Laundry detergent - Wikipedia

Laundry detergent is a type of detergent (cleaning agent) used for cleaning dirty laundry (clothes). Laundry detergent is manufactured in powder (washing ... Laundrydetergent FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Typeofdetergentusedforcleaninglaundry Thetwoformsoflaundrydetergent:powderandliquid Liquidlaundrydetergents Laundrydetergentisatypeofdetergent(cleaningagent)usedforcleaningdirtylaundry(clothes).Laundrydetergentismanufacturedinpowder(washingpowder)andliquidform. Whilepowderedandliquiddetergentsholdroughlyequalshareoftheworldwidelaundrydetergentmarketintermsofvalue,powdereddetergentsaresoldtwiceasmuchcomparedtoliquidsintermsofvolume.[1] Contents 1History 2Soils 3Components 3.1Builders 3.2Surfactants 3.3Bleaches 3.4Enzymes 3.5Otheringredients 4Market 5Environmentalconcerns 6Seealso 7References 8Externallinks History[edit] FEWA,anearlylaundrydetergentfromGermany Fromancienttimes,chemicaladditiveswereusedtofacilitatethemechanicalwashingoftextilefiberswithwater.Theearliestrecordedevidenceoftheproductionofsoap-likematerialsdatesbacktoaround2800BCinancientBabylon.[2] Germanchemicalcompaniesdevelopedanalkylsulfatesurfactantin1917,inresponsetoshortagesofsoapingredientsduringtheAlliedBlockadeofGermany duringWorldWarI.[1][3]Inthe1930s,commerciallyviableroutestofattyalcoholsweredeveloped,andthesenewmaterialswereconvertedtotheirsulfateesters,keyingredientsinthecommerciallyimportantGermanbrandFEWA,producedbyBASF,andDreft,theU.S.brandproducedbyProcter&Gamble.SuchdetergentsweremainlyusedinindustryuntilafterWorldWarII.Bythen,newdevelopmentsandthelaterconversionofaviationfuelplantstoproducetetrapropylene,usedinhouseholddetergents,causedafastgrowthofdomesticuseinthelate1940s.[3] Soils[edit] Washinglaundryinvolvesremovingmixedsoilsfromfibersurfaces.Fromachemicalviewpoint,soilscanbegroupedinto: Water-solublesoilssuchassugars,inorganicsalts,urea,andperspiration. Solidparticulatesoilssuchasrust,metaloxides,soot(carbonblack),carbonates,silicates,andhumus. Hydrophobicsoilssuchasanimalfats,vegetableoils,sebum,mineraloil,andgrease. Proteinssuchasblood,egg,milk,andkeratinfromskin.Theserequireenzymes,heatoralkalitohydrolyzeanddenaturethemintosmallerpartsbeforetheycanberemovedbythesurfactants. Bleachablestainssuchaswine,coffee,tea,fruitjuices,andvegetablestains.Bleachingisanoxidationreactionwhichturnsthecoloredsubstanceintoacolorlessone,whicheitherstaysonthefabricormaybeeasiertowashout. Soilsdifficulttoremovearepigmentsanddyes,fats,resins,tar,waxes,anddenaturedprotein.[4] Components[edit] Laundrydetergentsmaycontainbuilders(50%byweight,approximately),surfactants(15%),bleach(7%),enzymes(2%),soilantidepositionagents,foamregulators,corrosioninhibitors,opticalbrighteners,dyetransferinhibitors,fragrances,dyes,fillersandformulationaids.[4] Builders[edit] Builders(alsocalledchelatingorsequesteringagents)arewatersofteners.Mostdomesticwatersuppliescontainsomedissolvedminerals,especiallyinhardwaterareas.Themetalcationspresentinthesedissolvedminerals,particularlycalciumandmagnesiumions,canreactwithsurfactantstoformsoapscumwhichismuchlesseffectiveforcleaningandcanprecipitateontobothfabricandwashingmachinecomponents.Buildersremovemineralionsresponsibleforhardwaterthroughprecipitation,chelation,orionexchange.Inaddition,theyhelpremovesoilbydispersion. Theearliestbuildersweresodiumcarbonate(washingsoda)andsodiumsilicate(waterglass).Inthe1930sphosphates(sodiumphosphates)andpolyphosphates(sodiumhexametaphosphate)wereintroduced,continuingwiththeintroductionofphosphonates(HEDP,ATMP,EDTMP).Whilethesephosphorus-basedagentsaregenerallynon-toxictheyarenowknowntocausenutrientpollution,whichcanhaveseriousenvironmentalconsequences.Assuchtheyhavebeenbannedinmanycountries,leadingtothedevelopmentofphosphorus-freeagents,suchaspolycarboxylates(EDTA,NTA),citrates(trisodiumcitrate),silicates(sodiumsilicate),gluconicacidandpolyacrylicacid;orionexchangeagentslikezeolites. AlkalibuildersmayalsoenhanceperformancebychangingthepHofthewash.Hydrophilicfiberslikecottonwillnaturallyhaveanegativesurfacechargeinwater,whereassyntheticfibersarecomparativelyneutral.Thenegativechargeisfurtherincreasedbytheadsorptionofanionicsurfactants.WithincreasingpH,soilandfibersbecomemorenegativelycharged,resultinginincreasedmutualrepulsion.TheoptimumpHrangeforgooddetergencyis9–10.5.[5]Alkalismayalsoenhancewashperformanceviathesaponificationoffats. Builderandsurfactantworksynergisticallytoachievesoilremoval,andthewashingeffectofthebuildermayexceedthatofthesurfactant.Withhydrophilicfiberslikecotton,wool,polyamideandpolyacrylonitrile,sodiumtriphosphateremovessoilmoreeffectivelythanasurfactantalone.Whenwashinghydrophobicfiberslikepolyestersandpolyolefins,theeffectivenessofthesurfactantsurpassesthatofthebuilder.[citationneeded] Surfactants[edit] Mainarticle:Surfactant Anionicsurfactants:branchedalkylbenzenesulfonate,linearalkylbenzenesulfonate,andasoap. Surfactantsareresponsibleformostofthecleaningperformanceinlaundrydetergent.Theyprovidethisbyabsorptionandemulsificationofsoilintothewaterandalsobyreducingthewater'ssurfacetensiontoimprovewetting. Laundrydetergentscontainmostlyanionicandnon-ionicsurfactants.Cationicsurfactantsarenormallyincompatiblewithanionicdetergentsandhavepoorcleaningefficiency;theyareemployedonlyforcertainspecialeffects,asfabricsofteners,antistaticagents,andbiocides.Zwitterionicsurfactantsarerarelyemployedinlaundrydetergentsmainlyforcostreasons.Mostdetergentsuseacombinationofvarioussurfactantstobalancetheirperformance. Untilthe1950s,soapwasthepredominantsurfactantinlaundrydetergents.Bytheendofthe1950sso-called"syntheticdetergents"(syndets)likebranchedalkylbenzenesulfonateshadlargelyreplacedsoapindevelopedcountries.[6][7]Duetotheirpoorbiodegradabilitythesebranchedalkylbenzenesulfonateswerereplacedwithlinearalkylbenzenesulfonates(LAS)inthemid-1960s.Sincethe1980s,alkylsulfatessuchasSDShavefoundincreasingapplicationattheexpenseofLAS. Sincethe1970s,nonionicsurfactantslikealcoholethoxylateshaveacquiredahighershareinlaundrydetergents.Inthe1990s,glucamidesappearedasco-surfactants,andalkylpolyglycosideshavebeenusedinspecialtydetergentsforfinefabrics.[4] Bleaches[edit] Mainarticle:Bleach Despitethename,modernlaundrybleachesdonotincludehouseholdbleach(sodiumhypochlorite).Laundrybleachesaretypicallystableadductsofhydrogenperoxide,suchassodiumperborateandsodiumpercarbonate,theseareinactiveassolidsbutwillreleasehydrogenperoxideuponexposuretowater.Themaintargetsofbleachesareoxidisibleorganicstains,whichareusuallyofvegetableorigin(e.g.chlorophyll,anthocyanindyes,tannins,humicacids,andcarotenoidpigments).Hydrogenperoxideisinsufficientlyactiveasableachattemperaturebelow60 °C,whichtraditionallymadehotwashesthenorm.Thedevelopmentofbleachactivatorsinthe1970sand80sallowedforcoolerwashingtemperaturestobeeffective.Thesecompounds,suchastetraacetylethylenediamine(TAED),reactwithhydrogenperoxidetoproduceperaceticacid,whichisanevenmoreeffectivebleach,particularlyatlowertemperatures.[4] Enzymes[edit] Mainarticle:Detergentenzymes Theuseofenzymesforlaundrywasintroducedin1913byOttoRohm.Thefirstpreparationwasapancreaticextractobtainedfromslaughteredanimals,whichwasunstableagainstalkaliandbleach.Onlyinthelatterpartofthecenturywiththeavailabilityofthermallyrobustbacterialenzymesdidthistechnologybecomemainstream. Enzymesarerequiredtodegradestubbornstainscomposedofproteins(e.g.,milk,cocoa,blood,eggyolk,grass),fats(e.g.,chocolate,fats,oils),starch(e.g.,flourandpotatostains),andcellulose(damagedcottonfibrils,vegetableandfruitstains).Eachtypeofstainrequiresadifferenttypeofenzyme:proteases(savinase)forproteins,lipasesforgreases,α-amylasesforcarbohydrates,andcellulasesforcellulose. Otheringredients[edit] Manyotheringredientsareaddeddependingontheexpectedcircumstancesofuse.Suchadditivesmodifythefoamingpropertiesoftheproductbyeitherstabilizingorcounteractingfoam.Otheringredientsincreaseordecreasetheviscosityofthesolution,orsolubilizeotheringredients.Corrosioninhibitorscounteractdamagetowashingequipment.Dyetransferinhibitorspreventdyesfromonearticlefromcoloringotheritems,thesearegenerallypolarwater-solublepolymerssuchaspolyvinylpyrrolidone,towhichthedyespreferentiallybind."Antiredepositionagents"suchascarboxymethylcelluloseareusedtopreventfinesoilparticlesfromreattachingtotheproductbeingcleaned.[4] Anumberofingredientsaffectaestheticpropertiesoftheitemtobecleanedorthedetergentitselfbeforeorduringuse.Theseagentsincludeopticalbrighteners,fabricsofteners,andcolorants.Avarietyofperfumesarealsocomponentsofmoderndetergents,providedthattheyarecompatiblewiththeothercomponentsanddonotaffectthecolourofthecleaneditem.Theperfumesaretypicallyamixtureofmanycompounds,commonclassesincludeterpenealcohols(citronellol,geraniol,linalool,nerol)andtheiresters(linalylacetate),aromaticaldehydes(helional,hexylcinnamaldehyde,lilial)andsyntheticmusks(galaxolide). Market[edit] Worldwide,whileliquidandpowdereddetergentsholdroughlyequalmarketshareintermsofvalue,powderedlaundrydetergentismorewidelyused.In2018,salesofpowdereddetergentmeasured14millionmetrictons,doublethatofliquids.WhileliquiddetergentiswidelyusedinmanyWesterncountries,powdereddetergentispopularinAfrica,India,China,LatinAmerica,andotheremergingmarkets.PowdersalsoholdsignificantmarketshareineasternEuropeandinsomewesternEuropeancountriesduetotheiradvantageoverliquidsinwhiteningclothes.AccordingtoDesmetBallestra,designerandbuilderofchemicalplantsanddetergent-makingequipment,powdereddetergentshavea30–35%marketshareinwesternEurope.AccordingtoLubrizol,thepowdereddetergentmarketisgrowingby2percentannually.[1] Environmentalconcerns[edit] Phosphatesindetergentbecameanenvironmentalconcerninthe1950sandthesubjectofbansinlateryears.[8]Phosphatesmakelaundrycleanerbutalsocauseeutrophication,particularlywithpoorwastewatertreatment.[9] Arecentacademicstudyoffragrancedlaundryproductsfound"morethan25VOCsemittedfromdryervents,withthehighestconcentrationsofacetaldehyde,acetone,andethanol.SevenoftheseVOCsareclassifiedashazardousairpollutants(HAPs)andtwoascarcinogenicHAPs(acetaldehydeandbenzene)".[10] TheEECDirective73/404/EECstipulatesanaveragebiodegradabilityofatleast90%foralltypesofsurfactantsusedindetergents.Thephosphatecontentofdetergentsisregulatedinmanycountries,e.g.,Austria,Germany,Italy,TheNetherlands,Norway,Sweden,Switzerland,UnitedStates,Canada,andJapan. Seealso[edit] Laundrydetergentpod Listofcleaningproducts References[edit] ^abcMcCoy,Michael(27January2019)."AlmostextinctintheUS,powderedlaundrydetergentsthriveelsewhereintheworld".Chemical&EngineeringNews.AmericanChemicalSociety.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13December2019.Retrieved13December2019. ^Willcox,Michael(2000)."Soap".InHildaButler(ed.).Poucher'sPerfumes,CosmeticsandSoaps(10th ed.).Dordrecht:KluwerAcademicPublishers.p. 453.ISBN 978-0-7514-0479-1.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20August2016.Theearliestrecordedevidenceoftheproductionofsoap-likematerialsdatesbacktoaround2800BCEinancientBabylon. ^abSpriggs,John(July1975),Aneconomicalofthedevelopmentofsubstituteswithsomeillustrativeexamplesandimplicationsforthebeefindustry(PDF),Staffpaperseries,UniversityofMinnesota,pp. 34–37,retrieved9May2008 ^abcdeEduardSmulders;et al.(2007),"LaundryDetergents",Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry(7th ed.),Wiley,pp. 1–184,doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2,ISBN 978-3527306732 ^YangxinYu;JinZhao;AndrewE.Bayly(2008),"DevelopmentofSurfactantsandBuildersinDetergentFormulations",ChineseJournalofChemicalEngineering,16(4):517–527,doi:10.1016/S1004-9541(08)60115-9 ^SNELL,FOSTERDEE(January1959)."SyndetsandSoaps".Industrial&EngineeringChemistry.51(1):42A–46A.doi:10.1021/i650589a727. ^Dee,Foster;Snell,CorneliaT.(August1958)."50thANNIVERSARYFEATURE—FiftyYearsofDetergentProgress".Industrial&EngineeringChemistry.50(8):48A–51A.doi:10.1021/ie50584a005. ^Knud-Hansen,Chris(February1994)."HISTORICALPERSPECTIVEOFTHEPHOSPHATEDETERGENTCONFLICT".www.colorado.edu.CONFLICTRESEARCHCONSORTIUM.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28May2010.Retrieved21March2017. ^Kogawa,AnaCarolina;Cernic,BeatrizGamberini;doCouto,LeandroGiovanniDomingos;Salgado,HéridaReginaNunes(February2017)."Syntheticdetergents:100yearsofhistory".SaudiPharmaceuticalJournal.25(6):934–938.doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.006.PMC 5605839.PMID 28951681. ^AnneC.Steinemann,"ChemicalEmissionsfromResidentialDryerVentsDuringUseofFragrancedLaundryProducts",AirQuality,AtmosphereandHealth,March2013,Vol.6,Issue1,pp.151–156. 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