Talc - Wikipedia

Sterile talc powder Talc FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Forotheruses,seeTALC(disambiguation). "Talcum"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeTalcum(disambiguation). "Magnesiumsilicate"redirectshere.Forthesyntheticform,seesyntheticmagnesiumsilicate.Forthechemicalandmineralwiththe[SiO4]−4anion,seeforsterite. Hydratedmagnesiumphyllosilicatemineral TalcGeneralCategorySilicatemineralFormula(repeatingunit)Mg3Si4O10(OH)2IMAsymbolTlc[1]Strunzclassification9.EC.05CrystalsystemMonoclinicortriclinic[2]CrystalclassEitherprismatic(2m)orpinacoidal(1)[3]SpacegroupC2/corC1Unitcella=5.291 Å,b=9.173 Åc=5.290 Å;α=98.68°β=119.90°,γ=90.09°;Z = 2ora=5.287 Å,b=9.158 Åc=18.95 [Å],β=99.3°;Z = 4[3]IdentificationColorLighttodarkgreen,brown,white,grey,colorlessCrystalhabitFoliatedtofibrousmasses,rareasplateytopyramidalcrystalsCleavagePerfecton{001}basalcleavageFractureFlatsurfaces(notcleavage),fractureinanunevenpatternTenacitySectileMohsscalehardness1(definingmineral)LusterWaxlikeorpearlyStreakWhitejottopearlblackDiaphaneityTranslucentSpecificgravity2.58to2.83OpticalpropertiesBiaxial(-)Refractiveindexnα=1.538–1.550nβ=1.589–1.594nγ=1.589–1.600Birefringenceδ=0.051PleochroismWeakindarkvarietiesUltravioletfluorescenceShortUV=orangeyellow,longUV=yellowReferences[3][4][5] Talc,ortalcum,isaclaymineral,composedofhydratedmagnesiumsilicatewiththechemicalformulaMg3Si4O10(OH)2.Talcinpowderedform,oftencombinedwithcornstarch,isusedasbabypowder.Thismineralisusedasathickeningagentandlubricant.Itisaningredientinceramics,paint,androofingmaterial.Itisamainingredientinmanycosmetics.[6]Itoccursasfoliatedtofibrousmasses,andinanexceptionallyrarecrystalform.Ithasaperfectbasalcleavageandanunevenflatfracture,anditisfoliatedwithatwo-dimensionalplatyform. TheMohsscaleofmineralhardness,basedonscratchhardnesscomparison,definesvalue1asthehardnessoftalc,thesoftestmineral.Whenscrapedonastreakplate,talcproducesawhitestreak;thoughthisindicatorisoflittleimportance,becausemostsilicatemineralsproduceawhitestreak.Talcistranslucenttoopaque,withcolorsrangingfromwhitishgreytogreenwithavitreousandpearlyluster.Talcisnotsolubleinwater,andisslightlysolubleindilutemineralacids.[7] Soapstoneisametamorphicrockcomposedpredominantlyoftalc. Contents 1Etymology 2Formation 3Occurrence 4Conflictmineral 5Uses 5.1Steriletalcpowder 6Safety 6.1Industrialgrade 6.2Foodgrade 6.3Associationwithasbestos 7Litigation 8Seealso 9References Etymology[edit] Theword"talc"derivesfromMedievalLatintalcum,whichinturnoriginatesfromArabic:طلقṭalqwhich,derivesfromPersian:تالکtālk.Inancienttimes,thewordwasusedforvariousrelatedminerals,includingtalc,mica,andselenite.[8] Formation[edit] Ablockoftalc Talcdominantlyformsfromthemetamorphismofmagnesianmineralssuchasserpentine,pyroxene,amphibole,andolivine,inthepresenceofcarbondioxideandwater.Thisisknownas"talccarbonation"or"steatization"andproducesasuiteofrocksknownastalccarbonates. Talcisprimarilyformedbyhydrationandcarbonationbythisreaction: serpentine2Mg3Si2O5(OH)4+carbondioxide3CO2→talcMg3Si4O10(OH)2+magnesite3MgCO3+water3H2O Talccanalsobeformedviaareactionbetweendolomiteandsilica,whichistypicalofskarnificationofdolomitesbysilica-floodingincontactmetamorphicaureoles: dolomite3CaMg(CO3)2+silica4SiO2+waterH2O→talcMg3Si4O10(OH)2+calcite3CaCO3+carbondioxide3CO2 Talccanalsobeformedfrommagnesianchloriteandquartzinblueschistandeclogitemetamorphismbythefollowingmetamorphicreaction: chlorite+quartz→kyanite+talc+water Talcisalsofoundasadiageneticmineralinsedimentaryrockswhereitcanformfromthetransformationofmetastablehydratedmagnesium-clayprecursorssuchaskerolite,sepiolite,orstevensitethatcanprecipitatefrommarineandlakewaterincertainconditions.[9] Inthisreaction,theratiooftalcandkyanitedependsonaluminiumcontent,withmorealuminousrocksfavoringproductionofkyanite.Thisistypicallyassociatedwithhigh-pressure,low-temperaturemineralssuchasphengite,garnet,andglaucophanewithinthelowerblueschistfacies.Suchrocksaretypicallywhite,friable,andfibrous,andareknownas whiteschist. Talcisatrioctahedrallayeredmineral;itsstructureissimilartopyrophyllite,butwithmagnesiumintheoctahedralsitesofthecompositelayers.[2]ThecrystalstructureoftalcisdescribedasTOT,meaningthatitiscomposedofparallelTOTlayersweaklybondedtoeachotherbyweakvanderWaalsforces.TheTOTlayersinturnconsistoftwotetrahedralsheets(T)stronglybondedtothetwofacesofasingletrioctahedralsheet(O).ItistheweakbondingbetweenTOTlayersthatgivestalcitsperfectbasalcleavageandsoftness.[10] Thetetrahedralsheetsconsistofsilicatetrahedra,whicharesiliconionssurroundedbyfouroxygenions.Thetetrahedraeachsharethreeoftheirfouroxygenionswithneighboringtetrahedratoproduceahexagonalsheet.Theremainingoxygenion(theapicaloxygenion)isavailabletobondwiththetrioctahedralsheet.[11] Thetrioctahedralsheethasthestructureofasheetofthemineralbrucite.Apicaloxygenstaketheplaceofsomeofthehydroxylionsthatwouldbepresentinabrucitesheet,bondingthetetrahedralsheetstightlytothetrioctahedralsheet.[12] Tetrahedralsheetshaveanegativecharge,sincetheirbulkcompositionisSi4O104-.Thetrioctahedralsheethasaequalpositivecharge,sinceitsbulkcompositionisMg3(OH)24+ThecombinedTOTlayerthusiselectricallyneutral.[10] BecausethehexagonsintheTandOsheetsareslightlydifferentinsize,thesheetsareslightlydistortedwhentheybondintoaTOTlayer.Thisbreaksthehexagonalsymmetryandreducesittomonoclinicortriclinicsymmetry.[13]However,theoriginalhexahedralsymmetryisdiscernibleinthepseudotrigonalcharacteroftalccrystals.[3] Viewoftetrahedralsheetstructureoftalc.Theapicaloxygenionsaretintedpink. Viewoftrioctahedralsheetoftalc.Yellowspheresarehydroxyl;bluearemagnesium.Apicaloxygenbindingsitesarewhite. Talccrystalviewedalongthe[100]axis,lookingalongthelayersofthecrystal Occurrence[edit] Talcoutputin2005 Talcisacommonmetamorphicmineralinmetamorphicbeltsthatcontainultramaficrocks,suchassoapstone(ahigh-talcrock),andwithinwhiteschistandblueschistmetamorphicterranes.PrimeexamplesofwhiteschistsincludetheFranciscanMetamorphicBeltofthewesternUnitedStates,thewesternEuropeanAlpsespeciallyinItaly,certainareasoftheMusgraveBlock,andsomecollisionalorogenssuchastheHimalayas,whichstretchalongPakistan,India,Nepal,andBhutan. TalccarbonateultramaficsaretypicalofmanyareasoftheArchaeancratons,notablythekomatiitebeltsoftheYilgarnCratoninWesternAustralia.Talc-carbonateultramaficsarealsoknownfromtheLachlanFoldBelt,easternAustralia,fromBrazil,theGuianaShield,andfromtheophiolitebeltsofTurkey,Oman,andtheMiddleEast. Chinaisthekeyworldtalcandsteatiteproducingcountrywithanoutputofabout2.2Mtonnes(2016),whichaccountsfor30%oftotalglobaloutput.TheothermajorproducersareBrazil(12%),India(11%),theU.S.(9%),France(6%),Finland(4%),Italy,Russia,Canada,andAustria(2%,each).[14] NotableeconomictalcoccurrencesincludetheMountSeabrooktalcmine,WesternAustralia,formeduponapolydeformed,layeredultramaficintrusion.TheFrance-basedLuzenacGroupistheworld'slargestsupplierofminedtalc.ItslargesttalcmineatTrimounsnearLuzenacinsouthernFranceproduces400,000 tonnesoftalcperyear. Conflictmineral[edit] ExtractionindisputedareasofNangarharprovince,Afghanistan,hasledtheinternationalmonitoringgroupGlobalWitnesstodeclaretalcaconflictresource,astheprofitsareusedtofundarmedconfrontationbetweentheTalibanandIslamicState.[15] Uses[edit] Talcumpowder ThestructureoftalciscomposedofSi2O5sheetswithmagnesiumsandwichedbetweensheetsinoctahedralsites. Talcisusedinmanyindustries,includingpapermaking,plastic,paintandcoatings(e.g.formetalcastingmolds),rubber,food,electriccable,pharmaceuticals,cosmetics,andceramics.Acoarsegrayish-greenhigh-talcrockissoapstoneorsteatite,usedforstoves,sinks,electricalswitchboards,etc.Itisoftenusedforsurfacesoflaboratorytabletopsandelectricalswitchboardsbecauseofitsresistancetoheat,electricityandacids. Infinelygroundform,talcfindsuseasacosmetic(talcumpowder),asalubricant,andasafillerinpapermanufacture.Itisusedtocoattheinsidesofinnertubesandrubberglovesduringmanufacturetokeepthesurfacesfromsticking.Talcumpowder,withheavyrefinement,hasbeenusedinbabypowder,anastringentpowderusedtopreventdiaperrash(nappyrash).TheAmericanAcademyofPediatricsrecommendsthatparentsavoidusingbabypowderbecauseitposesariskofrespiratoryproblems,includingbreathingtroubleandseriouslungdamageifinhaled.Thesmallsizeoftheparticlesmakesitdifficulttokeepthemoutoftheairwhileapplyingthepowder.Zincoxide-basedointmentsareamuchsaferalternative.[16] Soapstone(massivetalc)isoftenusedasamarkerforweldingormetalworking.[17][18] Talcisalsousedasfoodadditiveorinpharmaceuticalproductsasaglidant.Inmedicine,talcisusedasapleurodesisagenttopreventrecurrentpleuraleffusionorpneumothorax.IntheEuropeanUnion,theadditivenumberisE553b. Talcmaybeusedintheprocessingofwhitericeasabuffingagentinthepolishingstage. Duetoitslowshearstrength,talcisoneoftheoldestknownsolidlubricants.Alsoalimiteduseismadeoftalcasfriction-reducingadditiveinlubricatingoils.[19] Talciswidelyusedintheceramicsindustryinbothbodiesandglazes.Inlow-fireart-warebodies,itimpartswhitenessandincreasesthermalexpansiontoresistcrazing.Instonewares,smallpercentagesoftalcareusedtofluxthebodyandthereforeimprovestrengthandvitrification.ItisasourceofMgOfluxinhigh-temperatureglazes(tocontrolmeltingtemperature).Itisalsoemployedasamattingagentinearthenwareglazesandcanbeusedtoproducemagnesiamattesathightemperatures. ISOstandardforquality(ISO3262) Type Talccontentmin.wt% Lossonignitionat1000 °C,wt % SolubilityinHCl,max.wt % A 95 4–6.5 5 B 90 4–9 10 C 70 4–18 30 D 50 4–27 30 Patentsarependingontheuseofmagnesiumsilicateasacementsubstitute.Itsproductionrequirementsarelessenergy-intensivethanordinaryPortlandcement(ataheatingrequirementofaround650 °Cfortalccomparedto1500 °CforlimestonetoproducePortlandcement),whileitabsorbsfarmorecarbondioxideasithardens.Thisresultsinanegativecarbonfootprintoverall,asthecementsubstituteremoves0.6tonnesofCO2pertonneused.Thiscontrastswithapositivecarbonfootprintof0.4tonnepertonneofconventionalcement.[20] Talcisusedintheproductionofthematerialsthatarewidelyusedinthebuildinginteriorssuchasbasecontentpaintsinwallcoatings.Otherareasthatusetalctoagreatextentareorganicagriculture,foodindustry,cosmetics,andhygieneproductssuchasbabypowderanddetergentpowder. Talcissometimesusedasanadulteranttoillegalheroin,toexpandvolumeandweightandtherebyincreaseitsstreetvalue.Withintravenoususe,itmayleadtopulmonarytalcosis,agranulomatousinflammationinthelungs. Steriletalcpowder[edit] Steriletalcpowder(NDC63256-200-05)isasclerosingagentusedintheprocedureofpleurodesis.Thiscanbehelpfulasacancertreatmenttopreventpleuraleffusions(anabnormalcollectionoffluidinthespacebetweenthelungsandthethoracicwall).Itisinsertedintothespaceviaachesttube,causingittocloseup,sofluidcannotcollectthere.Theproductcanbesterilizedbydryheat,ethyleneoxide,orgammairradiation.[21] Safety[edit] Suspicionshavebeenraisedthattalcusecontributestocertaintypesofdisease,mainlycancersoftheovariesandlungs.AccordingtotheIARC,talccontainingasbestosisclassifiedasagroup1agent(carcinogenictohumans),talcuseintheperineumisclassifiedasgroup2B(possiblycarcinogenictohumans),andtalcnotcontainingasbestosisclassifiedasgroup3(unclassifiableastocarcinogenicityinhumans).[22]ReviewsbyCancerResearchUKandtheAmericanCancerSocietyconcludethatsomestudieshavefoundalink,butotherstudieshavenot.[23][24] Thestudiesdiscusspulmonaryissues,[25]lungcancer,[26][27]andovariancancer.[28]Oneofthese,publishedin1993,wasaUSNationalToxicologyProgramreport,whichfoundthatcosmeticgradetalccontainingnoasbestos-likefibreswascorrelatedwithtumorformationinratsforcedtoinhaletalcfor6hoursaday,fivedaysaweekoveratleast113weeks.[26]A1971paperfoundparticlesoftalcembeddedin75%oftheovariantumorsstudied.[29] Researchpublishedin1995and2000concludedthatitwasplausiblethattalccouldcauseovariancancer,butnoconclusiveevidencewasshown.[30][31]TheCosmeticIngredientReviewExpertPanelconcludedin2015thattalc,intheconcentrationscurrentlyusedincosmetics,issafe.[32]In2018,HealthCanadaissuedawarning,advisingagainstinhalingtalcumpowderorusingitinthefemaleperinealarea.[33] Industrialgrade[edit] IntheUnitedStates,theOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationandNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealthhavesetoccupationalexposurelimitstorespirabletalcdustsat2 mg/m3overaneight-hourworkday.Atlevelsof1000 mg/m3,inhalationoftalcisconsideredimmediatelydangeroustolifeandhealth.[34] Foodgrade[edit] TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationconsiderstalc(magnesiumsilicate)generallyrecognizedassafe(GRAS)touseasananticakingagentintablesaltinconcentrationssmallerthan2%.[35] Associationwithasbestos[edit] Oneparticularissuewithcommercialuseoftalcisitsfrequentco-locationinundergrounddepositswithasbestosore.Asbestosisageneraltermfordifferenttypesoffibroussilicateminerals,desirableinconstructionfortheirheatresistantproperties.[36]Therearesixvarietiesofasbestos;themostcommonvarietyinmanufacturing,whiteasbestos,isintheserpentinefamily.[37]Serpentinemineralsaresheetsilicates;althoughnotintheserpentinefamily,talcisalsoasheetsilicate,withtwosheetsconnectedbymagnesiumcations.Thefrequentco-locationoftalcdepositswithasbestosmayresultincontaminationofminedtalcwithwhiteasbestos,whichposesserioushealthriskswhendispersedintotheairandinhaled.Stringentqualitycontrolsince1976,includingseparatingcosmetic-andfood-gradetalcfrom"industrial"-gradetalc,haslargelyeliminatedthisissue,butitremainsapotentialhazardrequiringmitigationintheminingandprocessingoftalc.[38]A2010USFDAsurveyfailedtofindasbestosinavarietyoftalc-containingproducts.[39]A2018ReutersinvestigationassertedthatpharmaceuticalscompanyJohnson&Johnsonknewfordecadesthattherewasasbestosinitsbabypowder,[40]andin2020thecompanystoppedsellingitsbabypowderintheUSandCanada.[41]TherewerecallsforJohnson&Johnson'slargestshareholderstoforcethecompanytoendglobalsalesofbabypowder,andhireanindependentfirmtoconductaracialjusticeauditasithadbeenmarketedtoAfricanAmericanandoverweightwomen.[42] Litigation[edit] In2006theInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancerclassifiedtalcumpowderasapossiblehumancarcinogenifusedinthefemalegenitalarea.Despitethis,nofederalagencyintheUSactedtoremovetalcumpowderfromthemarketoraddwarnings.[43] InFebruary2016,astheresultofalawsuitagainstJohnson&Johnson(J&J),aSt.Louisjuryawarded$72milliontothefamilyofanAlabamawomanwhodiedfromovariancancer.Thefamilyclaimedthattheuseoftalcumpowderwasresponsibleforhercancer. InMay2016,aSouthDakotawomanwasawarded$55millionastheresultofanotherlawsuitagainstJ&J.[44]ThewomanhadusedJohnson&Johnson'sBabyPowderformorethan35yearsbeforebeingdiagnosedwithovariancancerin2011.[45] InOctober2016,aSt.Louisjuryawarded$70.1milliontoaCalifornianwomanwithovariancancerwhohadusedJohnson'sBabyPowderfor45years.[46] InAugust2017,aLosAngelesjuryawarded$417milliontoaCalifornianwoman,EvaEcheverria,whodevelopedovariancancerasa"proximateresultoftheunreasonablydangerousanddefectivenatureoftalcumpowder",herlawsuitagainstJohnson&Johnsonstated.[47]On20October2017,LosAngelesSuperiorCourtjudgeMarenNelsondismissedtheverdict.ThejudgestatedthatEcheverriaprovedthereis"anongoingdebateinthescientificandmedicalcommunityaboutwhethertalcmoreprobablythannotcausesovariancancerandthus(gives)risetoadutytowarn",butnotenoughtosustainthejury'simpositionofliabilityagainstJohnson&Johnsonstated,andconcludedthatEcheverriadidnotadequatelyestablishthattalccausesovariancancer.[48][49] InJuly2018,acourtinSt.Louisawardeda$4.7bnclaim($4.14bninpunitivedamagesand$550mincompensatorydamages)againstJ&Jto22claimantwomen,concludingthatthecompanyhadsuppressedevidenceofasbestosinitsproductsformorethanfourdecades.[50] Atleast1,200to2,000othertalcumpowder-relatedlawsuitswerependingasof2016[update].[46][51] Seealso[edit] Pyrophyllite –Aluminiumsilicatehydroxidephyllosilicatemineral Serpentinite –Rockformedbyhydrationandmetamorphictransformationofolivine Sillimanite –Nesosilicatemineral References[edit] ^Warr,L.N.(2021)."IMA–CNMNCapprovedmineralsymbols".MineralogicalMagazine.85(3):291–320.Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W.doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43.S2CID 235729616. ^abAnIntroductiontotheRock-FormingMinerals,2ed.,byW.A.Deer,R.A.Howie,andJ.Zussman,1992,PrenticeHall,ISBN 0-582-30094-0. ^abcdAnthony,JohnW.;Bideaux,RichardA.;Bladh,KennethW.;Nichols,MonteC.,eds.(1995)."Talc"(PDF).HandbookofMineralogy.Vol. II(Silica,Silicates).Chantilly,VA,US:MineralogicalSocietyofAmerica.ISBN 0962209716. 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^Bellon,Tina(21October2017)."Californiajudgetosses$417milliontalccancerverdictagainst..."Reuters.Retrieved13July2018. ^Frankel,Alison(24October2017)."Dismissalof$417millionverdictv.J&Jisdisasterfortalc..."Reuters.Retrieved13July2018. ^Butler,Sarah(13July2018)."Johnson&Johnsonorderedtopay$4.7bnintalcpowderclaim".TheGuardian.Retrieved13July2018. ^Womanwins$55MverdictagainstJohnson&Johnsonincancersuit.NYDailyNews(3May2016) WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoTalc. LookuptalcinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. vtePhyllosilicatesMicas Aluminoceladonite Anandite Annite Aspidolite Balestraite Bityite Biotite Boromuscovite Bramallite Celadonite Chernykhite Chromphyllite Clintonite Eastonite Ephesite Ferroaluminoceladonite Ferroceladonite Fluorannite Fluorokinoshitalite Fluorophlogopite Fluorotetraferriphlogopite Garmite Glauconite Gorbunovite Hendricksite Illite Kinoshitalite Lepidolite Luanshiweiite Manganiceladonite Margarite Masutomilite Montdorite Muscovite Nanpingite Norrishite Orlovite Oxyphlogopite Paragonite Phlogopite Polylithionite Preiswerkite Roscoelite Siderophyllite Suhailite Tainiolite Tetraferriannite Trilithionite Voloshinite Wonesite Yangzhumingite Talcs Minnesotaite Talc Willemseite Pyrophylliteseries Ferripyrophyllite Pyrophyllite Kaolinites Bismutoferrite Dickite Halloysite Hisingerite Kaolinite Nacrite Serpentines Amesite Antigorite Berthierine Brindleyite Caryopilite Chrysotile Cronstedtite Fraipontite Greenalite Guidottiite Kellyite Lizardite Manandonite Népouite Odinite Pecoraite Corrensites Aliettite Brinrobertsite Corrensite Dozyite Hydrobiotite Karpinskite Kulkeite Lunijianlaite Rectorite Saliotite Tosudite Smectitesandvermiculitefamily Beidellite Ferrosaponite Montmorillonite Nontronite Saponite Sauconite Swinefordite Vermiculite Volkonskoite Yakhontovite Chlorites Baileychlore Borocookeite Chamosite Clinochlore Cookeite Donbassite Gonyerite Nimite Pennantite Sudoite Allophanes Allophane Chrysocolla Imogolite Neotocite Sepiolites Falcondoite Ferrisepiolite Sepiolite Pyrosmalites Friedelite Mcgillite Nelenite Pyrosmalite Schallerite Stilpnomelanes Bannisterite Franklinphilite Lennilenapeite Parsettensite Stilpnomelane Structuralgroupsmainly;basedonrruff.info/ima,modified • Mineralsportal Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries France(data) Israel UnitedStates Japan Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talc&oldid=1098343661" Categories:PhyllosilicatesMagnesiummineralsSymbolsofVermontCosmeticschemicalsExcipientsIARCGroup3carcinogensClaymineralsgroupTriclinicmineralsMineralsinspacegroup2MonoclinicmineralsMineralsinspacegroup15LuminescentmineralsE-numberadditivesHiddencategories:CS1:longvolumevalueHarvandSfnno-targeterrorsCS1errors:missingperiodicalCS1maint:multiplenames:authorslistArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromOctober2020ArticlescontainingArabic-languagetextArticlescontainingPersian-languagetextArticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2016AllarticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAsturianuAzərbaycancaБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBosanskiCatalàЧӑвашлаČeštinaDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתქართულიҚазақшаКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLietuviųMagyarമലയാളംBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskOccitanOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаپنجابیPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்ไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt吴语Yorùbá粵語中文 Editlinks