofcalciumandmagnesiumions,helpingtomaintainanalkalinepH,aswellasdispersingandkeepingthesoilingparticlesinsolution.[16]ThedevelopmentofthepetrochemicalindustryaftertheSecondWorldWaralsoyieldedmaterialfortheproductionofarangeofsyntheticsurfactants,andalkylbenzenesulfonatesbecamethemostimportantdetergentsurfactantsused.[17]Bythe1950s,laundrydetergentshadbecomewidespread,andlargelyreplacedsoapforcleaningclothesindevelopedcountries.[15] Overtheyears,manytypesofdetergentshavebeendevelopedforavarietyofpurposes,forexample,low-sudsingdetergentsforuseinfront-loadingwashingmachines,heavy-dutydetergentseffectiveinremovinggreaseanddirt,all-purposedetergentsandspecialtydetergents.[14][18]Theybecomeincorporatedinvariousproductsoutsideoflaundryuse,forexampleindishwasherdetergents,shampoo,toothpaste,industrialcleaners,andinlubricantsandfuelstoreduceorpreventtheformationofsludgeordeposits.[19]Theformulationofdetergentproductsmayincludebleach,fragrances,dyesandotheradditives.Theuseofphosphatesindetergent,however,ledtoconcernsovernutrientpollutionanddemandforchangestotheformulationofthedetergents.[20]Concernswerealsoraisedovertheuseofsurfactantssuchasbranchedalkylbenzenesulfonate(tetrapropylenebenzenesulfonate)thatlingersintheenvironment,whichledtotheirreplacementbysurfactantsthataremorebiodegradable,suchaslinearalkylbenzenesulfonate.[15][17]Developmentsovertheyearshaveincludedtheuseofenzymes,substitutesforphosphatessuchaszeoliteAandNTA,TAEDasbleachactivator,sugar-basedsurfactantswhicharebiodegradableandmildertoskin,andothergreenfriendlyproducts,aswellaschangestotheformofdeliverysuchastablets,gelsandpods.[21][22] Majorapplicationsofdetergents[edit] Laundrydetergentpods. Householdcleaning[edit] Mainarticles:LaundrydetergentandDishwasherdetergent Oneofthelargestapplicationsofdetergentsisforhouseholdandshopcleaningincludingdishwashingandwashinglaundry.Thesedetergentsarecommonlyavailableaspowdersorconcentratedsolutions,andtheformulationsofthesedetergentsareoftencomplexmixturesofavarietyofchemicalsasidefromsurfactants,reflectingthediversedemandsoftheapplicationandthehighlycompetitiveconsumermarket.Thesedetergentsmaycontainthefollowingcomponents:[21] surfactants foamregulators builders bleach bleachactivators enzymes dyes fragrances otheradditives Fueladditives[edit] Bothcarburetorsandfuelinjectorcomponentsofinternalcombustionenginesbenefitfromdetergentsinthefuelstopreventfouling.Concentrationsareabout300ppm.Typicaldetergentsarelong-chainaminesandamidessuchaspolyisobuteneamineandpolyisobuteneamide/succinimide.[23] Biologicalreagent[edit] Reagentgradedetergentsareemployedfortheisolationandpurificationofintegralmembraneproteinsfoundinbiologicalcells.[24]Solubilizationofcellmembranebilayersrequiresadetergentthatcanentertheinnermembranemonolayer.[25]Advancementsinthepurityandsophisticationofdetergentshavefacilitatedstructuralandbiophysicalcharacterizationofimportantmembraneproteinssuchasionchannelsalsothedisruptmembranebybindinglipopolysaccharide,[26]transporters,signalingreceptors,andphotosystemII.[27] Seealso[edit] Cleavabledetergent Dishwashingliquid Dispersant Greencleaning Hard-surfacecleaner Laundrydetergent Listofcleaningproducts TritonX-100 References[edit] ^abcIUPAC,CompendiumofChemicalTerminology,2nded.(the"GoldBook")(1997).Onlinecorrectedversion:(2006–)"detergent".doi:10.1351/goldbook.D01643 ^NIIRBoardofConsultantsEngineers(2013).TheCompleteTechnologyBookonDetergents(2ndRevised ed.).p. 1.ISBN 9789381039199–viaGoogleBooks. ^ArnoCahn,ed.(2003).5thWorldConferenceonDetergents.p. 154.ISBN 9781893997400–viaGoogleBooks. ^abNeugebauer,JudithM.(1990)."Detergents:Anoverview".MethodsinEnzymology.182:239–253.doi:10.1016/0076-6879(90)82020-3.PMID 2314239. ^NiirBoard(1999).HandbookonSoaps,Detergents&AcidSlurry(3rdRevised ed.).p. 270.ISBN 9788178330938–viaGoogleBooks. ^Mehreteab,Ammanuel(1999).GuyBroze(ed.).HandbookofDetergents,PartA.Taylor&Francis.pp. 133–134.ISBN 9781439833322–viaGoogleBooks. ^abEduardSmulders,WolfgangRybinski,EricSung,WilfriedRähse,JosefSteber,FrederikeWiebel,AnetteNordskog,"LaundryDetergents"inUllmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry2002,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2 ^JürgenFalbe,ed.(2012).SurfactantsinConsumerProducts.Springer-Verlag.pp. 1–2.ISBN 9783642715457–viaGoogleBooks. ^abPaulSosis,UriZoller,ed.(2008).HandbookofDetergents,PartF.p. 5.ISBN 9781420014655. ^Aftalion,Fred(2001).AHistoryoftheInternationalChemicalIndustry.ChemicalHeritagePress.p. 82.ISBN 9780941901291. ^Ward,James;Löhr(2020).ThePerfectionofthePaperClip.AtriaBooks.p. 190.ISBN 9781476799872. ^Jakobi,Günter;Löhr,Albrecht(2012).DetergentsandTextileWashing.Springer-Verlag.pp. 3–4.ISBN 9780895736864. ^"Soaps&Detergent:History(1900stoNow)".AmericanCleaningInstitute.Retrievedon6January2015 ^abcdDavidO.Whitten;BessieEmrickWhitten(1January1997).HandbookofAmericanBusinessHistory:Extractives,manufacturing,andservices.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.pp. 221–222.ISBN 978-0-313-25199-3–viaGoogleBooks. ^abcdJürgenFalbe,ed.(2012).SurfactantsinConsumerProducts.Springer-Verlag.pp. 3–5.ISBN 9783642715457–viaGoogleBooks. ^Urban,DavidG.(2003).HowtoFormulateandCompoundIndustrialDetergents.pp. 4–5.ISBN 9781588988683. ^abPaulSosis,UriZoller,ed.(2008).HandbookofDetergents,PartF.p. 6.ISBN 9781420014655. ^PaulSosis,UriZoller,ed.(2008).HandbookofDetergents,PartF.p. 497.ISBN 9781420014655. ^UriZoller,ed.(2008).HandbookofDetergents,PartE:Applications.Taylor&Francis.p. 331.ISBN 9781574447576. ^DavidO.Whitten;BessieEmrickWhitten(1999).HandbookofDetergents,PartA.Taylor&Francis.p. 3.ISBN 9781439833322–viaGoogleBooks. ^abMiddelhauve,Birgit(2003).ArnoCahn(ed.).5thWorldConferenceonDetergents.pp. 64–67.ISBN 9781893997400. ^Long,Heather."LaundryDetergentHistory".LovetoKnow. ^WernerDabelstein,ArnoReglitzky,AndreaSchütze,KlausReders"AutomotiveFuels"inUllmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry2002,Wiley-VCH,Weinheimdoi:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2 ^KoleyD,BardAJ(2010)."TritonX-100concentrationeffectsonmembranepermeabilityofasingleHeLacellbyscanningelectrochemicalmicroscopy(SECM)".ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.107(39):16783–7.Bibcode:2010PNAS..10716783K.doi:10.1073/pnas.1011614107.PMC 2947864.PMID 20837548. ^LichtenbergD,AhyayauchH,GoñiFM(2013)."Themechanismofdetergentsolubilizationoflipidbilayers".BiophysicalJournal.105(2):289–299.Bibcode:2013BpJ...105..289L.doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.007.PMC 3714928.PMID 23870250. ^Doyle,DA;MoraisCabral,J;Pfuetzner,RA;Kuo,A;Gulbis,JM;Cohen,SL;Chait,BT;MacKinnon,R(1998)."Thestructureofthepotassiumchannel:molecularbasisofK+conductionandselectivity".Science.280(5360):69–77.Bibcode:1998Sci...280...69D.doi:10.1126/science.280.5360.69.PMID 9525859. ^Umena,Yasufumi;Kawakami,Keisuke;Shen,Jian-Ren;Kamiya,Nobuo(2011)."Crystalstructureofoxygen-evolvingphotosystemIIataresolutionof1.9A"(PDF).Nature.473(7345):55–60.Bibcode:2011Natur.473...55U.doi:10.1038/nature09913.PMID 21499260.S2CID 205224374. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoDetergents. About.com:HowDoDetergentsClean Campbelltipsfordetergentschemistry,surfactants,andhistoryrelatedtolaundrywashing,destainingmethodsandsoil. 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