Occupy movement - Wikipedia

The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention, Occupy Wall Street in New York City's Zuccotti Park, began on 17 September 2011. By 9 October, Occupy ... Occupymovement FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Protestsagainstsocialandeconomicinequality OccupymovementPartoftheresponsetotheglobalfinancialcrisis,thesubprimemortgagecrisisandtheArabSpringWorldwideOccupymovementprotestson15October2011Date17 September 2011 (2011-09-17)–2012LocationWorldwide(Listoflocations)CausedbyEconomicandsocialinequality,corporateinfluenceovergovernment,interalia.Methods Occupation Nonviolentprotest Civildisobedience Picketing Demonstrations Internetactivism Generalstrikes Directaction CasualtiesandlossesArrests:7,700+[1]Injuries:400+[2]Deaths:32[3][4][5][6][7]www.occupytogether.orgvteImpactoftheArabSpring 2011Armenianprotests 2011Azerbaijaniprotests 2011Burkinabéprotests Anti-austeritymovementinSpain 2011–2013Chileanstudentprotests 2011Chinesepro-democracyprotests 2011–2012Iranianprotests 2011Israelisocialjusticeprotests MovementforPeacewithJusticeandDignity Occupymovement Tuaregrebellion TheOccupymovementwasaninternationalpopulistsocio-politicalmovementthatexpressedoppositiontosocialandeconomicinequalityandtothelackofperceived"realdemocracy"aroundtheworld.Itaimedprimarilytoadvancesocialandeconomicjusticeanddifferentformsofdemocracy.Themovementhashadmanydifferentscopes,sincelocalgroupsoftenhaddifferentfocuses,butitsprimeconcernsincludedhowlargecorporations(andtheglobalfinancialsystem)controltheworldinawaythatdisproportionatelybenefitsaminority,underminesdemocracyandcausesinstability.[12] ThefirstOccupyprotesttoreceivewidespreadattention,OccupyWallStreetinNewYorkCity'sZuccottiPark,beganon17September2011.By9October,Occupyprotestshadtakenplaceorwereongoinginover951citiesacross82countries,andinover600communitiesintheUnitedStates.[13][14][15][16]AlthoughthemovementbecamemostactiveintheUnitedStates,byOctober2011Occupyprotestsandoccupationshadstartedindozensofothercountriesacrosseverywidelyinhabitedcontinent.Forthefirstmonth,overtpolicerepressionremainedminimal,butthisbegantochangeby25October2011,whenpolicefirstattemptedtoforciblyremoveOccupyOakland.Bytheendof2011authoritieshadclearedmostofthemajorcamps,withthelastremaininghigh-profilesites–inWashington,D.C.andinLondon–evictedbyFebruary2012.[21] TheOccupymovementtookinspirationinpartfromtheArabSpring,[22][23]fromthe2009IranianGreenMovement,andfromtheSpanishIndignadosMovement,aswellasfromtheoverallglobalwaveofanti-austerityprotestsof2010andfollowing.Themovementcommonlyusedtheslogan"Wearethe99%"andthe#Occupyhashtagformat;itorganizedthroughwebsitessuchasthenowdefunctOccupyTogether.[24][25]AccordingtoTheWashingtonPost,themovement,whichCornelWestdescribedasa"democraticawakening",isdifficulttodistilltoafewdemands.[26][27]On12October2011LosAngelesCityCouncilbecameoneofthefirstgovernmentalbodiesintheUnitedStatestoadoptaresolutionstatingitsinformalsupportoftheOccupymovement.[28]InOctober2012,theExecutiveDirectorofFinancialStabilityattheBankofEnglandstatedthattheprotesterswererighttocriticiseandhadpersuadedbankersandpoliticians"tobehaveinamoremoralway".[29] Contents 1Background 1.1"Wearethe99%"slogan 2Goals 3Methods 3.1Structure 3.2Nonviolence 3.3Socialmedia 4Chronologyofevents 4.117Septemberto14October2011 4.215Octoberto4November 4.35to25November 4.426Novemberto31December2011 4.51January2012to2016 5Presentdayactivities 6Protests 6.1Armenia 6.2Australia 6.3Belgium 6.4Brazil 6.5Canada 6.6Colombia 6.7CzechRepublic 6.8Cyprus 6.9Denmark 6.10France 6.11Germany 6.12HongKong 6.13Israel 6.14Italy 6.15Malaysia 6.16Mexico 6.17Mongolia 6.18Nepal 6.19Netherlands 6.20NewZealand 6.21Nigeria 6.22Norway 6.23Philippines 6.24RepublicofIreland 6.25SouthAfrica 6.26SouthKorea 6.27Spain 6.28Switzerland 6.29Taiwan 6.30Turkey 6.31UnitedKingdom 6.31.1England 6.31.2NorthernIreland 6.31.3Scotland 6.31.4Wales 6.32UnitedStates 7Reactions 7.1Political 7.2Media 7.3Other 8Impact 8.1Socialimpact 8.2Politicalimpact 9Nationalmonitoringandcrackdown 10Lawsuits 11Criticism 12Seealso 12.1OtherU.S.protests 12.2Otherinternationalprotests 12.3Relatedarticles 13References 14Furtherreading 15Externallinks 15.1Newsmedia Background[edit] In2009and2010,studentsacrosstheUniversityofCaliforniaoccupiedcampusbuildingsinprotestagainstbudgetcuts,tuitionhikes,andstaffcutbacksthathadresultedfromtheGreatRecessionof2008.AccordingtoDissentMagazine,"ItwasinthecontextoftheCaliforniastudentmovementthattheslogan'OccupyEverything,DemandNothing'firstemerged."[30]TheHuffingtonPostnotedthat"DuringoneincidentinMarchof2010,150protesterswerearrestedfortryingtooccupypartofInterstate80inprotestofthebudgetcutsandtuitionhikes,displayingabannerthatread'Occupyeverything,'whileshuttingdowntheroadwayforanhour,andwerecrushedbythesamekindofoverwhelmingpoliceforcethatwaslatermobilizedagainstOccupyencampmentsacrossthecountry."[31]AdbusterseditorMicahWhite,whodesignedtheoriginalOccupyWallStreetconcept,traveledtoCaliforniafortheprotestsandtookpartintheoccupationofWheelerHall.HewroteenthusiasticallyforAdbustersaboutthe"revolutionarypotentialof[thestudents]struggle".[32] TheSpanishIndignadosmovementbeganinmid-May2011,withcampsatMadridandelsewhere.AccordingtosociologistManuelCastells,bytheendofthemonththerewerealreadyhundredsofcampsaroundSpainandacrosstheworld.[33]ForsomejournalistsandcommentatorsthecampinginSpainmarkedthestartoftheglobaloccupymovement,thoughitismuchmorecommonlysaidtohavebeguninNewYorkduringSeptember.[34][35] On30May2011,aleaderoftheIndignados,inspiredbytheArabSpring,5.18Movementof1980,andJuneDemocracyMovementof1987[36][37]calledforaworldwideproteston15October.[38]Inmid-2011,theCanadian-basedgroupAdbustersMediaFoundation,bestknownforitsadvertisement-freeanti-consumeristmagazineAdbusters,proposedapeacefuloccupationofWallStreettoprotestcorporateinfluenceondemocracy,addressagrowingdisparityinwealth,andtheabsenceoflegalrepercussionsbehindtherecentglobalfinancialcrisis.[39]Adbustersco-founderKalleLasnregisteredtheOccupyWallStreet.orgwebaddresson9June.[40]AccordingtoMicahWhite,thesenioreditorofthemagazine,"[we]basicallyfloatedtheideainmid-Julyintoour[emaillist]anditwasspontaneouslytakenupbyallthepeopleoftheworld,itjustkindofsnowballedfromthere."[39] OneoftheinspirationsforthemovementwastheDemocracyVillagesetupin2010,outsidetheBritishParliamentinLondon.TheprotestreceivedadditionalattentionwhentheinternethackergroupAnonymousencourageditsfollowerstotakepartintheprotests,callingprotestersto"floodlowerManhattan,setuptents,kitchens,peacefulbarricadesandOccupyWallStreet".[41][42][43]TheypromotedtheprotestwithaposterfeaturingadanceratopWallStreet'siconicChargingBull.[44][45]ThefirstprotestwasheldatZuccottiParkinNewYorkCityon17September2011,[46]thetenthanniversaryofthere-openingofWallStreettradingafterthe11September2001attacks.TheprotestswereprecededbyasimilarOccupyDataranmovementinKualaLumpurinJuly,sevenweeksbeforeOccupyWallStreet.[47][48][49] Occupyprotestsacrosstheworld   Protestsin1–4cities  Protestsin5–9cities  Protestsin10ormorecities "Wearethe99%"slogan[edit] Mainarticle:Wearethe99% Occupyprotesterswith"Wearethe99%"signsinBennington,Vermont Thephrase"The99%"isapoliticalsloganusedbyparticipantsintheOccupymovement.[50]ItwasoriginallylaunchedasaTumblrblogpageinlateAugust2011.[51][52]Itreferstotheconcentrationofwealthamongthetop1%ofincomeearnerscomparedtotheother99percent;[53]thetop1percentofincomeearnersnearlytripledtheirafter-taxincomeoverthelastthirtyyears,accordingtoaCongressionalBudgetOffice(CBO)report.[54] ThereportwasreleasedjustasconcernsoftheOccupyWallStreetmovementwerebeginningtoenterthenationalpoliticaldebate.[55]AccordingtotheCBO,between1979and2007theincomesofthetop1%ofAmericansgrewbyanaverageof275%.Duringthesametimeperiod,the60%ofAmericansinthemiddleoftheincomescalesawtheirincomeriseby40%.Since1979theaveragepre-taxincomeforthebottom90%ofhouseholdshasdecreasedby$900,whilethatofthetop1%increasedbyover$700,000,asfederaltaxationbecamelessprogressive.From1992to2007thetop400incomeearnersintheU.S.sawtheirincomeincrease392%andtheiraveragetaxratereducedby37%.[56]In2009,theaverageincomeofthetop1%was$960,000withaminimumincomeof$343,927.[57][58][59] Protesterswiththe"99%"t-shirtsatOccupyWallStreeton17November2011neartheNewYorkCityHall. In2007,therichest1%oftheAmericanpopulationowned34.6%ofthecountry'stotalwealth,andthenext19%owned50.5%.Thus,thetop20%ofAmericansowned85%ofthecountry'swealthandthebottom80%ofthepopulationowned15%—anexampleoftheParetoprinciple.Financialinequality(totalnetworthminusthevalueofone'shome)[60]wasgreaterthaninequalityintotalwealth,withthetop1%ofthepopulationowning42.7%,thenext19%ofAmericansowning50.3%,andthebottom80%owning7%.[61] However,aftertheGreatRecessionwhichstartedin2007,theshareoftotalwealthownedbythetop1%ofthepopulationgrewfrom34.6%to37.1%,andthatownedbythetop20%ofAmericansgrewfrom85%to87.7%.TheGreatRecessionalsocausedadropof36.1%inmedianhouseholdwealthbutadropofonly11.1%forthetop1%,furtherwideningthegapbetweenthe1%andthe99%.[61][62][63]Duringtheeconomicexpansionbetween2002and2007,theincomeofthetop1%grew10timesfasterthantheincomeofthebottom90%.Inthisperiod66%oftotalincomegainswenttothe1%,whoin2007hadalargershareoftotalincomethanatanytimesince1928.[64]ThisisinstarkcontrastwithsurveysofU.S.populationsthatindicatean"ideal"distributionthatismuchmoreequal,andawidespreadignoranceofthetrueincomeinequalityandwealthinequality.[65] Goals[edit] Duringtheearlyweeks,themovementwasfrequentlycriticizedbythenewsmediaforhavingnoclearlydefinedgoals.Speakingon7October2011,KalleLasnofAdbusterssaidthat,intheearlystages,thelackofdemandswasthe"mysteriouspart"thatallowedthemovementtogrow.[66]BylateOctober,Adbustershadbeentryingto"rallyitaroundasingle,cleardemand"foraRobinHoodtax,withaglobalmarchinsupportoftheRobinHoodtaxplannedfor29October.[67][68]NaomiWolfarguedthattheimpressioncreatedbymuchofthemediathattheprotestorsdidnothavecleardemandswasfalse.Wolfarguedthattheydidhavecleardemandsincludingadesiretoendwhattheysawasthecorruptingeffectofmoneyonpolitics.[69]TheNewYorkermagazinestatedthattheclaimsofKalleLasnandMicahM.Whitewerespecific:tightenbanking-industryregulations,banhigh-frequencytrading,arrestall'financialfraudsters'responsibleforthe2008crash,andformaPresidentialcommissiontoinvestigateandprosecutecorruptioninpolitics.[40]AccordingtoBloombergBusinessweek,protesterswantedmoreandbetterjobs,moreequaldistributionofincome,bankreform,andareductionoftheinfluenceofcorporationsonpolitics.[70]Themovementhasalsobeendescribedasbroadlyanticapitalist.[71][72] SomecommentatorssuchasDavidGraeberandJudithButlercriticizedtheideathatthemovementmusthaveclearlydefineddemands;theyarguedthatissuingdemandsiscounterproductivefortheOccupymovement,becausedoingsowouldlegitimizetheverypowerstructuresthemovementseekstochallenge.[73][74]InlateNovember,theLondoncontingentoftheOccupymovementreleasedtheirfirststatementoncorporations,inwhichtheycalledformeasurestoendtaxevasionbywealthyfirms.Thereasonforthedelayinarticulatingacleardemandwasgivenasthetimeittakestoreachaconsensuswiththesometimesslowprocessesofparticipatorydemocracy.[75]InNovember"OccupyLondonStockExchange",anoffshootofOccupyLondon,saidthattheywereworkingonaglobalcollaborationofvariousoccupationsthatreflectedthevoicesofdiversemovementsworldwide.[76]Theglobalmovementhasbeencalledthereinventionofpolitics,revolution,andutopiainthetwenty-firstcentury.[77] Methods[edit] ActivistshaveusedwebtechnologiesandsocialmedialikeIRC,Facebook,Twitter,andMeetuptocoordinateevents.[78][79][80] TheCommunityEnvironmentalLegalDefenseFundreleasedamodelcommunitybillofrights,promotinglawsthatstripcorporationsoftheirpersonhoodrightsandelevatingtherightsofcitizens,foroccupyorganizerstoadoptlocally.[81]InDecember2011,OccupyHomesembarkedonamovementtoassisthomeownerswhohadlostorwerescheduledtolosetheirhomesduetoforeclosureasaresultofwhattheycalledtheillegalpracticesusedbybanksthattookadvantageofconsumers.Thegroupplannedtooccupyforeclosedhomes,disruptbankauctions,andblockevictions.[82] Structure[edit] TheGeneralAssemblymeetinginWashingtonSquarePark,NewYorkCity,on8October2011 Assemblyhandsignals Themovementhasbeendescribedashavingan"overridingcommitment"toparticipatorydemocracy.[83]Muchofthemovement'sdemocraticprocessoccursin"workinggroups,"whereanyprotesterisabletohavetheirsay.ImportantdecisionsareoftenmadeatGeneralassemblies,[84]whichcanthemselvesbeinformedbythefindingsofmultipleworkinggroups.Decisionsaremadeusingtheconsensusmodelofparticipatorydemocracy.Thisoftenfeaturestheuseofhandsignalstoincreaseparticipationandoperatingwithdiscussionfacilitatorsratherthanleaders–asystemthatcanbetracedinparttotheQuakermovementseveralcenturiesago,toparticipatorydemocracyinancientAthens,andtothespokescouncilsofthe1999anti-globalizationmovement.[85][86] Attheassemblies,workinggroupproposalsaremadetomeetingparticipants,whocommentuponthemusingaprocesscalledastack;aqueueofspeakersthatanyonecanjoin.InNewYorkCity,OccupyWallStreetuseswhatiscalledaprogressivestack,inwhichpeoplefrommarginalizedgroupsaresometimesallowedtospeakbeforepeoplefromdominantgroups,withfacilitators,orstack-keepers,urgingspeakersto"stepforward,orstepback"basedonwhichgrouptheybelongto,meaningthatwomenandminoritiesgettogotothefrontoftheline,whilewhitemalesmustoftenwaitforaturntospeak.[86][87]Theprogressivestackconcepthasbeencriticizedbysomeoutsidethemovementas"forcedequality"and"unfair".[88] Nonviolence[edit] Theoccupymovementbeganwithacommitmenttononviolence.[89][90][91]FrequentreferencesweremadetothewritingsofnonviolenttheoristDr.GeneSharpwhoseworkwasreportedtohaveinfluencednonviolentstrugglemovementsinSerbiaandtheArabSpring.[92]StudygroupswereorganisedacrosstheUSOccupycampsdiscussingSharp's198methodsofnonviolentaction[93]andhisbookFromDictatorshiptoDemocracy.[94][95][96]AsubsequentfilmabouthisworkHowtoStartaRevolutionbyRuaridhArrowwhichpremieredinBostonon18SeptemberwasscreenedinOccupycampsacrosstheUSandEurope.[97][98][99][100] Sharphimselfwarnedthatmanyofthetacticsthemovementwereemployingwerenoteffective.InanAlJazeerainterview,hesaid,"The[Occupy]protestersdon'thaveaclearobjective,somethingtheycanactuallyachieve.Iftheythinktheywillchangetheeconomicsystembysimplystayinginaparticularlocation,thentheyarelikelytobeverydisappointed.Protestaloneaccomplishesverylittle."[101] InlateMay2011,sociologistManuelCastellscongratulatedSpanishoccupiersforthefactthatnotasingleviolentincidenthadbeenreportedafter11daysofcampingalloverSpain.[33]Castellssaidthatnonviolencewasoffundamentalimportance,andwasechoedbyvariousothersociologistsandsocialhistoriansincludingLesterKurtz,Prof.MauriceIssermanandProf.TomJuravich.[33][102][103]Juravichandothershave,however,saidthatconflictcanbeimportantinattractingattention,withmuchtobegainedifoccupiersareseenasvictimsoftheviolence,providingoccupierskeeptheirownaggressionstrictlywithinlimits.[102]Inthewordsofoneoccupier,itcanhelpthemgainmediacoverageifthey"makethingsalittlesexyandbadass".TheDirectActionWorkingGroupofOccupyWallStreetendorseddiversityoftacticsfromtheearliestdaysoftheencampment.[104]Notalloccupiershaveupheldthecommitmenttononviolence,withaggressivetacticsbeingusedinSpainfromasearlyas15June,andwithsomejournalistssayingtheNewYorkbranchofthemovementdidinitiallyacceptprotestorswhohadnotsigneduptononviolence.[105][106] InSeptember,sympatheticcoveragegiventothemovementbythemediawassubstantiallyincreasedafterthecirculationofavideoofpepperspraybeingusedbyapolicecommanderagainstpeacefulfemaleprotestors.[102]InearlyOctober,NaomiKleincongratulatedNewYorkoccupiersfortheircommitmenttononviolence.[107]ByNovember2011,mediasourcesbegantoreportanincreaseinviolence,withallegationsofsexualassaultandincidentsofviolencefromoccupiersagainstthepolice,includingoneofficerallegedlystabbedwithscissors.[102][108][109]Someoccupycampsrespondedbyrequiringthatalloccupierssignaresolutiontobenonviolentiftheywishedtostay.[103]RickHamptonforUSATodaysaidthevastmajorityofoccupymembershavebeennonviolent.[102]ReviewingtheglobalmovementinDecember2011,AnthonyBarnettsaiditsnonviolenceremainedanimmensestrength.[34] InlateJanuary2012,themovement'scommitmenttononviolencewasquestionedafterclasheswiththepolicethatsawabout400arrestsintheU.S.cityofOakland.[citationneeded]Someprotestorsandwitnessessaidthepoliceinitiatedtheviolence;otherssaidtherewasviolenceagainstthepolice;however,theyblamedagentsprovocateurs.[citationneeded]Oneprotesterwhodidnottakepartstated,"Itwasorganizedbyaverymilitantanarchistsegmentofthemovement;Isupporttheideaoftakingabuilding,especiallyforhousingthosewhodon'thavehousing.ButIdon'tsupportitwiththekindoftriumphalattitudeIsawexpressed."[106][110][111] Socialmedia[edit] FromthebeginningtheOccupymovementreliedheavilyonsocialmediatodisperseinformationandgathersupport.Occupyaccountswereverysuccessfulinachievingthesegoals.Thesocialmediaaccountseventuallybecamehierarchicalandfailedtheirpurpose.[112]Some[who?]believe,inordertohavebeenmoresuccessful,thesocialmediaaccountsshouldhavebeenmoreheavilyregulatedandkepttoastandard.Inaddition,astudywaspublishedthatfollowedhowOccupyuserinterestschangedintimefrom1June2011to31August2012.Itshowed40%ofusersproducedOccupyrelatedcontentduringpeakactivityofthemovement.But,itwasnotsustainedoverthefollowingyear,withtheuserratiodroppingtolessthan5%inthelastthreemonthsofthestudyperiod.[113] Responsestothemovementfromcelebritieswerebothin-personandonline.SomefinditcontroversialthatrichcelebritiesmadeappearancesattheOccupyWallStreetMovement,butKanyeWestjustifiedhisappearanceashelpinggivepowerbacktothepeople.[114]OthercelebritiessuchasYokoOno,[115][non-primarysourceneeded]MarkRuffalo,[116][non-primarysourceneeded]andMichaelMoore[117][non-primarysourceneeded]tweetedandshowedtheirsupport. Manyhold[who?]thatthesuccessofOWShasledtothesuccessofBernieSandersandhispoliticalplatform,disruptingthepoliticalconversationaboutenvironmentalimpactandeconomicequality.Some[who?]believethattherewassocialmediablockageofSanders'presidentialcampaign,infavorofmoreairtimeforDonaldTrumpandHillaryClinton.[118]Duringthe2016PresidentialElection,peopleusedthe#BernieBlackouthashtagtoboostawarenessaroundtheunfairusageofpopularmediatofavorsomepresidentialcandidatesoverothers.[119][non-primarysourceneeded] Chronologyofevents[edit] Seealso:TimelineofOccupyWallStreet TheWikiLeaksendorsednewssiteWikiLeaksCentralbeganpromotingtheideaofa"USDayofRage,"[120]on10March2011.TheCanadianeditor-in-chiefHeatherMarshmodeledtheconceptaftertheDaysofRagebeingheldatthattimeintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.[120]EarlypromotionbytheWikiLeaksTwitterandblogwasreported[121]asbeinginstrumentalinthegroup'ssuccess.[121]ItwasrenamedOccupyWallStreetaftertheideapublicizedonanemaillist[122]andonlineblog[citationneeded]on13July2011byVancouver-basednon-profitCanadiangroupAdbusters.[39][123][124]TheOccupyWallStreetprotestsbeganon17September2011indowntownManhattan.[125]On9October2011,activistsincitiesinover25countriesrepeatedcallsforaglobalproteston15October.[78][126]Alistofeventsfor15Octoberincluded951citiesin82countries.[127]On15Octobereventswereheldinmanycitiesworldwide.[128] 17Septemberto14October2011[edit] On17September2011,1,000protestersgatheredindowntownManhattanwalkingupanddownWallStreet.About100to200peoplestayedovernightinZucottiPark,twoblocksnorthofWallStreet.By19September,sevenpeoplehadbeenarrested.[129] Atleast80arrestsweremadeon24Septemberafterprotestersstartedmarchinguptownandforcingtheclosureofseveralstreets.Mostofthe80arrestswereforblockingtraffic,thoughsomewerealsochargedwithdisorderlyconductandresistingarrest.Policeofficersalsousedatechniquecalledkettlingwhichinvolvesusingorangenetstoisolateprotestersintosmallergroups.[130]Videoswhichshowedseveralpenned-infemaledemonstratorsbeinghitwithpepperspraybyapoliceofficialwerewidelydisseminated,sparkingcontroversy.Thatpoliceofficial,lateridentifiedasDeputyInspectorAnthonyBologna,wasshowninothervideoshittingaphotographerwithaburstofspray. ProtestersrallyingnearNewYorkpoliceheadquarters,withSt.Andrew'sChurchinthebackground Publicattentiontothepepper-sprayingsresultedinaspikeofnewsmediacoverage,apatternthatwastoberepeatedinthecomingweeksfollowingconfrontationswithpolice.ClydeHaberman,writinginTheNewYorkTimes,saidthat"IftheOccupyWallStreetprotesterseverchoosetorecognizeapersonwhogavetheircauseitsbiggestboost,theymaywanttopaytributetoAnthonyBologna,"callingtheevent"vital"forthestillnascentmovement.[131]On1October2011,protesterssetouttomarchacrosstheBrooklynBridge.TheNewYorkTimesreportedthatmorethan700arrestsweremade.Somesaidthepolicehadtrickedprotesters,allowingthemontothebridge,andevenescortingthempartwayacross.JesseA.Myerson,amediacoordinatorforOccupyWallStreetsaid,"Thecopswatchedanddidnothing,indeed,seemedtoguideusontotheroadway."AspokesmanfortheNewYorkPoliceDepartment,PaulBrowne,saidthatprotestersweregivenmultiplewarningstostayonthesidewalkandnotblockthestreet,andwerearrestedwhentheyrefused.[132] On4October,agroupofprotesterswhowerearrestedonthebridgefiledalawsuitagainstthecity,allegingthatofficershadviolatedtheirconstitutionalrightsbyluringthemintoatrapandthenarrestingthem.[133]InJune2012,afederaljudgeruledthattheprotestershadnotreceivedsufficientwarningofarrestpendingentranceontotheBrooklynBridge.Althoughvideoevidenceshowedthepolicewarningprotestersbybullhorn,[134]afterreviewingit,JudgeJedS.Rakoffsidedwithplaintiffs,saying,"areasonableofficerinthenoisyenvironmentdefendantsoccupiedwouldhaveknownthatasinglebullhorncouldnotreasonablycommunicateamessageto700demonstrators".[135] On5October2011,joinedbyunionmembers,students,andtheunemployed,thedemonstrationswelledtothelargestyetwithanestimated15,000marchersjoiningtheprotest.Smallerprotestscontinuedincitiesandoncollegecampusesacrossthecountry.ThousandsofunionworkersjoinedprotestersmarchingthroughtheFinancialDistrict.Themarchwasmostlypeaceful—untilafternightfall,whenscuffleserupted.About200protesterstriedtostormbarricadesblockingthemfromWallStreetandtheStockExchange.Policerespondedwithpeppersprayandpennedtheprotestersinwithorangenetting.InspiredbyOccupyWallStreet,BritishprotestersorganizedanoccupationoftheLondonStockExchangetobringattentiontowhattheysawasunethicalbehavioronthepartofbanks.Oneoftheorganizersoftheprotestsaidtheprotestsweretobefocusedagainst"increasingsocialandeconomicinjusticeinthiscountry".Inhisopinion,"theGovernmenthasmadesuretomaintainthestatusquoandletthepeoplewhocausedthiscrisisgetoffscot-free,whilstconverselyensuringthatthepeopleofthiscountrypaytheprice,inparticularthosemostvulnerable."[136][137][138] 15Octoberto4November[edit] AcrowdofprotestorsinCongressSquare,Ljubljana,Slovenia,on15October2011 On15October2011globalprotestswerestagedaroundtheworld,withthousandsofprotestersstagingdemonstrationsin900citiesincludingAuckland,Sydney,HongKong,Taipei,Tokyo,SãoPaulo,Paris,Madrid,Berlin,Hamburg,Leipzig,Bostonandmanyothercities.InFrankfurt,5,000peopleprotestedattheEuropeanCentralBankandinZurich,Switzerland'sfinancialhub,protesterscarriedbannersreading"Wewon'tbailyououtyetagain"and"Wearethe99percent."Protestswerelargelypeaceful;however,aprotestinRomethatdrewthousandsturnedviolent.[139]ThousandsofOccupyWallStreetprotestersgatheredinTimesSquareinNewYorkCityandralliedforseveralhours.[140][141]SeveralhundredprotesterswerearrestedacrosstheU.S.,mostlyforrefusingtoobeypoliceorderstoleavepublicareas.InChicagotherewere175arrests,about100arrestsinArizona(53inTucson,46inPhoenix),andmorethan70inNewYorkCity,includingatleast40inTimesSquare.[142]MultiplearrestswerereportedinChicago,andabout150peoplecampedoutbycityhallinMinneapolis.[143] Intheearlymorninghoursof25October,policeclearedandclosedanOccupyOaklandencampmentinFrankOgawaPlazainOakland,California.[144][145]Theraidwaschaoticandviolent,butOaklandPoliceChiefHowardJordanexpressedhispleasureconcerningtheoperationbecauseneitherthepolicenorthepublicsufferedanyinjuries.[146][147]Astreetmarchthatafternoonprotestingtheclosureculminatedinaconfrontationbetweenpoliceandprotesters,whosoughttore-establishtheOgawaPlazaencampment.Duringthisconfrontation,protesterScottOlsen,aformerMarineandIraqWarveteran,sufferedaskullfracturecausedbyatear-gasprojectileorsmokecanisterfiredbypolice.[147][148]By29October2011,therewerearound2,300Occupyprotestcampsacrossaround2,000citiesworldwide.[149]On2November,protestersinOakland,California,shutdownthePortofOakland,thefifthbusiestportinthenation.Policeestimatedthatabout3,000demonstratorsweregatheredattheportand4,500hadmarchedacrossthecity;however,amemberoftheOccupymovementwasquotedbytheBBCasestimatingasmanyas30,000mayhavetakenpart.[150] On4November2011,"OccupytheRoads"(OTR)startedtravelingthroughouttheU.S.tobringthemessageofOccupy,inordertoeducatethepeopleonvariousissuesfacingthegeneralpublicandshinealightontheinequitiesandpoliticalinjustice.OTRhasbeentoeverymajorOccupyEventinsupportofalloccupiedcities,travelingover31,000milesandvisiting42Statesand160citiessinceinception.OnesideoftheRV(namedthe"V"-fromthechant"WhoseV?RV")hasbeendecoratedwithstickers,posters,andeventnoticesfromaroundthecountryrepresentingabillboardfortheOccupymovement.Ontheothersideis31 ftofgraphicsinsupportforChelseaManningandWikiLeaks.[151] 5to25November[edit] On5November,protestersheld"BankTransferDay",marchingonbanksandotherfinancialinstitutionstourgeAmericanstomovetheirmoneyfrombigcorporatebankstosmallercommunitycreditunions.Itwasreportedthatanestimated600,000peopletooktheirmoneyoutofmajorbanks.[152]On11November,RemembranceDayinCanada,policeforciblyremovedtentsfromVictoriaParkinHalifax,NovaScotiaandarrested15protestors.[153]Onthenightof14November,acoordinatedcrackdownwasundertakenbyauthoritiesaroundtheworld,withseveralcampsbeingforciblyclearedincludingZuccottiParkinNewYork,Oakland,[154]Oregon,[155]DenverandZurich.ForsomeoftheothercampssuchastheoneatStPaulsinLondon,nophysicalactionwastaken,buton15Novemberauthoritiessteppeduplegalactiontogainauthorizationforaforcibleeviction.FinancialTimeseditorRichardLambertsuggestedthattheshifttoconfrontationaltacticsbyauthoritieswouldbemorelikelytospuronthemovementratherthancauseittodisband.[17][18][156]However,JohnGapper,chiefbusinesscommentatorattheFT,offeredadifferentview.Gappersaidthatitmaybeadvantageousthatthecampswerebeingcloseddown,astheywerebeginningtoalienateevenmembersofthepublicwhowereinitiallyfullysympatheticwiththemovement.[157]DuringademonstrationatUCDavison18November2011,campuspoliceLieutenantJohnPikeusedpeppersprayonseatedstudents.[158]Theincidentdrewnationalattentionandledtofurtherdemonstrations,petitions,andcallsforChancellorLindaP.B.Katehitoresign.(See:UCDavispepper-sprayincident)[159][160]On22November,occupiersmiccheckedPresidentObamatodrawhisattentiontothetreatmenttheyhadreceivedfromthepolice,includingthousandsofarrests.[161] 26Novemberto31December2011[edit] GreenpartyleaderCarolineLucasdiscussinggreeneconomicswithoccupiersatLondon'sBankofIdeason6December2011 ByDecember,occupiershadbeguntodiverttheirenergiesbeyondprotestcampsandanarrowfocusonthebanks,insteadseekingtoengagefurtherwithmainstreampoliticsandjoiningforceswithestablishedactivistgroupstosupportcausesbroadlycompatiblewiththeinterestsof"the99%".Interviewingoneoftheinformalleadersofthemovement,FinancialTimesjournalistShannonBondfoundthatissuesofconcernincluded:"theunemploymentrate,householddebt,studentdebt,thelackofprospectsforpeoplegraduatingfromcollegeandforeclosures".[162]IntheU.S.,OccupyHomesjoinedwithotherexistinghumanrightsactivistsgroupsandbegantooccupyforeclosedhomes,disruptbankauctions,andblockevictions.[82]On1December,twoevictedactivistsinPortland,Oregon,plantedatableontheplazaofPortland'sCityHallandlitacandle,ignitingaPrayerVigil/OccupationofCityHallthatlasted18months.On22DecemberTheWashingtonPostreportedthatsomeofthecitieswhichhadforcefullydisbandedoccupycampswerenowfacinglegalchallenges.[163] 1January2012to2016[edit] On2January2012,OccupyNigeriabegan,sparkedbyNigeria'sPresidentGoodluckJonathanannouncingtheendingoffuelsubsidiesinthecountry.Therewassupportfromtheglobalmovement,butmostoftheactivitytookplaceinNigeriaitself,withareportfromCSMsayingstrikeswereeffectivelyshuttingdownwholecities.On16JanuaryJonathanrespondedbyannouncinghewouldbringpricesbackdownbypartiallyrestoringthefuelsubsidy.[164] WhilestudentshavebeeninvolvedwithOccupysinceitsinception,early2012hasseenincreasingformalinteractionbetweentheOccupymovementandacademia.IntheUS,universitiesincludingColumbiaandRoosevelthavebegunofferingcoursesaboutthemovement,inthecaseofColumbiathecourseincludesfieldworkwherestudentsjoininwithOccupyactivities.InGreatBritain,Occupy'soutworkteamsareplanningschoolvisitstogivetalksaboutthemovementandrelatedissues.[165][166] On23January,EGTLLC(ExportGrainTerminal)andtheInternationalLongshoreandWarehouseUnion(ILWU)reachedatentativeagreement,mediatedbyWashingtonstategovernorChristineGregoire.[167][168]Theagreementresolvedayear-longdispute,pavingthewayforILWULocal21workerstoworkinsidethe$200 milliongrainterminalatthePortofLongviewinsouth-westWashingtonstate.Thiscameafter"OccupythePorts"protestswhichshutdownmultipleportsonthewestcoastoftheUnitedStateson12December.ThegoalsofthoseprotestsincludedsupportoflongshoremenandtruckersindisputeswithEGTandterminaloperatorSSAMarine(partiallyownedbyGoldmanSachs).[169] "OccupyDC"signandtentsindowntownWashington,D.C.October,2011 AworldwidepollconductedinJanuary2012foundthatonlyonethird(37%)ofrespondentswerefamiliarwiththemovement.Oftherespondentswhowereawareofthemovement,supportersofthemovementoutweighedthoseinoppositiontwotoone.[170]InlateJanuary,OccupyprotestedattheWorldEconomicForum.[171][172]On17March,OccupyWallStreetattemptedtomarksixmonthsofthemovement,byreoccupyingZuccottiPark,thelocationofthefirstOccupycamp.Protestorsweresoonclearedawaybypolice,whomadeover70arrests.[173]On1May,theOccupymovementmarkedaresurgencewithaMayDaygeneralstrikethattookplaceincitiesacrosstheU.S.,includingNewYork;Washington,D.C.;Chicago;andLosAngeles.[174]ThisincludedarevivaloftheFreeUniversityofNewYork.[175] Ontheweekendof15and16September,membersoftheOccupymovementgatheredinUnionSquare,withdirectactiontrainingonthe15thandacelebrationofthemovementonthe16th.On17September,theOccupymovementcelebrateditsfirstanniversarywithseveralmarchesandgeneralassemblieswhichwereattendedbythousandsofprotesters.[citationneeded] OccupyPortlandPrayerVigil,November2012 ThelongestUS"re-occupation"startedon1December2011,whenevictedactivistsfromtheOccupyPortlandcampsetupatableontheplazaofPortland'sCityHallandlitacandle,ignitingthe24/7PrayerVigiltoLifttheCampingBan,referringtothecity'santi-"camping"ordinancesthatwerecitedduringtheeviction.[176]Theactivistsclaimedthelaws,whichprohibittheuseof"bedding,sleepingbags,orothersleepingmatter,"[177]areimmoralandthatthey'reobligatedtochallengethem.Theoccupiersclaimthatsleepishumanrightandisessentialformental,physicalandemotionalhealth,citingthathumanbeingsneedtospendnearlyathirdoftheirlivessleeping.Prohibitingsleepbymakingitillegalforpeopletoprotectthemselvesandtheirbelongingsfromtheelementscausessleepdeprivation;itisinhumane,unconstitutional,andamountstotorture.[178][179][180]Theactivistssaidtheprayervigilwouldcontinueuntil"beddingmatter"wasagainlegal.Thevigilwasstaffedaroundtheclockuntil23July2013,whenMayorCharlieHalesorderedtheremovalofthevigilandassociatedencampmentsontheabuttingsidewalks.[181] TheOccupymovementhas"alreadytransformedbeyondrecognitionfromitsoriginalstate"and"campaignshaveemergedoutsidetheconstraintofthetrademarkOccupytactics."[182]ThesecampaignsincludeOccupySandywhichhasprovidedneededrelieftotheNewYorkareasinceHurricaneSandyhit,[183]OccupyLondon'sOccupyEconomicsgroupthathosted,andwaspraisedbytheBankofEngland'sExecutiveDirectorforFinancialStability,[184]OccupytheSEC,whichmonitorsUSfinancialregulatorymatters,[185]TheRollingJubileesprogramofStrikeDebt,[186]whichisraisingmoneytoretire"zombiedebt,"debt,suchasmedicalbills,thattheindividualcannotre-pay,[187]OccupyUniversity,whichhasdevelopedandmadeaccessiblefreeeducationalmaterials,[188]andtheDebtCollective,asuccessorofStrikeDebt,workedtogetstudentsofafraudulentfor-profitcollegeabsolvedoftheirdebtwithsomesuccess.[189][190] On3April2016,hundredsofsupportersofBernieSandersprotestedoutsideofCNN'sHeadquartersinLosAngeles.SanderssupporterswereprotestingCNN'scoverageofthe2016UnitedStatespresidentialelections,specificallyinregardstotheamountofairtimeSandershasreceived.KnownasOccupyCNN,protestorsareclaimingthatmajormedianetworkshaveintentionallyblackedoutSanders'presidentialcampaigninfavorofgivingmuchmoreairtimetocandidatessuchasHillaryClintonandDonaldTrump.[191] InSwitzerland,theOccupyspiritlivesonbyannualonlineandofflinecelebrationseachyearon17September[192]inthevillageofSt.ImierwheremodernanarchismbeganwiththeInternationalCongressof1872.[193]TheOccupyCafealongwiththeDecentraleCooperative[194]continuestoassistthosewishingtoparticipateinthecontinuing"decentralisationofthepower"ofbanksandcorporateentities;and,toencourageglobalactivismthroughdevelopingtrustandvaluenetworks.[195][196][197] Presentdayactivities[edit] Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(May2020) Afteranapproximatetwo-yearhiatusinactivismonlocation,theOccupyMovementorganizedtheOccupyICEphaseinordertoprotesttheactionsofUSImmigrationandCustomsEnforcementofficeregardingthedetentionofundocumentedimmigrantspresentingthemselvesatthesouthernUSborderpointstoseekasylum.Whilesmallgroupsofprotestersemergedacrossthecountryinprotestagainsttheseparationoffamilieswhoweredetainedduringimmigrationprocessing,agroupswarmedtheICEfacilityinSoHo,causingittoshutdowntemporarily.InOregon,hundredsofOccupyICEactiviststookoveraportionofthegroundsofthePortlandICEbuilding.Theblockadecausedthebuildingtoshutdownforseveraldays,withICEstaffciting"safetyconcerns".[198]On25June,Fedsorderedtheprotesterstovacategovernmentenvironsorfacearrest.[199]On28June2018,Federalofficersmovedintheearlymorningtoremoveorarrestprotestersblockadingthebuilding.Eightwerearrested.[200] On19August2018,OccupyKalamazoobegananencampmentinBronsonParktoaddresshomelessness.[201]Thegroup'seffortsnotablyreceivedsupportfromlocalCommissionerShannonSykes,whocriticizedhercolleaguesingovernmentfor"failingtocreatemoreaffordablehousing."[202] Protests[edit] Foramorecomprehensivelist,seeListofOccupymovementprotestlocationsand15October2011globalprotests. Armenia[edit] MashtotsParkactivistsprotestinginfrontofthecityhallofYerevan,Armenia Mainarticle:MashtotsParkMovement On20February2012[203]nearMargaryanMaternityClinic,wherekioskswerebeingbuiltbythecityauthorities.Theplaceofprotestswaspromptlydubbed"Mashtotspark"–anameunderwhichitisnowwidelyknownbytheArmeniansociety. Theprotestersfacedpoliceviolenceaswithmanyother"Occupy"movements,areportwasfiledtotheombudsmanofArmenia[clarificationneeded]onaccountofthedestructionofatentwithasleepingprotesterinside.[204]"Occupy"demonstrationsarestillcontinuinginMashtotsPark,andtheleaderoftheGreenspartyArmenakDovlatyanhasnameditthemostsuccessfulcivicactioninthehistoryofArmenia.[205] Australia[edit] TheOccupySydneycampinFebruary2012 "Occupy"demonstrationstookplaceinCanberra,Wollongong,[206]Perth,[207]Sydney,[208]Brisbane,[209]andMelbourne,[210]aswellassmallertownsaroundthecountry.AttheOccupyMelbourneproteston21October2011,approximately150protestersdefiedpoliceorderstoclearthearea,andweresubsequentlyremovedwithforce.95arrestsweremadeand43reportsofpoliceviolencewerefiled.[211]Occupiersreturnedthefollowingdayinawalkagainstpoliceviolence,re-occupyingmultiplesitessince. OccupySydneyhadanongoingoccupationinMartinPlacesincetheirinitialpoliceeviction,markingalmost21monthsinJuly2013.TheOccupySydneycampwasremovedon3July2013butitreturnedon4July.Itwasagainremovedon5July.[212] Belgium[edit] InBrussels,alargeOccupydemonstrationtookplaceon15Octoberinvolvingbetween6,500and8,000participants.Theprotestwaslargelypeaceful,althoughsevenpeoplewerearrestedfollowingvandalisationoftheDexiabankheadquartersandfinancialtower.[213]TheOccupyAntwerp(Antwerpen)movementhaditsfirstgatheringonSaturday22OctoberattheGroenplaats,nexttothecathedral.About150–200peopleattendedaspeakerscorner.Theleft-wingsocialistparty(PVDA)waspresentandservedfreesoupaswellasinformationaboutitsproposed"millionaires'tax". Todate,therehavebeenfourOccupyprotestsinLeuven.ThreetookplaceontheGrandMarketinthecentreofthecityandonetookplaceatabuildingofthecity'sCatholicuniversity.Thenumberofprotestersintheseralliesvariedfrom100to250.Theseprotestshavenotincludedprolongedcamping,buttheprotesterssaythatitisapossibilityinthefuture.[214][215]OccupyGhent(Gent)beganon29Octoberwith400peopleintheSouthPark(Zuidpark).Theyreceivedavisitbysupportersattendingthe"seconddayofSocialism"(deTweedeDagvanhetSocialisme),alsoheldinGhentonthesameday.[216] Brazil[edit] Mainarticle:2013protestsinBrazil ProtestersoccupytheroofoftheNationalCongressofBrazilinBrasíliaon17June2013. The2013protestsinBrazil(alsoknownastheCometothestreetandBrazilianSpring)wereaseriesofpublicdemonstrationsinseveralBraziliancities,initiatedmainlybytheMovimentoPasseLivre(FreeFareMovement),alocalentitythatadvocatesforfreepublictransportation.Duringa2015movement"OcupeEstelita",apoliceofficerwassuspendedforshootingprotesterswithrubberbulletsforknockingoffhiscap.[217] Canada[edit] AnOccupyMontrealdemonstrationon15October2011 Mainarticle:OccupyCanada Occupyprotestshavetakenplaceinatleast20Canadiancitiessince15October2011.Onthatday,5,000peoplegatheredinVancouvertoprotestperceivedsocialinjustice,while150stayedthenightinfrontoftheVancouverArtGallery.[218][219]2,000peoplemarchedinTorontoon15Octoberandaround100continuedtooccupyStJamesPark,[220][221]and1,000gatheredinMontrealtomarchdownSte-CatherineStreet;85tentsweresetupinVictoriasquare.[222]Beginningon23October2011approximately40peopleoccupiedMemorialParkonMintoStreetindowntownSudburyandstillcontinuetodoso.[223]On20October2011,over100peopleoccupiedthefrontofCityHallinPrinceGeorge,BritishColumbia.[224]Eventshavebeenconcentratedinprovincialurbanareas,andtherehaveyettobeanydemonstrationsintheterritoriesofYukon,NorthwestTerritories,orNunavut.[123][225]ArelativelysmallgroupofoccupierssuccessfullyoccupiedHarboursideParkinStJohn'sNewfoundlandfortheentire2012Winterseason.Thissite,knownalsoas"King'sBeach"issymbolicallysignificantasthebirthplaceoftheBritishEmpire,andtheencampmentisseenbysomeprotesterstorepresentanoccupationofcolonialismvis-a-visitsbirthsite.TherearecurrentlyanumberofcourtproceedingsacrossCanadaonwhetherornottheevictionofprotestorsandviolencefrompoliceisaninfringementoftheCanadianCharterofRightsandFreedoms.[226] Colombia[edit] Around800studentprotestorsbeganoccupyinguniversitiesacrossColombiaon12November2011.[227] CzechRepublic[edit] On28April2012,aweekafterdemonstrationsofunionsandcivicassociations(morethanonehundredthousandprotesters)[228]thecamp"OccupyKlárov"inPraguewasstarted.[229]PiratePartyparticipatedintheoccupation.[230]Policedissolvedthecampamonthlater.[231] Cyprus[edit] TentsattheOccupyBufferZonecampinNicosia Mainarticle:OccupyBufferZone On19November2011,protestersstartedthe"NoBordersCamp"Or"OccupyBufferZone",apermanentoccupationoftheUnitedNationscontrolledbufferzoneinthecentreofthecapital,Nicosia,demandinganendtothedecades-longdivisionoftheIsland.[232]ThemovementusedtheTwitterhashtag"OccupyBufferZ".ByJune2012theoccupationofthebufferzonewasessentiallyover. Denmark[edit] On15October2011,2,000protestersshoweduponthesquareinfrontofthecityhallofCopenhagen,protestinginsympathywithOWS.Immediatelyafterthedemonstrationan"OccupyCopenhagen"campwasestablished.Thecamp,internallynicknamed"PlazaOneLove",livedthroughharshclimateconditionsandacoupleofevictionattemptsfortwomonths,untilitwastorndownbytheMunicipalityofCopenhagenandDanishpolice,on21December.Themovementhasshiftedtoamobilecamptactic,andstillholdsGAeveryWednesdayandotheractivitiesthroughouttheweek.[233] France[edit] Seealso:Nuitdebout Some300protestersstartedoccupyingParis'sfinancialdistrict,LaDéfense,on4November2011.[234]Sincethen,theircamphasbeentorndownbyseveralpoliceforces.AccordingtoFrenchprotestors,relationswiththepolicehavevariedconsiderably.Somepolicejoinedthemforcoffeeandfriendlydiscussion,butotherwisewerehostileandconfiscatedblanketsandfood,leavingprotesterssleepinginthecoldoutdoorswithoutprotection.On11November,followingacallmadeonsocialnetworks,some400additionalpeoplejoinedtheoccupation.[235]OccupyprotestshavealsobegunatNantes,Lyon,Grenoble,Marseille,[236]Perpignanandmorethan50cities.[237] On31March2016,studentsandyoungworkersbeganoccupyingpublicspacesinFranceinoppositiontothe2016neoliberallaborreformsinaprotestmovementknownasNuitdebout.Asof8April,ithasspreadtodozensofcitiesinFranceaswellastoBelgium,Germany,andSpain.[citationneeded] Germany[edit] OccupyBerlinprotestson15October2011,picturedinfrontoftheReichstag Mainarticle:OccupyBerlin TheOccupymovementbeganinGermanyon15October2011withprotestsinBerlin,focusedoutsidetheReichstag,aswellasFrankfurt,HamburgandDüsseldorf.OccupyFrankfurtsubsequentlytookresidenceinfrontoftheEuropeanCentralBank,andOccupyBerlinestablishedaprotestcampatSt.Mary'sChurch.[238]On12NovembermajorOccupyproteststookplaceinBerlinandFrankfurt.[239]Policereportedthataround9,000peoplepeacefullyprotestedneartheheadquartersoftheEuropeanCentralBank,andthat"severalthousand"peopletooktothestreetsofBerlin;organisersoftheprotestsclaimedthatturnoutwasaround8,000inBerlinand10,000inFrankfurt.[239] HongKong[edit] Mainarticle:OccupyCentral(2011–12)Seealso:OccupyCentralwithLoveandPeace AnOccupymovementinHongKong,named'OccupyCentral',beganon15October2011withprotestersoccupyingtheplazabeneaththeHSBCMainBuildinginCentral,aniconiclandmarkoftheterritory'scentralbusinessdistrict.[240][241]Despitethefactthattheprotesterswerepeaceful,HSBCfiledalawsuitfortheireviction.On13August2012,theHighCourtruledthattheprotestersmustleavetheoccupiedarea.On11September2012,theprotesterswereevictedfromtheplazabycourtbailiffs,endingoneoftheworld'slongestcontinuouslyoccupiedOccupyprotestcamps. Israel[edit] Mainarticle:2011Israelisocialjusticeprotests Italy[edit] Mainarticle:2011Romedemonstration On15October2011,about200,000peoplegatheredinRometoprotestagainsteconomicinequalityandtheinfluenceoftheEuropeanCommission,theEuropeanCentralBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFundongovernment.[242]ManyotherprotestsoccurredinotherItaliancitiesthesameday.[243]InRomemaskedandhoodedmilitantswearingmakeshiftbodyarmor,inblackblocfashion,participatedintheprotestscenteredinStJohnLateransquareandcommittednumerousviolentacts,throwingMolotovcocktailsandotherhomemadeexplosives,burningandblowingupcars,burningbuildings,andsmashinguppropertysuchasATMsandshopwindows.[64]TheRomanCatholicchurchSantiMarcellinoePietroalLateranoreceivedextensivedamage,includingastatueoftheVirginMarybeingthrownintothestreetanddestroyed.[64] SeveralunexplodedpetrolbombswerereportedlyfoundonseveralstreetsbyItalianpolice.[64]Over1,000,000eurosofdamage(equivalenttoover1.3 milliondollars)wasrecorded.[64]Atleast135peoplewereinjuredintheresultingclashes,including105policeofficers,severalofwhomwereleftincriticalcondition,[244]andtwonewscrewsfromSkyItalia.[64][245]Twoprotestershadtheirfingersamputatedbyexplodingsmokebombs.[64]Almost20peoplehavebeenarrestedinconnectionwiththeviolence.[64]Afterthe15Octoberdemonstration,peopleoccupiedtheSantaCroceinGerusalemmesquareandstartedcampingasinothercitiesworldwide.ThenameofthisRome'sgroup,relatedtointernationalOccupymovement,isAccampataRoma.[246] Malaysia[edit] Mainarticle:OccupyDataran TheOccupyDataranmovementfirstheldtheirassemblyatDataranMerdeka(IndependenceSquare)sevenweeksbeforeOccupyWallStreeton30July2011[247]tocreateanalternativetothecurrentrepresentativedemocracy[248]usingthepopularassemblymodelbasedonprinciplesofparticipatorydemocracy.[249]Aspartofthe15October2011globalprotests,over200people[250]tookpartin15October'sOccupyDataran,thelargestassemblytodate.[251]InlateOctober,themovementspreadtoPenangwithOccupyPenang[252]andKelantanwithOccupyKotaBharu. Mexico[edit] OccupybeganinMexicoCityon11October2011,withahungerstrikeinfrontoftheMexicanStockExchangehighrise.EdurVelasco,a56-year-oldlaboreconomistanduniversityprofessor,wasona42-day-longhungerstrikesittinginatentoutsideMexicoCity'sstockmarket,demandingthatthegovernmentguaranteegreateraccesstohighereducationamongtheyouth.[253]Daysafterhisinitiative,itcameasasurprisetoseethemultiplicationoftentssettingupoutsidethestockexchangebuilding.Policeremaineddiscreetlyaroundthecornersittingintheirtrucks.[254] OccupyMexicodidnotachievethelevelofpopularityitgainedinotherareas.ThisisattributedtothefactthatMexico'sOccupyprotesters,whichwerefocusedonpovertyandworkers'rights,failedtoresonatewithapublicenthralledbytheviolenceoftheMexicanDrugWar.[255]Incontrast,ananti-violencemovementledbyJavierSiciliaduringthetimethattheOccupyprotestsoccurred,drewthousandsontothestreetsofMexicoCity.[255]TheOccupyMovementwasalmostentirelyignoredbyMexico'smainstreampoliticians.[255]BylateJanuary2012,mostofthetentswereemptyandonlyafewprotestersremainedoutsidetheStockExchange.[255] Mongolia[edit] S.Ganbaatar,theheadofMongolia'sConfederationofTradeUnions(CTU),hasannouncedthattheassociationjoinstheworldwideoccupyprotestsofWallStreetandotherhighstreetson20October2011.[256]Heclaimedthatbankersarecharginghigherinterestratesfromcustomersandcorporates.InthemostrecentdatainSeptember2011,theweightedaverageannualMNTlendingrateis16%inMongolia.[257] Nepal[edit] Mainarticle:OccupyBaluwatar AlsoknownasBaluwatarSatyagraha,OccupyBaluwatarisapeacefulprotestmovementcallingontheNepalistatetobetteraddressthewidespreadproblemofimpunityandgender-basedviolence.Since28December2012,protestershavegatheredoutsidetheprimeminister'sofficialresidenceinBaluwatarfrom9:00to11:00amdaily.Theprotesterscreatedacoherentsetofdemands,dividedintoshort-andlong-termgoals,whichtheypresentedtothenprimeministerBaburamBhattarai.Theshort-termdemandscalledonthestate,includingthepoliceandthejudiciary,toproperlyinvestigateandprosecutetheguiltyinfivespecificcaseswhichtookplaceimmediatelypriortothemovement'sstart.Thelong-termdemandsfocusedonpolicyreforminthearenasofmigrationandrapelaws,amongothers. Netherlands[edit] OccupyRotterdamon22October2011infrontoftheBeurs-WorldTradeCenter IntheNetherlands,Occupyproteststookplaceinmanycities,mostnotablyAmsterdam,[258]TheHague,[259]Rotterdam,[260]andUtrecht[261] NewZealand[edit] TheOccupyAucklandprotestcampinAoteaSquare,Auckland,on16November2011 Mainarticle:OccupyprotestsinNewZealand InOctober2011,OccupyprotestsbeganinsixNewZealandcities(Auckland,NewPlymouth,Wellington,Christchurch,Dunedin,andInvercargill)withprotestsinAucklanddrawingupto3,000supporters.[262]AseventhOccupyproteststartedon19NovemberintheLowerHuttsuburbofPomarebyagroupcalled"PomareCommunityVoice"tohighlightwhattheycallthe"lossofcommunity"causedbythedemolitionofstatehomesinthearea.[263][264]On23January,policemovedinonfoursitesinAuckland.Twoarrestsweremadeandpolicesaidcamperswereinbreachofcouncilbylawsregardingcamping.ThesiteswereatAoteaSquare,360QueenSt,VictoriaParkandAlbertPark.[265] Nigeria[edit] Mainarticle:OccupyNigeria OccupyNigeriaisananti-fuelsubsidyremovalprotestthatstartedinNigeriaon2January2012inresponsetofuelsubsidyremovalbytheFederalgovernmentofNigeriaon1January2012.ItisamovementagainstcorruptioninGovernment&publicservice,insensitive&inhumantreatmentofNigeriansbyGovernment&Securityagents.Themovementendedon16January2012followingagreementbetweenthegovernmentandtheorganizedlabourleaderswhichsawapartialrestorationofthesubsidyregime.FuelpumppriceinNigeriahassincethenbeenfixedattheofficialrateof97nairaperlitrewhileitpracticallysellsforashighas130nairainsomemajorcitiesincludingPortHarcourt,oneofthecitiesintheoil-producingstatesinNigeria. Norway[edit] Mainarticle:OccupyOslo TheOccupymovementinNorwaybeganon15OctoberwithprotestsinOsloandBergenaspartoftheGlobalDayofAction.[266][267]InOslo,themovementhassincethenmeteverySaturdayinthecitycentre,usuallyatEidsvollsplassinfrontoftheParliament,butsometimesatothersites,likeSpikersuppaandYoungstorget.[citationneeded] Philippines[edit] Mainarticle:Pandihousingprojectoccupation ThePandihousingtakeoverissometimesseenaspartoftheglobalOccupymovementanditsoppositiontosocialinequality.[268][269] InMarch2017,thousandsofurbanpoorfromtheKalipunanngDamayangMahihirap(Kadamay)ledtheoccupationofvacantgovernmentsheltersinPandi,Bulacan,Philippines.[268]PresidentRodrigoDuterteannouncedinAprilthatprotestersmaybeallowedstayintheoccupiedhomes,[270]thoughmembersofKadamayreportedthattheycontinuedtobeharassedandred-tagged,andhavebeenexcludedintheprocesstolegalizetheirownershipofthehousingunits.[268] RepublicofIreland[edit] TheOccupyDameStreetcampinDublin,RepublicofIreland Mainarticle:OccupyDameStreet ProtestswereheldinDublin,[271]Cork,andGalway.[272]TheIrishTimesdescribedthemovementinthefollowingterms:"Thegrouphasnohierarchicalstructure,hassetupaFacebookpageandTwitteraccount–withthesocialmedialinksattractingaverymixed,andsometimescritical,reaction."TheprotestinDublinwasorganizedby"Pots&Pans–Ireland",and#OccupyDameStreetprotestgroup,whotheninvitedRealDemocracyNow!ShelltoSea,TirnaSaorandmanyothernon-politicalgroupstoparticipateandallsetupcampoutsidetheCentralBankofIrelandinsolidaritywiththeOccupyWallStreetmovementinNewYork.On22Octoberitwasreportedthatover2,000peopletookpartinademonstrationorganizedbyOccupyDameStreet.[273]Thiscampsurvivedthroughthewinter,butwasremovedbyanGardaSíochána(Irishpolice)on13March2012,daysbeforetheannualSt.Patrick'sDayParade.Onthemorningof16May2012atapproximately4:30 am,theOccupycampinEyreSquareinGalway,thelongest-lastingoftheOccupygroupsinIreland,wasremovedbyAnGardaSíochánaandGalwayCityCouncil.Thecampwasremovedbecausethegroupwasillegallyoccupyingapublicamenity.Atthetimethecampwasdismantled,therewereonly6protestersatthecamp.Thecamphadlastedfor215days.[274][275] SouthAfrica[edit] Mainarticle:TakingBackSouthAfrica! InSouthAfrica,amovementcalledTakingBackSouthAfrica!sprungupasaninitiativeprimarilyaimedatprotestingandincitingmassactionagainsttheeconomicandsocialinequalityinthecountry.Itconsistsofalooseinformalaffiliationofon-the-groundgroupsandindividualsacrossSouthAfricaaswellasinternetbasedgroups.Duringthe2016FeesMustFallmovement,protestgroupsalsoadoptedtheslogan#Occupy4FreeEducationinresponsetothegovernment'sperceivedlackofinterestindealingwiththeissue.[276][277] SouthKorea[edit] HundredsofprotestersheldralliesintheSouthKoreancapitalofSeoulon15and22Octoberin2011underthesloganof"OccupySeoul".ProtestersfocusedonissuessuchasarecentfreetradeagreementwiththeUnitedStatesaswellascostsoftuitionandrent.[278][279][280] Althoughtherewereconsiderablesupportfrompublic,therewerealsocriticismsregardingthenatureoftheprotest.UnliketheoriginalOccupymovementwhichstartedoutastheanti-capitalistprotest,manyofthecatchphrasesofOccupySeoulcontainedanti-governmentoranti-Americanmessages.Oneoftheobservershasarguedthat"SouthKoreaovercamethe2008financialcrisisrelativelywellandtherewasnoseriouscrisisinfinancialsector.Itishardtofindthelegitimatebasisoftheprotest."[281] Spain[edit] Mainarticle:2011–2012Spanishprotests AseriesofprotestsdemandsaradicalchangeinSpanishpolitics,asprotestersdonotconsiderthemselvestoberepresentedbyanytraditionalpartynorfavouredbythemeasuresapprovedbypoliticians.[282]Spanishmediahaverelatedtheproteststotheeconomiccrisis,StéphaneHessel'sTimeforOutrage!,[282]theNEETtroubledgenerationandcurrentprotestsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica,[283]Greece,[284]Portugal[285]aswellastheIcelandicprotestandriotsin2009.[286]The15-MMovementdrewinspirationfrom2011revolutionsinTunisia,Egyptanduprisingsin1968France,SouthKoreain1980and1987andGreecein2008.[citationneeded] Switzerland[edit] On15October2011,between500to1,000OccupyprotestersdemonstratedinfrontoftheofficesofUBSandCreditSuisseontheParadeplatzinZurich.[287]100protesterslaterestablishedanoccupationonthenearbyLindenhof,whichwasevictedbythepoliceon15November. Taiwan[edit] Mainarticle:SunflowerMovement Turkey[edit] Someoftheprotestershavestyledthemselvesas#OccupyGezi. Mainarticle:2013protestsinTurkey TheinitialprotestsinIstanbulon28May2013wereledbyabout50environmentalists[288]againstreplacingTaksimGeziParkwithareconstructionoftheOttomanEraTaksimMilitaryBarracks(thesceneofproSultanriotsin1909).Thecurrentprotestsdevelopedintoriotsaftertheheavyhandedpoliceinterventionwhichfeaturedsignificantuseofteargasandwatercannons.[289]Theoppressivereactiontotheprotestscausedtheproteststowidenwithmanymorepeopletobecomeinvolved,[290]peoplefrommanydifferentwalksoflifeincludingawiderangeofpoliticalinterestgroups,secularandreligiouspeople,students,gays,feminists,footballfans,womeninheadscarves,wholefamilies,allfindingreasontojointheprotests.[291] WhatstartedasanenvironmentalistprotestagainstplanstoreplaceTaksimGeziParkdevelopedintowideranti-governmentdemonstrations.Demandsissuedon4Juneincluded theendofpolicebrutality, theendofthesaleofpublicfacilitiessuchasparks,forestsandbeachestoprivateinvestors, therightofpublicexpression, mediaresponsibilityininformingthepublicofevents,andotherdemands.[292]Theprotests(upto500.000inİstanbuland30.000peopleinAnkara)alsospreadtoothercitiesinTurkey,andprotestswereseeninothercountrieswithsignificantTurkishcommunities. UnitedKingdom[edit] Maincategory:OccupymovementintheUnitedKingdom England[edit] Mainarticle:OccupyLondon JulianAssangespeaksattheOccupyLondonprotestsoutsidethecathedralintheCityofLondonon15October2011.[293] AtentattheOccupyLondonencampmentintheCityofLondon Aspartofthe15October2011globalprotests,protestersgatheredinLondon,Bristol,andBirminghaminEngland,togetherwithGlasgowandEdinburghinScotland(SeeScotlandheadingbelow).[294]TheLondonStockExchangeinPaternosterSquarewastheinitialtargetfortheprotestersofOccupyLondonon15October2011.[136][137][138]Attemptstooccupythesquarewerethwartedbypolice.[137][295]Policesealedofftheentrancetothesquareasitisprivateproperty,andaHighCourtinjunctionhadbeengrantedagainstpublicaccesstothesquare.[296]2,500–3,000peoplegatherednearbyoutsideStPaul'sCathedral,with250campingovernight.[295]AcanonofSt.Paul's,ReverendGilesFraser,saidhewashappyforpeopleto"exercisetheirrighttoprotestpeacefully"outsidethecathedralandanindefiniteencampmentwasestablished.[295]AdditionalsmallerprotestsoccurredinBirmingham[297]andNottingham.[298]Asof17OctoberanindefiniteencampmenthadalsobeenestablishedonCollegeGreeninBristol.[299] Ananarchistoccupationofparliamentsquare On29OctoberacampwasalsoestablishedinVictoriaGardens,Brighton,andgrewfromsixtentstoaroundtwentywithinoneweek.[300]FurtherOccupycampstookplaceinLiverpool[301]Bath,BournemouthUniversity,Bradford,Leeds,Sheffield,Thanet,[302]NewcastleuponTyne,Plymouth,Exeter,Norwich,[303]TheOccupyThanetprotestsalsofocusedonlocalissues,[304]includingtheclosureofshopsinthetownandtheDreamlandMargateamusementpark,alackofemploymentopportunities[304]andperceiveddisparitiesintheallocationofeducationresources.[304]LancasterinEnglandandCardiffinWales.[305]On8January2012,LancasterPolicearrestedfourmembersofOccupyLancasterwhowereoccupyingadisusedhotelinthecitycentre.[306] On11November,policearrested179peoplebelievedtobeEDLsupporters[307]onArmisticeDayafterapparentthreatstotheStPaul'scampwerepostedonFacebook.176werereleasedwithoutchargeand3werebailed"pendingfurtherinquiries".[308] On15November,anOccupycampwasestablishedinthecentreofLeicesterneartheHighcrossshoppingcentre.[309]On25NovemberanOccupycampwasestablishedinLiverpoolneartheWalkerArtGallery.[310][311]Startingon30November2011followinganationalstrikeaction,abodyofstudentsoccupiedtheUniversityofSheffieldArtsTowerinsolidaritywith,butnotlimitedto,theOccupymovement.[312][313] On17October2014anewcampwasestablishedinParliamentSquare,WestminsterbyagroupcalledOccupyDemocracy.Thecampwaspartofacampaignforgreatertransparencyindemocracyaswellasanendtolobbying.[314]Thecamplastedtwodaysuntilpolicesweptin,givingprotestors30minutestoleaveorfacearrest.AnyitemsthatcouldbeusedforsleepinghavebeendeemedillegalunderthePoliceReformandSocialResponsibilityAct2011,createdaftertheoriginaloccupation.Theevictionwaslivestreamed,showingpolicedraggingprotestersaway.[315]Policesaidtherewasonearrest.Fiftytoahundredprotestersremainedintheparkovernight.[316]Ontheirwebsite,thegroupsaystheirgoalis"todirecttheenergyfromcurrentsingleissuestrugglesintoacriticalmassthatcanradicallychallengethecorruptandunrepresentativesystem".[317] NorthernIreland[edit] InNorthernIreland,OccupyBelfastinitiateditsprotestoutsidetheofficesofInvestNIon21October2011.OccupyBelfasttookresidenceatWriter'sSquare,intheCathedralQuarter.[318]ItalsotookcontrolofadisusedbuildingownedbytheBankofIreland,renamingitthePeople'sBank,withplanstoopenalibraryandhomelessaccommodationtobeacommunityhub.[319]ItwasexpectedthatanOccupyDerrywouldtakeplaceinthenearfuture. OccupyColerainetookovertheUniversityofUlsterCommonRoomforthreeweeksinDecember2013.[320]Thegroupprotestedthedemolitionofthehistoricstudent-teachersharedspace,dueforrefurbishmentasaseniormanagementcorporatediningroom.[321] Scotland[edit] OccupyEdinburghprotestersinStAndrewSquare,Edinburgh Mainarticles:OccupyEdinburghandOccupyGlasgow OccupycampswereestablishedinthefinancialdistrictofSt.AndrewSquare,Edinburghon15October2011.St.AndrewsSquareisthehomeoftheRoyalBankofScotlandheadquartersintheDundasHousemansion.EdinburghCityCouncilsubsequentlyofficiallybackedOccupyEdinburghandtheOccupymovementworldwide.ProtestersfromOccupyGlasgowsetupinthecivicGeorgeSquareon15OctoberbutafterthecouncilobtainedacourtordermovedtoKelvingrovePark,wherethecouncilagreedtoproviderunningwater,toiletsandsafetyfences. Wales[edit] InWales,OccupyCardifforiginallysetitscamp-siteoutsideCardiffCastlebutitwasdisbandedbypolice,andsomeprotesterswerearrested.Chargeswerelaterdroppedfollowingcallsfromtradeunionists,lawyersandpoliticiansincludingPlaidCymruleaderLeanneWood,LabourPartypoliticianTonyBennanddemonstrationsoutsideCardiffmagistratescourt.[322]OccupyCardiffsetupanewcampinthecity,outsidetheofficesofWelshLabourandanumberoftradeunionsattheTransportHouse,CathedralRoad.[305][323] UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:OccupymovementintheUnitedStates Foramorecomprehensivelist,seeListofOccupymovementprotestlocationsintheUnitedStates. OneofthemarchestothePortofOaklandduringthe2011OaklandGeneralStrikeon2November2011 TheOccupyWallStreetprotestsbeganinNewYorkCityon17September2011.[324]By9October,similardemonstrationswereeitherongoingorhadbeenheldin70majorcitiesandover600communitiesacrosstheU.S.[16]Themovementrejectsexistingpoliticalinstitutionsandattemptstocreatealternativeonesthroughdirectactionanddirectdemocracy.[73][325][326]Occupyprotesters'slogan,"Wearethe99%",assertsthatthe"99%"payforthemistakesofthe"1%". Theoriginallocationofchoicebytheprotesterswas1ChasePlaza,thesiteofthe"ChargingBull"statue,butwhenpolicediscoveredtheplannedsite,itwasfencedoffandnearbyZuccottiParkwaschosen.Therewasscantmediacoveragetill24Septemberwhenalargemarchforcingtheclosureofseveralstreetsresultedin80arrests.Policeusedatechniquecalled"netting",theuseoforangeplasticnetstocorralprotesters,andthemarchreceivedextensivemediacoveragewhenavideoofseveral"netted"youngwomenbeingpeppersprayedwaswidelycirculated.[327] Mediacoveragewasagainsparkedon1October,whenNewYorkCityprotestersattemptedtomarchacrosstheBrooklynBridgeandmorethan700arrestsweremade.Somesaidthepolicehadtrickedprotesters,allowingthemontothebridgeandevenescortingthempartwayacrossbeforetheybegantomakemassarrests.On25October,policeofficersclearedtwoOccupyOaklandprotestcampsites.Policefiredteargascanistersattheprotestors,allegedlyinresponsetoobjectsbeingthrownatthem.[citationneeded]ProtestorganizerssaidthatmanyofthetroublemakerswerenotpartoftheOccupymovement.[328]Theraidwasdescribedas"violentandchaoticattimes"[329]andresultedinover102arrests.ScottOlsen,aformerMarineandIraqWarveteran,sufferedaskullfracturecausedbyaprojectilethatwitnessesbelievedwasateargasorsmokecanisterfiredbythepolice.[330]On2November,protestersinOakland,California,shutdownthePortofOakland,thefifthbusiestportinthenation.Policeestimatedthatabout3,000demonstratorsweregatheredattheportand4,500hadmarchedacrossthecity.[150] ZuccottiParkclosedtoovernightcampingon15November2011 Atabout1:00 amon15November,policeclearedtheZuccottiParkencampment.Manyjournalistscomplainedthatthepolicehadmadeadeliberatedecisiontokeepjournalistsawayfromtheparkduringtheraid.[331]NewYorkCityjournalistsrespondedtowhattheyperceivedas"alarmingsuppression,abuseandarrestsofreporters"byforming"TheCoalitionfortheFirstAmendment"to"monitorpolice-pressrelationsasawayofspotlightingpoliceactivitiesthatthreatenconstitutionalprotections".[332]ExecutiveDirectorAlisonBethelMcKenzieoftheInternationalPressInstitutecommented:"Itiscompletelyunacceptabletohinderreportingonasubjectthatisundoubtedlyofpublicinterest.Suchreportingisvitaltodemocracy,andauthoritiesateverylevelofgovernment–federal,stateandlocal–musthonourtheirconstitutionalobligationnottoinfringeuponthefreedomofthepress."[333] On6December,OccupyHomes,anoffshootofOccupyWallStreet,embarkedona"nationaldayofaction"toprotestthemistreatmentofhomeownersbybigbanks,whotheysaymadebillionsofdollarsoffthehousingbubblebyofferingpredatoryloansandindulginginpracticesthatallegedlytookadvantageofconsumers.Inmorethantwodozencitiesacrossthenationthemovementtookonthehousingcrisisbyre-occupyingforeclosedhomes,disruptingbankauctionsandblockingevictions.[82]On17September2012,protestersreturnedtoZuccottiParktomarktheone-yearanniversaryofthebeginningoftheoccupation.[334][335][336] Reactions[edit] Mainarticle:ReactionstotheOccupymovement Political[edit] Brazil—PresidentDilmaRousseffsaid,"Weagreewithsomeoftheexpressionsthatsomemovementshaveusedaroundtheworld[in]demonstrationsliketheonesweseeintheUSandothercountries."[337] Canada—FinanceMinisterJimFlahertyexpressedsympathywiththeprotests,stating"There'sgrowingworryaboutalackofopportunitiesfortheyoungergeneration–particularlyintheUnitedStates–andit'suptogovernmentstoensureyouthareabletocapitalizeontheireducationandfindgoodjobs."Helatercommented,"Icanunderstandsomelegitimatefrustrationarisingoutofthat."[338] India—PrimeMinisterManmohanSinghdescribedtheprotestsas"awarningforallthosewhoareinchargeoftheprocessesofgovernance".[339] Iran—SupremeLeaderAyatollahKhameneivoicedhissupportfortheOccupyMovementsaying,"Ultimately,itwillgrowsothatitwillbringdownthecapitalistsystemandtheWest."[340] UnitedKingdom—On21October2011,formerPrimeMinisterGordonBrownsaidtheprotestswereaboutfairness."Therearevoicesinthemiddlewhosay,'Look,wecanbuildabetterfinancialsystemthatismoresustainable,thatisbasedonabetterandproportionatesenseofwhat'sjustandfairandwherepeopledon'ttakerecklessrisksor,iftheydo,they'repenalizedfordoingso.'"[341]On6November2011,OppositionleaderEdMiliband:"Thechallengeisthattheyreflectacrisisofconcernformillionsofpeopleaboutthebiggestissueofourtime:thegapbetweentheirvaluesandthewayourcountryisrun."Hementionedthatheis"determinedthatmainstreampolitics,andtheLabourPartyinparticular,speakstothatcrisisandrisestothechallenge".[342]OnSaturday26November2011,EdinburghCityCouncilsetaworldwideprecedentbyvotinginfavourofthemotiontosupporttheaimsandsentimentsofOccupyEdinburghandtheOccupymovementasawhole.ThismotionwaspresentedbytheScottishGreenParty,wassecondedbytheScottishLabourPartyandwasslightlyamendedbytheScottishNationalParty(SNP)andScottishLiberalDemocrats.TheonlypartynottobackthemotionwastheScottishConservativeParty."WeregardthisasafantasticstepforwardintheopeningofdialoguewiththeScottishgovernment.",statedOccupyEdinburgh.[343] UnitedStates—PresidentBarackObamaspokeinsupportofthemovement,butalsoaskedprotestersnotto"demonize"financeworkers.[67]LocalauthoritiesintheUnitedStateshavecollaboratedtodevelopstrategiestorespondtotheOccupymovementanditsencampments,andpoliticalleadersineighteenUnitedStatescitiesconsultedoncrackingdownontheOccupymovement,accordingtoOaklandMayorJeanQuan,whoparticipatedinaconferencecall.[344]Withinaspanoflessthan24hours,municipalauthoritiesinDenver,SaltLakeCity,Portland,Oakland,andNewYorkCitysentinpolicetocrackdownontheencampmentsoftheOccupymovement.[345]Inamarkedlydifferentapproach,thecityadministrationandpoliceinNewHaven,Connecticut,haveworkedwithOccupyNewHaven[346]toensurethesafetyofprotestersoccupyingtheuppersectionoftheNewHavenGreen.[347][348]Until18April2012,OccupyNewHaven,[346]hasbeenrunningcontinuouslyontheGreenfor186daysuntiltheywereremovedbypolice.[349][350] Venezuela—PresidentHugoChávezcondemnedthe"horriblerepression"oftheactivistsandexpressedsolidaritywiththemovement.[351] Media[edit] ForeignAffairshashadvariousarticlescoveringthemovement.[352][353][354][355]IntheJanuary/February2012issue,FrancisFukuyamaarguedthattheOccupymovementwasnotasinfluentialastheright-wingTeaPartymovement."Oneofthemostpuzzlingfeaturesoftheworldintheaftermathofthefinancialcrisis,"hewrote,"isthatsofar,populismhastakenprimarilyaright-wingform,notaleft-wingone."[356]Incontrast,asurveyforthethinktankCenterforAmericanProgresssuggestedthattheOccupymovementhassucceededinsubstantiallyboostingthecoverageofthejobcrisisintheAmericanmedia.[357] Other[edit] EgyptianprotestersfromTahrirSquarehavelenttheirsupportofthemovement.AmessageofsolidarityissuedbyacollectiveofCairo-basedprotestersdeclared:"Astheinterestsofgovernmentincreasinglycatertotheinterestsandcomfortsofprivate,transnationalcapital,ourcitiesandhomeshavebecomeprogressivelymoreabstractandviolentplaces,subjecttothecasualravagesofthenexteconomicdevelopmentorurbanrenewalscheme.Anentiregenerationacrosstheglobehasgrownuprealizing,rationallyandemotionally,thatwehavenofutureinthecurrentorderofthings."[358] InearlyDecember2011,businessmagnateRichardBransonsaidthemovementisa"goodstart",thattheyhavebeenprotestingforvalidreasons,andthatifthebusinesscommunitytakessomeoftheirconcernsonboardtheywillhavemadeadifference.[359] On15December2011,JesseJacksonsaidthatJesusChrist,MahatmaGandhi,andMartinLutherKingJr.werealloccupiers,andthat:"Occupyisaglobalspirit,whichisnowsweepingthenationandtheworld,fightingforjusticeforallofGod'schildren".[35][360]Aglobalsurveyof23countriespublishedbyIpsoson20January2012foundthataround40%oftheworld'scitizensarefamiliarwiththemovement.Overtwiceasmanyreportedafavourableresponsetothemovementcomparedtothosewhodislikeit.Supportforthemovementvariedmarkedlyamongcountries,withSouthKorea(67%),Indonesia(65%),andIndia(64%)reportingthehighestsympathy–andAustralia(41%),Japan(41%),andPoland(37%)reportingthelowest.[170] Impact[edit] Someknownimpactstodateincludethefollowing: Socialimpact[edit] IntheUnitedStates,theprotestshavehelpedshiftthefocusofnationaldialoguefromthefederalbudgetdeficittoeconomicproblemsmanyordinaryAmericansface,suchasunemployment,[361]thelargeamountofstudentandotherpersonaldebtthatburdensmiddleclassandworkingclassAmericans,[362]andothermajorissuesofsocialinequality,suchashomelessness.[363]Themovementappearstohavegeneratedanationalconversationaboutincomeinequality,asevidencedbythefactthatprintandbroadcastnewsmentionedtheterm"incomeinequality"morethanfivetimesmoreoftenduringthelastweekofOctober2011thanduringtheweekbeforetheoccupationbegan.[364]Longertermeffectsaremuchlessclear,asaccordingtoGooglesearchtrends,intheyearssince2012interesthaswaned.OccupymovementraisedawarenessregardingwhatorganizersconsiderundeservedwealthandlackoffairnessinAmericansociety.[365]LaborunionshavebecomebolderinthetacticstheyemployandhavebeenusingdigitalsocialmediamoreeffectivelythankstotheOccupymovement.[366]InNewYorkCity,theOccupyWallStreetprotesthasalsoprovidedhundredsofprotesterstohelpinpicketactionsconductedbylaborunions.[366] OffshootsoftheOccupymovement,suchasRollingJubilee,aprojectofStrikeDebt,haveboughtmillionsin"zombiedebt,"moneythatindividualsowethattheyhavenofinancialmeanstopay,includingmedicaldebt,tofreethedebtorsfromtheobligationtopayitoff.[367]AsofSeptember2014,RollingJubileeclaimstohavecancelledmorethan$15 millioninmedicaldebtand$4 millioninprivatestudentloandebt.[368]NoamChomskyarguesthatthemovement"spontaneouslycreatedsomethingthatdoesn'treallyexistinthecountry:communitiesofmutualsupport,cooperation,openspacesfordiscussion...justpeopledoingthingsandhelpingeachother".[369]AsofApril2015,RollingJubileereportsithasclearednearly$32 millionindebt.[370] On10November2011,TheDailyTelegraphreportedthattheword"occupy"hadbeenthe"mostcommonlyusedEnglishwordontheinternetandinprint"overthepast12monthsaccordingtoatoptenlistpublishedbymediaanalysiscompanyGlobalLanguageMonitor.[371][372]InJanuary2012,membersoftheAmericanDialectSocietyvotedwithanoverwhelmingmajorityfor"Occupy"asthewordoftheyearfor2011.[373]Numerousnewsshowsandradioshowshavebeenusingtheterm"1%"and"99%"TVshowssuchasTheMiddle,Revengeand,TheOfficehavemadereferencestoOccupy,and,inJuly2012,theCityofVancouveraddedthewordtoitslistofreservenamesforcivicassetssuchasstreetsandbuildings.[374]InDecember2012,theTelevisionshowConanlaunchedacontestcalled"OccupyConan". Politicalimpact[edit] On27December2011,theFinancialTimesarguedthatthemovementhadhadaglobalimpact,altering"thetermsofthepoliticaldebate".[375]However,somesympatheticcommentatorssuchasAnthonyBarnetthavesuggestedthatinSpain,wherethemovementoncehadthesupportofwellover70%ofthepopulationwithmillionstakingpart,thepopularityofOccupyisnowpastitspeakandhasachievednoconsequencesofanysignificance.[34]However,therewerenumeroussuccessesatlocallevels,[376]andTheEconomisthasreportedthatSpanishprotesterscausedtheirgovernmenttopassvariouslawsincludingnewlimitsontheamountsbankscan"clawback"fromdefaultingborrowers.[105] InNovember2011,U.S.CongressmanTedDeutch,memberoftheHouseJudiciaryCommittee,introducedthe"OutlawingCorporateCashUnderminingthePublicInterestinourElectionsandDemocracy(OCCUPIED)ConstitutionalAmendment,"whichwouldoverturntheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecisioninCitizensUnitedv.FECrecognizingcorporateconstitutionallyprotectedfreespeechrightsandwouldbancorporatemoneyfromtheelectoralprocess.[377][378] InMarch2012,formerU.S.VicePresidentAlGorecalledonactiviststo"occupydemocracy",explainingthat"Ourdemocracyhasbeenhacked.Itnolongerworkstoservethebestinterestsofthepeopleofthiscountry."[379]AlsoinNovember2011,PaulMasonsaidthattheOccupymovementhadstartedtodynamicallyshapetheglobalpolicyresponsetothelate-2000sfinancialcrisis,beingmentionedsooftenatthe2011G20summitthatifOccupyhadbeenabrand"itwouldhaveaprofiletodieforamongthesuper-elite".[380]VariousjournalistsalongwithJaredBernsteinformerchiefeconomistandeconomicadvisertoVicePresidentJoeBiden,havesuggestedthatOccupyinfluencedthePresident'sJanuary2012StateoftheUnionaddress,withthemovementcreatingthepoliticalspaceforObamatoshifttotheeconomicleftandspeakaboutthedesirabilityoftherichpayingagreatershareofthetaxburden.InequalityhadremainedacentralthemeofPresidentObama'sreelectioncampaign,yethenolongermentionedtheOccupymovementbyname,whichanalysts[who?]saidreflectedthefactthatbyearly2012Occupyhadbecomeadivisiveissue,unpopularwithsomeofthepublic.[357][381][382][383] By2015,incomeinequalityhadbecomeamajorpartofthepoliticaldiscourseintheUnitedStates,whichTheAtlanticdeclared"TheTriumphofOccupyWallStreet".[384] Nationalmonitoringandcrackdown[edit] GovernmentdocumentsreleasedinDecember2012pursuanttoFreedomofInformationActrequestsbythePartnershipforCivilJusticeFundrevealFBImonitoringofwhatbecameknownastheOccupymovementsinceatleastAugust2011,amonthbeforetheprotestsbegan.[385][386]TheFBI,theU.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity,localpolice,regionallawenforcement"counterterrorism"fusioncenters,andprivatesecurityforcesofmajorbanksformedtheDomesticSecurityAllianceCouncil(DSAC)tocollectandshareinformationabout,andtoshareplanstotargetandtoarrestOccupyprotesters.BanksmetwiththeFBItopoolinformationaboutparticipantsoftheOccupymovementcollectedbycorporatesecurity,andtheFBIofferedtobankofficialsitsplanstopreventOccupyeventsthatwerescheduledforamonthlater.[385][387] FBIofficialsmetwithNewYorkStockExchangerepresentativeson19August2011,notifyingthemofplannedpeacefulprotests.[388]FBIofficialslatermetwithrepresentativesoftheFederalReserveBankofRichmondandZionsBankaboutplannedprotests.[388]TheFBIusedinformantstoinfiltrateandmonitorprotests;informationfrominformantsandmilitaryintelligenceunitswaspassedtoDSAC,whichthengaveupdatestofinancialcompanies.[389]SurveillanceofprotestorswasalsocarriedoutbytheJointTerrorismTaskForce.[390][391]DSACalsocoordinatedwithsecurityfirmshiredbybankstotargetOWSleaders.[392] Lawsuits[edit] FollowingactionsbypoliceandmunicipalofficialstouseforceinclosingvariousOccupytentcampsinpublicspaces,lawsuitshavebeenfiled,whileothersarebeingplanned.[393]CivillibertiesorganizationsfiledseparatelawsuitsagainsttheFBIforrefusingtoturnoverdocumentsrequestedpursuanttotheFreedomofInformationAct(FOIA)regardingtheFBI'sroleinsurveillanceoftheOccupymovementandtheFBI'ssharingofintelligenceaboutOccupyeventswithprivatecorporatesecurityofficials.[394]TheFBIwithhelddocumentsrequestedundertheFOIAcitingthereasonthatthewithholdingwas"intheinterestofnationaldefenseorforeignpolicy".[394] In2013,MITdoctoralstudentRyanShapiro,collectingresearchontheroleoftheFBIintheOccupymovement,senttheFBIthreeFOIArequestsregarding"apotentialplantogatherintelligenceagainsttheleadersof[OccupyWallStreet-relatedprotestsinHouston]andobtainphotographs,thenformulateaplantokilltheleadership[oftheprotests]viasuppressedsniperrifles".WhentheFBIrefusedtherequest,ShapirofiledafederalcomplaintinWashington,D.C.,andsubsequentlyobtained17pages(mostoftherequesteddocumentationwasruledwithheldduetothepossibilityto"disclosetheidentityofaconfidentialsource".)TheredactedFBIdocumentconfirmedtheHoustonplotandcontradictedanearlierclaimbytheFBIthatithadneveropenedaninvestigationontheOccupymovement.[395][396] Criticism[edit] Apartfromthedismissalsmadebypoliticalconservatives,therehavealsobeenappreciativecriticismsfrommoreleft-wingscholars.OnesuchcritiqueconcernsitselfwiththewayinwhichtheOccupymovementhasfocuseditsdemandsaroundanarrowlymodernunderstandingoffreedomthatdifferslittlefromtheclaimsofmainstreamliberalpluralism: Themodernideologyoffreedom...providesitspointofdeparture.Thissingulardominanceofthemodernbecomesclearinthelonglistofdemandsthatfollow.Practicalitydominatesandthereisnotasingledemandforrelieffromtheontologicaldominanceofmodernpracticesandsubjectivitiesthatabstract,codify,rationalizeandobjectifyourlives.Thoughtheidealsanddemands...arelaudable,theyarenotthatmuchdifferentinformfromtheMillenniumGoalsoftheUnitedNations.[397] InternationalactivistsinvolvedintheOccupyMovementhaveseenitstallduealackofsynergytoworkwithotheralternativemovementscallingforchange.Thebiggestcriticismisthatthemovementiswithoutdepth,withoutalastingvisionofanalternativefuture. InhercritiqueoftheOccupymovement,AmericanpoliticalphilosopherJodiDeanarguesthatthefocusonautonomy,leaderlessnessandhorizontalitypavedthewayforconflictsanddisillusionmentwithinthemovement: Emphasisonautonomyencouragedpeopletopursuemultiple,separateandevenconflictinggoalsratherthanworktowardcommonones.CelebrationofhorizontalityheightenedskepticismtowardorganizingstructuresliketheGeneralAssemblyandtheSpokesCouncil,ultimatelyleadingtothedissolutionofboth.assertionsofleaderlessnessasaprincipleincitedakindofparanoiaaroundleaderswhoemergedbutcouldnotbeacknowledgedorheldaccountableasleaders.Soratherthansolvingtheproblemofleftpoliticalorganizationbyfocusingonprocessandimmediatequestionsofaction,asanarchismsuggests,OccupyWallStreetinfactposesitanew.Itpushesustothinkagainabouttheroleofacommunistparty.[398] RemarksfromOccupyWallStreetparticipantJustineTunney,aGooglesoftwareengineer,whocalledonPresidentObamatoappointEricSchmidt"CEOofAmerica",havealsosparkedcriticism,includingfromthevastmajorityofotherOccupyparticipants,manyofwhomhaveobservedthatherpoliticsareinconsistentwithhorizontalism.[399][400][401][402][403][404] ManyOccupyWallStreetprotestshaveincludedanti-zionistandantisemiticslogansandsignagesuchas"JewscontrolWallStreet"or"ZionistJewswhoarerunningthebigbanksandtheFederalReserve".Asaresult,theOccupyWallStreetMovementhasbeenconsistentlyconfrontedwithaccusationsofanti-Semitism.[405][406][407][408][409]However,AbrahamFoxman,nationaldirectoroftheAnti-DefamationLeaguestatedthat"it'snotsurprisingthatinamovementthatdealswitheconomicissuesyou'regoingtogetbigotsthatbelieveinthisstereotype...[however]theyarenotexpressingorrepresentingalargerview."[406] Seealso[edit] Societyportal Politicsportal Businessandeconomicsportal AnarchismandtheOccupymovement LawenforcementandtheOccupymovement ListofOccupymovementtopics OccupymovementintheUnitedStates OccupytheHood TimelineofOccupyWallStreet OtherU.S.protests[edit] 2011UnitedStatespublicemployeeprotests 2011Wisconsinprotests TeaPartyprotests Otherinternationalprotests[edit] 2011Chileanprotests 2011Indiananti-corruptionmovement 2011Israelisocialjusticeprotests 2013Bulgarianprotests 2013Brazilianprotests AamAadmiparty,CommonMan'sParty,India Anti-austeritymovement Anti-austeritymovementinGreece Anti-austeritymovementinIreland Anti-austeritymovementinPortugal Anti-austeritymovementinSpain(IndignadosMovement) Anti-austeritymovementintheUnitedKingdomand2010UKstudentprotests IdleNoMore YoSoy132 Relatedarticles[edit] Bioregionalism BonusArmy Cascadiamovement CorruptionPerceptionsIndex Coxey'sArmy Empowereddemocracy GameStopshortsqueeze Grassrootsmovement GreenFeatherMovement GuyFawkesmask Hooverville IncomeinequalityintheUnitedStates Listofcountriesbydistributionofwealth Listofcountriesbyincomeequality Listofprotestsinthe21stcentury 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^Jackson,Jesse(15December2011).JesseJacksonspeaksatOccupyLondon:'Occupyisaspiritwhosetimehascome'–video.TheGuardian.Retrieved6January2012. ^"TheVictoryOWSHasAlreadyWon:TheProtestsHaveHelpedShifttheNationalDialoguefromtheDeficittotheRealProblemsAmericansFace".Salon.27October2011.Retrieved23December2012. ^"AnImportantOccupyWallStreetVictory:ShiftingtheConversationfrom'NationalDeficit'to'PersonalDebt,'".Tikkun.9November2011.Retrieved23December2012. ^"4OccupationsEmbracingtheHomeless(AsCitiesIncreasinglyCan'tTakeCareofThem:ItisimpossibletoseparatehomelessnessfromOccupyWallStreet'sstruggleforeconomicjustice)".AlterNet.8November2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2May2012.Retrieved23December2012. ^Byers,Dylan(11November2011)."OccupyWallStreetisWinning".Politico.Retrieved23December2012. ^Dewan,Shaila(11October2011)."99Percentersand53PercentersFaceOff".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved15October2011. ^abGreenhouse,Steven(8November2011)."OccupyMovementInspiresUnionstoEmbraceBoldTactics".TheNewYorkTimes. ^'ZombieDebt'Partof$1.1MillioninLouisvilleMedicalBillsBoughtbyWallStreetProtesters:Louisvillian'sMedicalBillAmongThoseWipedoutbyNonprofitGroupTheCourier-Journal10May2013 ^LizPleasant,ChristaHillstromandJamesTrimarco(17September2014).OccupyOffshootCancels$4MillioninPredatoryStudentLoans-andStartsaDebtorsUnion.Yes!Retrieved17September2014. ^"Chomsky:OccupyWallStreet'HasCreatedSomethingThatDidn'tReallyExist'inU.S.—Solidarity".DemocracyNow!.14May2012.Retrieved15November2014. ^RollingJubileeOperationsRetrieved24April2015. ^Wardrop,Murray(10November2011)."'Occupy'ismostcommonlyusedwordinEnglishlanguagemedia,claimsstudy".TheDailyTelegraph.London.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12January2022.Retrieved15November2011. ^"TopWordsof2011".TheGlobalLanguageMonitor.9November2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2January2013.Retrieved4November2012. ^Gallman,Stephanie(8January2012)."Linguistsname'occupy'as2011'swordoftheyear".CNN.Retrieved9January2012. ^"Minutes,VancouverCivicAssetNamingCommittee"(PDF).CityofVancouver,Canada.5July2012. ^Editorial(27December2011)."Capitalismisdead;longlivecapitalism".FinancialTimes.Retrieved21October2011.(registrationrequired) ^Schneider,Nathan(19December2011)."ThankYou,Anarchists".TheNation.Retrieved4January2012. ^"Rep.DeutchUnveilsOCCUPIEDConstitutionalAmendmentBansCorporateMoneyinElectionsandDeclaresCorporationsAreNotPeople".WebpageofRep.TedDeutsch.U.S.Congress.18November2011.Retrieved23December2012. ^"Rep.DeutchIntroducesOCCUPIEDConstitutionalAmendmentToBanCorporateMoneyinPolitics".ThinkProgress.18November2011.Retrieved23December2012. ^"AlGorewithSeanParkeratSXSW:'Occupydemocracy!".CNETNews.12March2012.Retrieved23December2012. ^Mason,Paul(2November2011)."#OWS:Thebrandleaderscannotaffordtoignore".BBC.Retrieved4January2012. ^Younge,Gary(25January2012)."Stateoftheunion:PresidentObamaaddressesinequality".TheGuardian.London.Retrieved8February2012. ^"FormerObamaAdviser:FocusonU.S.InequalityinElection-YearStateoftheUnionHasOccupyWallStreet'sImprint".DemocracyNow.25January2012.Retrieved23December2012. ^Altman,Roger(21March2012)."Nomoreinactiononincomeinequality".FinancialTimes.Retrieved22March2012.(registrationrequired) ^Levitin,Michael(10June2015)."TheTriumphofOccupyWallStreet".TheAtlantic.Retrieved1July2015. ^abWolf,Naomi(29December2012)."Revealed:howtheFBIcoordinatedthecrackdownonOccupy".TheGuardian.Retrieved1November2017. ^ThePartnershipforCivilJusticeFund,22December2012,"FBIDocumentsRevealSecretNationwideOccupyMonitoring" ^Grant,Drew(24December2012)."JustBecauseYouAreParanoidDoesn'tMeantheFBIWasn'tMonitoringYou:OccupyWallStreetEdition".TheNewYorkObserver. ^abBrowdie,Brian(26December2012)."FBIRelayedInformationAboutOccupyMovementtoFinancialInstitutions".AmericanBanker ^Grey,Barry(27December2012)."OccupyproteststargetedbyFBIcounterterrorunits".WorldSocialistWebSite.Retrieved27December2012. ^Grey,2012 ^Wilkins,Brett(24December2012)."FBIinvestigatedOccupyWallStreetas'domesticterrorists'".DigitalJournal.Retrieved27December2012 ^"NewOccupyReportCallsFBI,HomelandSecurityTactics'Orwellian'ForWorkingWithSecurityFirmsHiredByPrivateBanks".InternationalBusinessTimes.30December2012.Retrieved31December2012. ^"Occupyprotesterssueoverfreespeech,force".USAToday. ^abAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(14September2012)."FOIADocumentsShowFBIWasWatchingOccupyProtestors,SomeDocsStillSecretonNationalSecurityGrounds". ^"FBIGetsOKonAllegedMurderPlotInfoCache".CourthouseNewsService.6February2015. ^Gershman,Jacob(18March2014)."FBIOrderedtoJustifyShieldingofRecordsSoughtAboutAlleged'Occupy'SniperPlot".TheWallStreetJournal.Retrieved23March2014. ^Steger,ManfredB.;James,Paul(2013)."LevelsofSubjectiveGlobalization:Ideologies,Imaginaries,Ontologies".PerspectivesonGlobalDevelopmentandTechnology.12(1–2):37–38.doi:10.1163/15691497-12341240. ^Dean,Jodi(2012).TheCommunistHorizon.Verso.p. 210.ISBN 978-1844679546. ^Hern,Alex(20March2014)."OccupyfoundercallsonObamatoappointEricSchmidt'CEOofAmerica'".TheGuardian.Retrieved19January2015. ^"EricSchmidt,CEOofAmerica?WTF".BGR.20March2014.Retrieved19January2015. ^"'EricSchmidtasCEOofAmerica:'OccupyWallStreetfounderpetitions".TechTimes.21March2014.Retrieved19January2015. ^Mims,Christopher."WhyanOccupyactivistturnedGooglerthinksEricSchmidtshouldruntheUS".Quartz.Retrieved19January2015. ^"OWSFounderCallsonObamatoAppointGoogle'sEricSchmidt'CEOofAmerica'".disinformation.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19January2015.Retrieved19January2015. ^"Attention-SeekerCallsforGoogle'sEricSchmidttoBe"CEOofAmerica"".thestranger.com.Retrieved19January2015. ^Rubin,Jennifer(17October2011)."OccupyWallStreet:Doesanyonecareabouttheanti-Semitism?".TheWashingtonPost. ^abBerger,Joseph(21October2011)."CriesofAnti-Semitism,butNotatZuccottiPark".TheNewYorkTimes. ^"RepublicansAccuseDemLeadersofSilenceinFaceof'Anti-Semitic'ToneOccupyingProtestMovement".FoxNewsChannel.19October2011. ^"OWSProtesterProclaims'TheJewsControlWallSt.'InZuccottiParkRant".CBSNews.12October2011. ^Greenwald,Abe(11October2011)."OccupyWallStreetHasanAnti-SemitismProblem".CommentaryMagazine. Furtherreading[edit] LibraryresourcesaboutOccupymovement Resourcesinyourlibrary Resourcesinotherlibraries Berg,A.G.andOstry,J.D.(September2011)"EqualityandEfficiency"FinanceandDevelopment(Washington,D.C.:InternationalMonetaryFund) Byrne,Janet(editor).(2012)TheOccupyHandbook,BackBayBooksISBN 978-0316220217 Gibson,MorganRodgers(2013)(2013)."The'Anarchism'oftheOccupyMovement".TheAustralianJournalofPoliticalScience.48(3):335–348.doi:10.1080/10361146.2013.820687.S2CID 144776094. Marlies,Glasius;Pleyers,Geoffrey(2013)."Themomentof2011:Democracy,SocialJustice,Dignity".DevelopmentandChange.44(3):547–567. Goldin,Francesetal(2014).Imagine:LivinginaSocialistUSA.HarperPerennial.ISBN 0062305573 MichaelA.Gould-Wartofsky(2015).TheOccupiers:TheMakingofthe99PercentMovement.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 0199313911 Graeber,David(9February2012)."ConcerningtheViolentPeace-Police:AnOpenLettertoChrisHedges".Retrieved9February2012. Schram,SanfordF.(2015).TheReturnofOrdinaryCapitalism:Neoliberalism,Precarity,Occupy.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0190253028. Henkel,Scott(2015)."TheAdvantagesofLeaderlessness,"inT.Comer,Ed.WhatComesAfterOccupy?:TheRegionalPoliticsofResistance. Mitchell,W.J.T.,Harcourt,BernardE.andMichaelTaussig(2013).Occupy:ThreeInquiriesinDisobedience.UniversityofChicagoPress.ISBN 022604274X IngarSolty(2014)."IstheGlobalCrisisEndingtheMarriageofCapitalismandLiberalDemocracy?(Il-)LegitimatePoliticalPowerandtheNewGlobalAnti-CapitalistMassMovementsintheContextoftheInternationalizationoftheState,"inM.Lakitsch,Ed.,PoliticalPowerReconsidered:StatePowerandCivicActivismbetweenLegitimacyandViolence(LIT),pp161–204IstheGlobalCrisisEndingtheMarriageofCapitalismandLiberalDemocracy?(Il-)LegitimatePoliticalPowerandtheNewGlobalAnti-CapitalistMassMovementsintheContextoftheInternationalizationoftheState Steger,ManfredB.;James,Paul(2013)."LevelsofSubjectiveGlobalization:Ideologies,Imaginaries,Ontologies".PerspectivesonGlobalDevelopmentandTechnology.12(1–2):17–40.doi:10.1163/15691497-12341240. RichardG.WilkinsonandKatePickett(2009).TheSpiritLevel:WhyMoreEqualSocietiesAlmostAlwaysDoBetter.AllenLane. HorizontalismandtheOccupyMovements.ByMarinaSitrin.Dissent,Spring2012. Wolff,RichardandBarsamian,David(8May2012).OccupytheEconomy:ChallengingCapitalism.CityLightsPublishers.ISBN 0872865673 Externallinks[edit] Thissection'suseofexternallinksmaynotfollowWikipedia'spoliciesorguidelines.Pleaseimprovethisarticlebyremovingexcessiveorinappropriateexternallinks,andconvertingusefullinkswhereappropriateintofootnotereferences.(June2013)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoDemonstrationsandprotestsbytheOccupymovement. Occupywallstreet.net,officialOccupyWallStreetwebsite Occupy.com nycga.net,websiteofOccupyWallStreetNYCGeneralAssembly OccupyTogether,OccupyTogether.org OccupyMovementDirectory "Portaltovariousessaysbysocialscientistswrittenonthemovement".UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12January2012.Retrieved29October2015. 10FilmsthatExplainWhyOccupyWallStExists ModelCommunityBillofRightsTemplateforOccupyCommunities WeAllOccupyDirectory/ResourceLists OccupyEducated:Collectionofliteratureanddocumentationrelevanttothemovement OccupyAgenda Newsmedia[edit] TheOccupyWallStreetFlickrArchivecollectionattheInternetArchive OccupymovementcollectednewsandcommentaryatTheGuardian OccupyWallStreetcollectednewsandcommentaryatTheNewYorkTimes Blodget,Henry(11October2011)."Charts:Here'sWhatTheWallStreetProtestersAreSoAngryAbout..."BusinessInsider.Retrieved22October2011. "Occupy"photographsfromaroundthenationArchived19October2011attheWaybackMachinefromtheDenverPost vteRevolutionarywaves19thcentury AtlanticRevolutions Revolutionsof1820 Revolutionsof1830 Revolutionsof1848 20thcentury Revolutionsof1917–1923 Strikewaveof1945–1946 Protestsof1968 CentralAmericancrisis Revolutionsof1989 WestAfricacrisis 21stcentury Colourrevolutions ArabSpring Concurrentincidents Anti-austeritymovement Occupymovement 2018–2021Arabprotests vteOccupymovement ListofOccupymovementtopics ProtestsUnitedStates(fulllist)California Albany(OccupytheFarm) LosAngeles Oakland generalstrike timeline Pasadena RoseParade RedwoodCity Sacramento SanDiego SanFrancisco SanJosé Otherstates Ashland Atlanta Austin Baltimore Boston Buffalo Charlotte Charlottesville Chicago Eugene Houston LasVegas Minneapolis Nashville Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providence Rochester Salem SaltLakeCity Seattle St.Louis Washington,D.C. 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