writing summaries

(B)舉例說明：. 利用國編本第6冊124頁上的範文作例子，請同學閱讀之後，用不超過85字寫下摘要 ... 活動解說 摘要寫作是一種較為特別的寫作形式。

一篇好的摘要通常是以簡明、連貫、易懂的文字寫出文章的主要內容(mainideas)，而不贅述其細節 (details)。

基本原則 摘要寫作是摘錄要旨的一種藝術，必須注意下列原則： 1.簡化要旨。

4.刪除細節。

2.精簡文字。

5.使用間接說法(reportedspeech)。

3.摘取要點。

教學過程 (A)講解寫作步驟 1. 仔細閱讀文章，並記下重要內容，刪除細節部分。

(Readthepresentedarticlecarefully andunderlinetheimportantideas.Besuretocrossoutanyitems thataredetails.) 2. 把記下的重要內容一一列出，並用wh-疑問詞，如what, where,when,who,why等把記下之內容轉換成問句。

(Makealistoftheimportantfactsin thearticle.Besuretoincludewhat,where, when,whoandwhyonyourlist.) 3. 用完整句子回答所列出的問題，再用適當的連接詞或副詞把句子聯結成完整的短文。

(Writetheideasonthelistinfullsentences. Trytocombinesomeoftheideaswithand, but,or,however,because,andsoon.) 4. 修正所寫的短文(revise)。

修正時須注意以下幾點： (1)確定自己是否已回答了所有列出來的問題。

(Makesurethatyouhaveansweredall thequestionsyoulist.) (2)是否有主題句？(Isthereatopicsentence?) (3)其他的句子是否能夠說明或支持主題句？ (Doalltheothersentencessupport thetopicsentence?) (4)寫出的短文是否連貫併合乎邏輯？(Arethesentences inalogicalorder?) (5)是否還有其他相關資料要加入？ (Isthereanyotherrelevantinformation youwanttoaddtoyourparagraph?) (B)舉例說明： 利用國編本第6冊124頁上的範文作例子，請同學閱讀之後，用不超過85字寫下摘要。

Readthestorybelowandsummarize onthebasisofthefourquestionsthatfollow. Myneighbor'schildrenloveplaying hide-and-seekasallchildrendo,butnooneimaginethatagame theyplayedlastweekwouldbereportedinthelocalnewspaper. Oneafternoon,theywereplaying inthevacantlotdownthecorner.YoungPaul,whoisonlyfive yearsold,foundtheperfectplacetohide.Hissister,Natalie, hadshuthereyesandwascountingtotenwhenPaulnoticedthe storagemailboxatthecornerandsawthatthemetaldoorwas standingopen.Themailmanhadjusttakenoutseveralsacksof mailandhadcarriedthemtohistruckwhichwasstandingatthe curbafewfeetsaway.Paulclimbedintothestorageboxandpulled thedoorclosedsohardthatitlocked.Soonrealizingwhathe haddone,hebecamefrightenedandstartedcrying.Meanwhile, Nataliewaslookingforhimeverywherebutcouldnotfindhim. Itwasluckythatshehappenedtopauseatthecornerforaminute andheardherbrother'scries.Sheimmediatelyrantotellthe mailmanwhohurriedbackfomhistrucktounlockthemetaldoor. Paulwasnowfree,buthehadhadsuchabadscarethathecould notstopcrying.Themailman,however,soonfoundawayofmaking himlaughagain.Hetoldhimthatthenexttimehewntedtohide inamailbox,heshouldremembertoputastamponhimself! Youranswermustnotbemorethan85 words. (1)Whatwerethechildrenplaying inavacantlotoneafternoon? (2)Whendidhissister,natalie, realizewherehewashiding?WheredidyoungPaulhide?Didhe lockhimselfinornot?(Findingthat)(and) (3)Wheredidhissister,Natalie, realizewherehewashiding?Whatdidshedo?(so) (4)Howdidthemailmanmake Paulstopcryingafterhelethimout?(Afterletting......bytelling......)   Summary: Thechildrenwereplayinghide-and-seekinavacantlotoneafternoon. Findingthatthestoragemailboxhadbeenleftopen,Paulhid andlockedhimselfinitaccidentally.Hissister,Natalie,heard hiscriesandrealizedwherehewashiding,sosheimmediately toldthemailmantounlockthemetaldoor.Afterlettinghimout, themailmanmadehimstopcryingbytellinghimtoputastamp onhimselfthenexthewantedtohideinamailbox.(82words) 2.再提供另一篇文章，上頭已附上問句，先帶全班閱讀文章，再一一請同學站起來回答問題，最後再把回答的問題連成一篇短文。

文章如下： Whydosomeanimalsdieout? Inthepasttwohundredyearspeople havecausedmanykindsofanimalstodieout--tobecomeextinct. Peoplekeepbuildinghousesandfactoriesinfieldsandwoods. Astheyspreadovertheland,theydestroyanimals'homes.If theanimalscan'tfindaplacetolive,theydieout.Sixteen kindsofHawaiianbirdshavebecomeextinctforthisreason.Other animals,suchastheFloridaKeydeer,maysoondieoutbecause theyarelosingtheirhomes.Huntershavecausedsomeanimals tobecomeextinct,too.Inthelastcentury,hunterskilledall thepassengerpigeonsinNorthAmericandmostofthebuffalos. Todaytheyarefastkillingoffhawks andwolves.Pollutioniskillingmanyanimalstoday,too.Asrivers becomepolluted,fisharepoisoned.Manydie.Birdsthateatthe poisonedfishcan'tlaystrong,healthyeggs.Newbirdsaren'y born.Sofar,noanimalshavebecomeextinctbecauseofpollution. Butsome,suchasthebaldeagleandthebrownpelican,havebecome rareandmaydieout. Scientiststhinkthatsomeanimals becomeextinctbecauseofchangesinclimate.Theplaceswhere theylivebecomehotterorcooler,drierorwetter.Thefoodthat theyeatcannotgrowthereanymore.Iftheanimalscan'tlearn toeatsomethingelse,theydie.Dinosaursmayhavediedoutfor thisreason. (1)Whatisthearticleabout?What ishappenningtomanyanimals? (2)Whyisithappening? (3)Whereisithappening? (4)Whoisitresponsibie? (5)Whatisresponsible?   Summary Inthepasttwohundredyears,manykindsofanimalshavedied out.Thereareseveralreasonsforit.First,peoplekeepbuilding housesandfactoriesinfieldsandwoods,whichdestroysanimals' homes.Then,hunters'killinghasalsocausedsomeanimlasto becomeextinct.Besides,someanimalsaren'tabletobearstrong ofspringandnordotheyhaveenoughfoodtoeatbecauseofpollution andclimaticchanges.(69words) (C)提供另外三篇文章發給全班，自行閱讀，依照上述的方式寫出文章摘要。

時間：50分鐘。

字數：80--120字之間。

視全文長短而定。

範文說明 TheGraduationPresent Ayoungmanwasgettingreadytograduatefromcollege.Formonths hehadadmiredasportscarinadealer'sshowroom,andknowing hisfathercouldwellaffordit,hetoldhimthatwasallhewanted. AsGraduationDayapproached,theyoungmanawaitedsignsthat hisfatherhadpurchasedthecar.Finally,onthemorningofhis graduation,hisfathercalledhimintohisprivatestudy.His fathertoldhimhowproudhewastohavesuchafineson,and toldhimhowmuchhelovedhim.Hehandedhissonabeautiful wrappedgiftbox.Curious,butsomewhatdisappointed,theyoung manopenedtheboxandfoundalovely,leather-boundBible,with theyoungman'snameembossedingold.Angrily,heraisedhis voicetohisfatherandsaid,"Withallyourmoneyyougiveme aBible?"andstormedoutofthehouse,leavingtheBible.Many yearspassedandtheyoungmanwasverysuccessfulinbusiness. Hehadabeautifulhomeandwonderfulfamily,butrealizedhis fatherwasveryold,andthoughtperhapsheshouldgotohim. Hehadnotseenhimsincethatgraduationday.Beforehecould makearrangements,hereceivedatelegramtellinghimhisfather hadpassedaway,andwilledallofhispossessionstohisson. Heneededtocomehomeimmediatelyandtakecareofthings.When hearrivedathisfather'shouse,suddensadnessandregretfilled hisheart.Hebegantosearchthroughhisfather'simportantpapers andsawthestillnewBible,justashehadleftityearsago. Withtears,heopenedtheBibleandbegantoturnthepages.His fatherhadcarefullyunderlinedaverse,Matt7:11,"Andifye, beingevil,knowhowtogivegoodgiftstoyourchildren,how muchmoreshallyourHeavenlyfatherwhichisinheaven,give tothosewhoaskHim?"Ashereadthosewords,acarkeydropped fromthebackoftheBible.Ithadatagwiththedealer'sname, thesamedealerwhohadthesportscarhehaddesired.Onthe tagwasthedateofhisgraduation,andthewords........... PAIDINFULL.HowmanytimesdowemissGod'sblessingsbecause theyarenotpackagedasweexpected? (共蒐集二篇範例，每篇皆含學生原始文章和教師修改後作品。

) AFullBoxofKisses Thestorygoesthatsometimeago,amanpunishedhisthree-year-old daughterforwastingarollofgoldwrappingpaper.Moneywas tightandhebecameinfuriatedwhenthechildtriedtodecorate aboxtoputundertheChristmastree.Nevertheless,thelittle girlbroughtthegifttoherfatherthenextmorningandsaid, "Thisisforyou,Daddy."Hewasembarrassedbyhisearlieroverreaction, buthisangerflaredagainwhenhefoundtheboxwasempty.He yelledather,"Don'tyouknowthatwhenyougivesomeoneapresent, there'ssupposedtobesomethinginsidethebox?"Thelittlegirl lookedupathimwithtearsinhereyesandsaid,"Oh,Daddy, itisnotempty.Iblewkissesintothebox.Allforyou,Daddy." Thefatherwascrushed.Heputhisarmsaroundhislittlegirl, andhebeggedforherforgiveness.Itissaidthatthemankept thatgoldboxbyhisbedforyearsandwheneverhewasdiscouraged, hewouldtakeoutanimaginarykissandremembertheloveofthe childwhohadputitthere.Inaveryrealsense,eachofusas humanshasbeengivenagoldcontainerfilledwithunconditional loveandkissesfromourchildren,friends,family,orGod.There isnomorepreciouspossessionthatanyonecouldhold. (共蒐集二篇範例，每篇皆含學生原始文章和教師修改後作品。

) ShareHappiness Twomen,bothseriouslyill,occupiedthesamehospitalroom. Onemanwasallowedtositupinhisbedforanhoureachafternoon tohelpdrainthefluidfromhislungs.Hisbedwasnexttothe room'sonlywindow.Theothermanhadtospendallhistimeflat onhisback.Thementalkedforhoursonend.Theyspokeoftheir wivesandfamilies,theirhomes,theirjobs,theirinvolvement inthemilitaryservice,wheretheyhadbeenonvacation.And everyafternoonwhenthemaninthebedbythewindowcouldsit up,hewouldpassthetimebydescribingtohisroommateallthe thingshecouldseeoutsidethewindow.Themanintheotherbed begantoliveforthoseone-hourperiodswherehisworldwould bebroadenedandenlivenedbyalltheactivityandcolorofthe worldoutside.Thewindowoverlookedaparkwithalovelylake. Ducksandswansplayedonthewaterwhilechildrensailedtheir modelboats.Youngloverswalkedarminarmamidstflowersof everycoloroftherainbow.Grandoldtreesgracedthelandscape, andafineviewofthecityskylinecouldbeseeninthedistance. Asthemanbythewindowdescribedallthisinexquisitedetail, themanontheothersideoftheroomwouldclosehiseyesand imaginethepicturesquescene.Onewarmafternoonthemanbythe windowdescribedaparadepassingby.Althoughtheothermancouldn't heartheband,hecouldseeitinhismind'seyeasthegentleman bythewindowportrayeditwithdescriptivewords.Daysandweeks passed.Onemorning,thedaynursearrivedtobringwaterfor theirbathsonlytofindthelifelessbodyofthemanbythewindow, whohaddiedpeacefullyinhissleep.Shewassaddenedandcalled thehospitalattendantstotakethebodyaway.Assoonasitseemed appropriate,theothermanaskedifhecouldbemovednextto thewindow.Thenursewashappytomaketheswitch,andafter makingsurehewascomfortable,shelefthimalone.Slowly,painfully, heproppedhimselfupononeelbowtotakehisfirstlookatthe worldoutside.Finally,hewouldhavethejoyofseeingitfor himself.Hestrainedtoslowlyturntolookoutthewindowbeside thebed.Itfacedablankwall.Themanaskedthenursewhatcould havecompelledhisdeceasedroommatewhohaddescribedsuchwonderful thingsoutsidethiswindow.Thenurserespondedthatthemanwas blindandcouldnotevenseethewall.Shesaid,"Perhapshejust wantedtoencourageyou.(Epilogue)Thereistremendoushappiness inmakingothershappy,despiteourownsituations.Sharedgrief ishalfthesorrow,buthappinesswhenshared,isdoubled.If youwanttofeelrich,justcountallofthethingsyouhavethat moneycan'tbuy. (共蒐集二篇範例，每篇皆含學生原始文章和教師修改後作品。

) 參考書目 高中英文作文(下冊)(黃自來、黃燦遂編著) ReadytoWrite(byKarenBlanchard&ChristineRoot) 提供者 林園佳 江淑宜老師