Strength at Break Tensile - Omnexus

Tensile strength (TS) at break measures the maximum stress a plastic specimen can withstand ... And, since it is a ratio of lengths, strain has no units. Thematerialselectionplatform Plastics&Elastomers OK Thematerialselectionplatform Plastics&Elastomers Welcomeback, MyProfile MyInterests MySubscriptions MyCourses&Tutorials Logout SubscribetoNewslettersLogin/Register Thematerialselectionplatform Plastics&Elastomers PlasticsSelector SelectionResources News&Feeds SEARCH OK Home PolymerProperties StrengthatBreakTensile Share StrengthatBreak(Tensile) MechanicalPropertiesofPlastics Whatistensilestrength?Tensilestrengthisanabilityofplasticmaterialtowithstandmaximumamountoftensilestresswhilebeingpulledorstretchedwithoutfailure.Itisthepointwhenamaterialgoesfromelastictoplasticdeformation. Elasticdeformation-Whenthestressisremoved,thematerialreturnstothedimensionithadbeforetheloadwasapplied.Validforsmallstrains(exceptthecaseofrubbers).Deformationisreversible,non-permanent Plasticdeformation-Whenthestressisremoved,thematerialdoesnotreturntoitspreviousdimensionbutthereisapermanent,irreversibledeformation. Tensilestrengthisoftenreferredtoasultimatetensilestrengthandis measuredinunitsofforcepercross-sectionalarea. Therearethreetypesoftensilestrength(SeeGraph1below): Yieldstrength(A)-Thestressamaterialcanwithstandwithoutpermanentdeformation Ultimatestrength(B)-Themaximumstressamaterialcanwithstand Breakingstrength(C)-Thestresscoordinateonthestress-straincurveatthepointofrupture Inotherwords,materialsfirstdeformelastically-whenyoureleasethestresstheyreturntotheiroriginalshape.Thenwithmoreforcetheydeformplastically,thisisyield-whenyoureleasethestresstheyhavepermanentlybeenstretchedintoanewshape.Finally,theybreak;thisisultimatelytensilestress,orbreakingpoint.  » SelecttheSuitablePlasticwith'GoodTensileStrength'MeetingyourRequirement  Tensilestrength(TS)atbreakmeasuresthemaximumstressaplasticspecimencanwithstandwhilebeingstretchedbeforebreaking.Somematerialscanbreaksharply(brittlefailure)whilesomeotherswilldeformorelongatebeforebreaking.Itismeasuredasthetensileorcompressiveloadrequiredtofracturesomething. Hence,itisoneoftheimportantmechanicalpropertiesfor: Materialevaluation Qualitycontrol Structuredesign Modeling,and Failureanalysis CheckoutmoreonTensilestrengthatbreak:  » Differencebetweentensilestrengthandyieldstrength  » Howtomeasuretensilepropertiesofplastics?  » Significanceoftensilepropertiesandfactorsaffectingtensilestrengthofplastics  » StrengthatBreak(Tensile)–Propertyvaluesforseveralplastics YieldStrengthvs.TensileStrength YieldStrengthisthestressamaterialcanwithstandwithoutpermanentdeformationorapointatwhichitwillnolongerreturntoitsoriginaldimensions(by0.2%inlength).Whereas,TensileStrengthisthemaximumstressthatamaterialcanwithstandwhilebeingstretchedorpulledbeforefailingorbreaking. YieldStrengthcanbeseenonastress-straincurveasthepointwherethegraphisnolongerlinear. Sinceitisquitedifficulttodetermineanexactpointwherealinestopsbeinglinear,YieldStrengthisusuallythepointwherethevalueonthestress-straincurveis0.2%offfromwhatitwouldbeifitwascompletelylinear. TypicalStress-StrainCurve Stress-StrainCurve Whenastretchingforce(tensileforce)isappliedtoanobject,itextends,anditsbehaviorcanbeobtainedusingstress-straincurveintheelasticdeformationregion(KnownHooke’sLaw).Theextensionthataforceproducesisnotonlydependentonthematerialbutalsoonotherfactorslikedimensionsoftheobject(e.g.length,thicknessetc.) StressisdefinedastheforceperunitareaofplasticandhasunitsNm-2orPa.Theformulatocalculatetensilestressis: σ(stress)=F/A Whereσisstress(inNewtonspersquaremetreor,equivalently,Pascals),Fisforce(inNewtons,commonlyabbreviatedN),andAisthecross-sectionalareaofthesample. While,Strainisdefinedasextensionperunitlength.And,sinceitisaratiooflengths,strainhasnounits. ε(strain)=ΔL/L0;   ΔL=L-L0 WhereL0istheoriginallengthofabarbeingstretched,andLisitslengthafterithasbeenstretched.ΔListheextensionofthebar,thedifferencebetweenthesetwolengths. LearnMoreaboutOtherMechanicalProperties:Young’sModulus,Toughness,Hardness,ElongationatYield,ElongationatBreak,StrengthatYield(Tensile) UnitstoMeasureTensileStrength IntheInternationalSystem,theunitofTensileStrengthisthepascal(Pa)(ormegapascals,MPaorevenGPa,megapascals),whichisequivalenttonewtonspersquaremeter(N/m2). IntheUS,pounds-forcepersquareinch(lbf/in2orpsi),orkilo-poundspersquareinch(kpsi)arecommonlyusedforconveniencewhenmeasuringtensilestrengths. NOTE:Inengineering,strengthandstiffnessareconceptswhichareconfuseoften.Fortherightmaterialclassification,readabout“Stiffness”here. Stress-StrainPlotsforaTypicalElastomer,FlexiblePlastics,RigidPlastic,andFiber (Source:PrinciplesofPolymerization,FourthEdition,GeorgeOdian) HowtoMeasureTensilePropertiesofPlastics? Tensiletestsmeasuretheforcerequiredtobreakaspecimenandtheextenttowhichthespecimenstretchesorelongatestothatbreakingpoint. Ingeneral,“tensiletestmethods”areappliedtomeasurethetensilepropertiesofplastics.Thecommonmethodsusedare: ASTMD638-StandardTestMethodforTensilePropertiesofPlastics ISO527-1:2012-Determinationoftensileproperties.Generalprinciples Ofcourse,thereexistsseveralothermethodsaswellaslistedbelow,buttheyarenotdiscussedhere. ASTMD638andISO527TestMethods ASTMD638andISO527testmethodscoverthedeterminationofthetensilepropertiesofplasticsandplasticcompositesunderdefinedconditionsintheformofstandarddumbbell-shapedtestspecimens.Thedefinedconditionscanrangefrompretreatment,temperature,humidity,totestingmachinespeed. Themethodsareusedtoinvestigatethetensilebehaviorofthetestspecimens. WatchthisInterestingVideoonMicroTensileStrengthTestofPlasticsperASTMD638 Source:ADMET And,thefollowingcalculationscanbemadefromtensiletestresults: Tensilestrength(atyieldandatbreak) Tensilemodulus Strain Elongationandpercentelongationatyield Elongationandpercentelongationatbreak ForASTMD638thetestspeedisdeterminedbythematerialspecification.For ISO527thetestspeedistypically5or50mm/minformeasuringstrengthandelongationand1mm/minformeasuringmodulus. Anextensometerisadevicethatisusedtomeasurechangesinthelengthofanobject.Itisusefulforstress-strainmeasurementsandtensiletests. SignificanceofTensileProperties Tensilepropertiesprovideusefuldataforplasticsengineeringdesignpurposes. Tensilepropertiesfrequentlyareincludedinmaterialspecificationstoensurequality. Tensilepropertiesoftenaremeasuredduringdevelopmentofnewmaterialsandprocesses,sothatdifferentmaterialsandprocessescanbecompared. Finally,tensilepropertiesoftenareusedtopredictthebehaviorofamaterialunderformsofloadingotherthanuniaxialtension. FactorsAffectingTensileStrengthofPlastics Thestrengthofpolymersisfurthergovernedbytheir: MolecularWeight:Thestrengthofthepolymerriseswithincreaseinmolecularweightandreachesthesaturationlevelatsomevalueofthemolecularweight. Atlowermolecularweight-thepolymerchainsarelooselybondedbyweakvanderWaalsforcesandthechainscanmoveeasily,responsibleforlowstrength,althoughcrystallinityispresent Athighermolecularweightpolymer-Thepolymerchainsbecomelargeandhencearecrosslinked,givingstrengthtothepolymer Cross-linking:Thecross-linkingrestrictsthemotionofthechainsandincreasesthestrengthofthepolymer. Crystallinity:Thecrystallinephaseofpolymerincreasesstrength;hencetheintermolecularbondingismoresignificant.Therefore,thepolymerdeformationcanresultinthehigherstrengthleadingtoorientedchains. Otherthanthatvelocityoftesting,orientationleveloffibers,temperature,fillercontentetc.alsoimpacttensilestrengthvaluesofthermoplastics. StrengthatBreak(Tensile)ValuesofSeveralPlastics Clicktofindpolymeryouarelookingfor: A-C     |      E-M     |      PA-PC     |      PE-PL     |      PM-PP     |      PS-X PolymerName MinValue(MPa) MaxValue(MPa) ABS-AcrylonitrileButadieneStyrene  29.8 43.0 ABSFlameRetardant 30.0 50.0 ABSHighHeat 30.0 60.0 ABSHighImpact 30.0 45.0 ABS/PCBlend-AcrylonitrileButadieneStyrene/PolycarbonateBlend 40.0 50.0 ABS/PCBlend20%GlassFiber 75.0 80.0 ABS/PCFlameRetardant 40.0 55.0 AmorphousTPIBlend,Ultra-highheat,ChemicalResistant(HighFlow) 105.0 105.0 AmorphousTPIBlend,Ultra-highheat,ChemicalResistant(StandardFlow) 160.0 160.0 AmorphousTPI,HighHeat,HighFlow,Lead-FreeSolderable,30%GF 147.0 147.0 AmorphousTPI,HighHeat,HighFlow,Transparent,Lead-FreeSolderable(HighFlow) 74.0 74.0 AmorphousTPI,HighHeat,HighFlow,Transparent,Lead-FreeSolderable(StandardFlow) 70.0 70.0 AmorphousTPI,HighestHeat,ChemicalResistant,260CULRTI 119.0 119.0 AmorphousTPI,ModerateHeat,Transparent 78.0 78.0 AmorphousTPI,ModerateHeat,Transparent(FoodContactApproved) 78.0 78.0 AmorphousTPI,ModerateHeat,Transparent(MoldReleasegrade) 78.0 78.0 AmorphousTPI,ModerateHeat,Transparent(Powderform) 78.0 78.0 ASA-AcrylonitrileStyreneAcrylate 47.0 56.0 ASA/PCBlend-AcrylonitrileStyreneAcrylate/PolycarbonateBlend 45.0 50.0 ASA/PCFlameRetardant 48.0 48.0 ASA/PVCBlend-AcrylonitrileStyreneAcrylate/PolyvinylChlorideBlend 45.0 50.0 CA-CelluloseAcetate 24.0 52.0 CAB-CelluloseAcetateButyrate 18.0 48.0 CP-CelluloseProprionate 14.0 50.0 COC-CyclicOlefinCopolymer 46.0 63.0 CPVC-ChlorinatedPolyvinylChloride  45.0 60.0 ETFE-EthyleneTetrafluoroethylene  45.0 45.0 ECTFE 45.0 54.0 EVA-EthyleneVinylAcetate 7.0 30.0 EVOH-EthyleneVinylAlcohol 30.0 205.0 FEP-FluorinatedEthylenePropylene 19.0 21.0 HDPE-HighDensityPolyethylene 30.0 40.0 HIPS-HighImpactPolystyrene 20.0 45.0 HIPSFlameRetardantV0 15.0 30.0 Ionomer(Ethylene-MethylAcrylateCopolymer) 11.0 37.0 LCP-LiquidCrystalPolymer 175.0 175.0 LCPCarbonFiber-reinforced 190.0 240.0 LCPGlassFiber-reinforced 160.0 220.0 LCPMineral-filled 110.0 180.0 LDPE-LowDensityPolyethylene 10.0 20.0 LLDPE-LinearLowDensityPolyethylene 25.0 45.0 PA11-(Polyamide11)30%Glassfiberreinforced 80.0 136.0 PA11,Conductive 37.0 37.0 PA11,Flexible 43.0 59.0 PA11,Rigid 37.0 58.0 PA12(Polyamide12),Conductive 39.0 - PA12,Fiber-reinforced 72.0 145.0 PA12,Flexible 50.0 56.0 PA12,GlassFilled 37.0 50.0 PA12,Rigid 56.0 69.0 PA46-Polyamide46 65.0 85.0 PA46,30%GlassFiber 128.0 132.0 PA6-Polyamide6 50.0 95.0 PA6-10-Polyamide6-10 50.0 65.0 PA66-Polyamide6-6 50.0 95.0 PA66,30%GlassFiber 100.0 125.0 PA66,30%Mineralfilled 45.0 200.0 PA66,ImpactModified,15-30%GlassFiber 90.0 120.0 PA66,ImpactModified 40.0 50.0 Polyamidesemi-aromatic 60.0 60.0 PAI-Polyamide-Imide 190.0 195.0 PAI,30%GlassFiber 210.0 210.0 PAI,LowFriction 125.0 165.0 PAN-Polyacrylonitrile 50.0 65.0 PAR-Polyarylate  25.0 65.0 PARA(Polyarylamide),30-60%glassfiber 190.0 280.0 PBT-PolybutyleneTerephthalate 40.0 50.0 PBT,30%GlassFiber 135.0 140.0 PC(Polycarbonate)20-40%GlassFiber 90.0 160.0 PC(Polycarbonate)20-40%GlassFiberFlameRetardant 90.0 140.0 PC-Polycarbonate,highheat 55.0 77.0 PC/PBTBlend-Polycarbonate/PolybutyleneTerephthalateBlend GlassFilled 62.0 110.0 PCTFE-Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene 32.0 40.0 PE-Polyethylene30%GlassFiber 52.0 63.0 PEEK-Polyetheretherketone 90.0 150.0 PEEK30%CarbonFiber-reinforced 200.0 220.0 PEEK30%GlassFiber-reinforced 150.0 180.0 PEI-Polyetherimide 90.0 100.0 PEI,30%GlassFiber-reinforced 150.0 160.0 PEI,MineralFilled 90.0 100.0 PEKK(Polyetherketoneketone),LowCrystallinityGrade 89.5 89.5 PESU-Polyethersulfone 70.0 90.0 PESU10-30%glassfiber 75.0 140.0 PET-PolyethyleneTerephthalate 45.0 70.0 PET,30%GlassFiber-reinforced 140.0 160.0 PET,30/35%GlassFiber-reinforced,ImpactModified 100.0 110.0 PETG-PolyethyleneTerephthalateGlycol 40.0 40.0 PE-UHMW-Polyethylene-UltraHighMolecularWeight 39.0 49.0 PFA-Perfluoroalkoxy 27.0 30.0 PGA-Polyglycolides 68.9 68.9 PHB-Polyhydroxybutyrate 25.0 27.0 PHB-V(5%valerate) 35.0 37.0 PI-Polyimide 72.0 120.0 PLA-Polylactide 52.0 54.0 PLA-PolylactideHighheatfilms 102.2 104.2 PMMA-Polymethylmethacrylate/Acrylic 38.0 70.0 PMMA(Acrylic)HighHeat 65.0 79.0 PMMA(Acrylic)ImpactModified 35.0 65.0 PMP-Polymethylpentene 16.0 18.0 PMP30%GlassFiber-reinforced 60.0 68.0 PMPMineralFilled 17.0 18.0 Polyamide66(Nylon66)/CarbonFiber,Long,30%FillerbyWeight 290.0 290.0 Polyamide66(Nylon66)/CarbonFiber,Long,40%FillerbyWeight 305.0 305.0 Polyamide66(Nylon66)/GlassFiber,Long,40%FillerbyWeight 230.0 230.0 Polyamide66(Nylon66)/GlassFiber,Long,40%FillerbyWeight 210.0 210.0 Polyamide66(Nylon66)/GlassFiber,Long,50%FillerbyWeight 270.0 270.0 Polyamide66(Nylon66)/GlassFiber,Long,50%FillerbyWeight 230.0 230.0 Polyamide66(Nylon66)/GlassFiber,Long,60%FillerbyWeight 270.0 270.0 Polyamide66(Nylon66)/GlassFiber,Long,60%FillerbyWeight 250.0 250.0 PolypropyleneHomopolymer(PPHomopolymer)/GlassFiber,Long,30%FillerbyWeight 120.0 120.0 PolypropyleneHomopolymer(PPHomopolymer)/GlassFiber,Long,40%FillerbyWeight 130.0 130.0 PolypropyleneHomopolymer(PPHomopolymer)/GlassFiber,Long,40%FillerbyWeight 120.0 120.0 PolypropyleneHomopolymer(PPHomopolymer)/GlassFiber,Long,50%FillerbyWeight 130.0 130.0 PolypropyleneHomopolymer(PPHomopolymer)/GlassFiber,Long,50%FillerbyWeight 130.0 130.0 POM-Polyoxymethylene(Acetal) 60.0 70.0 POM(Acetal)ImpactModified 45.0 60.0 POM(Acetal)LowFriction 50.0 70.0 POM(Acetal)MineralFilled 50.0 75.0 PP-Polypropylene10-20%GlassFiber 35.0 56.0 PP,10-40%MineralFilled 18.0 24.0 PP,10-40%TalcFilled 21.0 28.0 PP,30-40%GlassFiber-reinforced 42.0 70.0 PP(Polypropylene)Copolymer 30.0 35.0 PP(Polypropylene)Homopolymer 20.0 40.0 PP,ImpactModified 23.0 35.0 PPA-Polyphthalamide 85.0 85.0 PPA,30%Mineral-filled 79.0 81.0 PPA,33%GlassFiber-reinforced 192.0 194.0 PPA,33%GlassFiber-reinforced–HighFlow 162.0 163.0 PPA,45%GlassFiber-reinforced 227.0 229.0 PPE-PolyphenyleneEther 45.0 60.0 PPE,30%GlassFiber-reinforced 100.0 130.0 PPE,FlameRetardant 45.0 55.0 PPE,ImpactModified 45.0 55.0 PPE,MineralFilled 65.0 75.0 PPS-PolyphenyleneSulfide 50.0 80.0 PPS,20-30%GlassFiber-reinforced 130.0 150.0 PPS,40%GlassFiber-reinforced 120.0 150.0 PPS,Conductive 60.0 140.0 PPS,Glassfiber&Mineral-filled 60.0 150.0 PPSU-PolyphenyleneSulfone 75.8 76.0 PS(Polystyrene)30%glassfiber 70.0 70.0 PS(Polystyrene)Crystal 35.0 60.0 PS,HighHeat 40.0 60.0 PSU-Polysulfone 70.0 80.0 PSU,30%Glassfiber-reinforced 100.0 125.0 PSUMineralFilled 65.0 70.0 PTFE-Polytetrafluoroethylene 0.0 10.0 PTFE,25%GlassFiber-reinforced 15.0 20.0 PVC(PolyvinylChloride),20%GlassFiber-reinforced        60.0 90.0 PVC,Plasticized 7.0 25.0 PVC,PlasticizedFilled 10.0 25.0 PVCRigid 35.0 60.0 PVDC-PolyvinylideneChloride 20.0 35.0 PVDF-PolyvinylideneFluoride 40.0 50.0 SAN-StyreneAcrylonitrile 65.0 85.0 SAN,20%GlassFiber-reinforced 100.0 120.0 SMA-StyreneMaleicAnhydride 35.0 55.0 SMA,20%GlassFiber-reinforced 56.0 75.0 SMA,FlameRetardantV0 20.0 25.0 SMMA-StyreneMethylMethacrylate 30.0 60.7 SRP-Self-reinforcedPolyphenylene 159.0 207.0 TPS/PE-ThermoplasticStarch/PolyethyleneBlend(30micronfilmstested) 20.0 20.0 XLPE-CrosslinkedPolyethylene 11.0 32.0 CommerciallyAvailablePolymerGradeswithHighTensileStrength LearnMoreaboutOtherMechanicalProperties:Young’sModulus,Toughness,ahref="/polymer-properties/properties/hardness-introduction?src=prop-cnx"target="_blank"title="Hardness-GetPropertyUpdate">Hardness,ElongationatYield,ElongationatBreak,StrengthatYield(Tensile) Disclaimer:alldataandinformationobtainedvia thePolymerSelectorincludingbutnotlimitedtomaterialsuitability,material properties,performances,characteristicsandcostaregivenforinformationpurpose only.AlthoughthedataandinformationcontainedinthePolymerSelectorarebelieved tobeaccurateandcorrespondtothebestofourknowledge,theyareprovidedwithout impliedwarrantyofanykind.DataandinformationcontainedinthePolymerSelector areintendedforguidanceinapolymerselectionprocessandshouldnotbeconsidered asbindingspecifications.Thedeterminationofthesuitabilityofthisinformation foranyparticularuseissolelytheresponsibilityoftheuser.Beforeworking withanymaterial,usersshouldcontactmaterialsuppliersinordertoreceivespecific, completeanddetailedinformationaboutthematerialtheyareconsidering.Part ofthedataandinformationcontainedinthePolymerSelectoraregenericisedbased oncommercialliteratureprovidedbypolymersuppliersandotherpartsarecoming fromassessmentsofourexperts. 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