Confrontation - Wikipedia

Confrontation is an element of conflict wherein parties confront one another, directly engaging one another in the course of a dispute between them. Confrontation FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Directengagementofadispute Forotheruses,seeConfrontation(disambiguation). Illustrationofa17thcenturyverbalconfrontationbetweenDavidPieterszoondeVriesandWoutervanTwillerontheislandofManhattan.ThetwodisagreedaboutthemanagementofNorthAmericanterritoriesoftheNetherlands. Confrontationisanelementofconflictwhereinpartiesconfrontoneanother,directlyengagingoneanotherinthecourseofadisputebetweenthem.Aconfrontationcanbeatanyscale,betweenanynumberofpeople,betweenentirenationsorcultures,orbetweenlivingthingsotherthanhumans.Metaphorically,aclashofforcesofnature,orbetweenonepersonandhisowncausesofinternalturmoil,mightbedescribedasaconfrontation. Ithasbeennotedthatthetermconfrontationhas"anegativeimage,largelybecausepeopletendtoconfrontothersnotaboutpleasantthingsbutaboutpainful,unpleasantthings"andthatitalso"suffersfromthestigmaofbeingoverlyaggressiveinbothnatureandintent".[1]Anexaminationofahypotheticalconfrontationisthebasisofconfrontationanalysis(alsoknownasdilemmaanalysis),anoperationalanalysistechniqueusedtostructure,understandandthinkthroughmulti-partyinteractionssuchasnegotiations.Itistheunderpinningmathematicalbasisofdramatheory.[2] Contents 1Originandmeaning 2Confrontationbetweengroups 3Responsestoconfrontation 4Psychologyandtherapy 5Seealso 6Notes 7References 8Externallinks Originandmeaning[edit] Thewordconfrontationfromitsroottoconfront,comesfromtheMiddleFrenchconfronterandMedievalLatinconfrontare,meaningtoborderortobound.[3][4]Theseinturnareformedfromacombinationofcon,meaningwithortogether,andfronsorfront,meaningfaceorforehead.[5][6]Together,theycarryacontemporaryusagemeaningtosetagainsteachotherortobringface-to-faceandaresimilarinmeaningtothecontemporaryusageofthewordconflict.[7][a] Itcanbeemployed,inthemostliteralsense,toindicateadjacency,suchasoneparceloflandtoanother.Inamorefigurativesense,itmaybemorecommonlyusedtoindicateopposition,similartosomeusagesofthewordface,suchas"toconfront/facethemilitarymightofFrance".[9]Thismaybeusedtoindicatedbothphysicalopposition,aswellasoppositiontoobjectsorideas,suchaswouldbethecasein"confrontingtheevidence"or"confrontingthetruth".[9][7] Confrontationbetweengroups[edit] Confrontationmayoccurbetweenindividuals,orbetweenlargergroups.Becausegroupsarecomposedofmultipleindividuals,witheachmemberhavingtheirownspecifictriggersforaviolentresponsetoaperceivedprovocation,riskfactorswhich"maynotbesufficientindividuallytoexplaincollectiveviolence,incombination[can]createconditionsthatmayprecipitateaggressiveconfrontationsbetweengroups".[10]Thusprovocationofasinglememberofonegroupbyasinglememberoftheothergroupcanleadtoaconfrontationbetweenthegroupsasawhole. Responsestoconfrontation[edit] Apersonwhoisconfrontedmayrespondinanumberofways,includingacceptingordenyingpointswithwhichtheyhavebeenconfronted,becomingbelligerent,orseekingtoavoidtheconfrontationaltogether.Ithasbeenobservedthat"[m]anypeopleseemtodislikeconfrontationswhileanequalnumberseemtorelishthem".[11]Confrontation,asameansofaddressingadispute,istheoppositeofconflictavoidance.Ithasalsobeennotedthat"conflictandconfrontationoftenoccurtogether",andconflictresolutionmethodsmaydissipatethecausebehindtheconfrontation.[12]Whereapersonorentityinitiatingaconfrontationisbelligerentoroverlyemotional,theconfrontedpersonorentitymayseektowithdrawfromthesituationbyassertingthattheywillbeunabletocommunicaterationallywiththeinitiatoruntiltheinitiatorchangestheirapproach.[12] Psychologyandtherapy[edit] GeorgeDevereuxwasamongthefirsttoexplorethetherapeuticfunctionofconfrontationasitrelatestopsychoanalysis.Hedescribeditasaformof"induc[ing]orforc[ing]thepatienttopayattentiontosomethinghehasjustsaidordone."AsCarlsonandSlavikcontinue,thisisforthepurposeofrevealing"newavenuesforexamination"andto"increaseawareness".[13]Devereuxsawconfrontationasatherapeuticapplicationof"callingaspadeaspade"byrestatinginformationalreadyprovided.AsJurgenRueschwrote,thisincorporatesan"elementofaggression"inordertodemonstrate"discrepanciesbetweenintentandeffect,betweenwordandaction".Thismaybeespeciallyusefulincaseswhenthepatientisbeingdeceptive,pretendtobeignorant,orisoblivioustotheirowninconsistencies.[13][b] Inpsychotherapy,atherapistmaydeliberatelyengageinaconfrontationwiththepatienttoassistthepatientindealingwithanissuethatthepatienthasavoideddiscussing.[14]Suchaconfrontationisnotnecessarilyloud,abrasive,orargumentative,nordoesitnecessarilyrequireantipathybetweentheparties.Apersoncanconfrontanotherquietly,andasanactoffriendship.[15]Attheextreme,attacktherapy(sometimesknownasconfrontationtherapy)involveshighlyconfrontationalinteractionbetweenthepatientandatherapist,orbetweenthepatientandfellowpatientsduringgrouptherapy,inwhichthepatientmaybeverballyabused,denounced,orhumiliatedbythetherapistorothermembersofthegroup.[16][17]A1990reportbytheInstituteofMedicineonmethodsfortreatingalcoholproblemssuggestedthattheself-imageofindividualsshouldbeassessedbeforetheywereassignedtoundergoattacktherapy;therewasevidencethatpersonswithapositiveself-imagemayprofitfromthetherapy,whilepeoplewithanegativeself-imagewouldnotprofit,ormightindeedbeharmed.[17] Seealso[edit] Conflictmanagement Notes[edit] ^Althoughconflictspecificallyderivesfromameaningofstrifeorstrugglebymeansofstriking.[8] ^SeealsoBerne,Eric(1966).Principlesofgrouptreatment.OxfordUniversityPress. References[edit] ^RussHolloman,MakingMarriageUserFriendly:TheHelpingSolution(2012),p.207. ^P.Murray-Jones,L.StubbsandN.Howard,'ConfrontationandCollaborationAnalysis:ExperimentalandMathematicalResults',presentedatthe8thInternationalCommand&ControlResearchandTechnologySymposium,June,2003. ^"confrontation".Merriam-Webster.Retrieved10April2019. ^"confront".Merriam-Webster.Retrieved10April2019. ^Beaven,Peter(4May2017).KatharineWebster(ed.).BuildingEnglishVocabularywithEtymologyfromLatinBookII.TheCheshirePress.p. 113.ISBN 978-0-9987465-1-7. ^Webb,AnneC.(1904).TheModelEtymology:WithSentencesShowingtheCorrectUseofWords ;andaKey,GivingthePrefix,Root,andSuffix.Hinds,Noble&Eldredge.pp. 32–. ^abPütz,Martin;Dirven,René(11July2011).TheConstrualofSpaceinLanguageandThought.WalterdeGruyter.pp. 609–.ISBN 978-3-11-082161-1. ^Oswald,John(1859).AdictionaryofetymologyoftheEnglishlanguage:andofEnglishsynonymesandparonymes.Black.pp. 206–. ^abTheAmericanEncyclopaedicDictionary:AMostCompleteandThoroughlyModernDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,ContainingAccurateInformationRegardingtheOrigin,Spelling,Definition,Pronunciation,andUseofWords;AlsoaComprehensiveEncyclopediaofAllBranchesofKnowledgewithNumerousIllustrations.TheEntireWorkPreparedandArrangedbyanEditorialStaffofDistinguishedAmericanScholars,AssistedbyaCorpsofSpecialistsEminentinArt,Science,andLiterature.W.B.ConkeyCompany.1896.pp. 1052–. ^BarbaraKrahé,TheSocialPsychologyofAggression:2ndEdition(2013),p.249. ^SheilaCampbell,MerianneLiteman,RetreatsThatWork:DesigningandConductingEffectiveOffsitesforGroupsandOrganizations(2003),p.254. ^abThornbory,Greta(February2,2019)."Howtomanageconflictandconfrontation".PersonnelToday. ^abCarlson,Jon;Slavik,Steven(27September2013).TechniquesInAdlerianPsychology.Taylor&Francis.pp. 91–.ISBN 978-1-135-89395-8. ^PeterN.Novalis,StephenJ.Rojcewicz,RogerPeele,ClinicalManualofSupportivePsychotherapy(1993),p.71 ^DaveMearns,DevelopingPerson-CentredCounselling(2002),p.93. ^Dr.JohnJuedes;WilliamBarton(2002)."FringePsychologyofthe1960sInBreakthrough/MomentusTraining".Archivedfromtheoriginalon19April2007.Retrieved2007-05-10. ^abInstituteofMedicine(U.S.)(1990).Broadeningthebaseoftreatmentforalcoholproblems:reportofastudybyacommitteeoftheInstituteofMedicine,DivisionofMentalHealthandBehavioralMedicine.NationalAcademies.pp. 247–248.ISBN 9780309040389. 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