HTML - Wikipedia

The HyperText Markup Language, or HTML is the standard markup language for documents ... The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former maintainer of the HTML and ... HTML FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch ".htm"and".html"redirecthere.Forotheruses,seeHTM. FortheuseofHTMLonWikipedia,seeHelp:HTMLinwikitext. HypertextMarkupLanguage HTML(HyperTextMarkupLanguage)Theofficiallogoofthelatestversion,HTML5[1]Filenameextension.html.htmInternetmedia type text/htmlTypecodeTEXTUniformTypeIdentifier (UTI)public.htmlDeveloped byWHATWGInitialrelease1993;28 yearsago (1993)LatestreleaseLivingStandard2021TypeofformatDocumentfileformatContainer forHTMLelementsContained byWebbrowserExtended fromSGMLExtended toXHTMLOpenformat?YesWebsitehtml.spec.whatwg.org HTML DynamicHTML HTML5 audio canvas video XHTML Basic MobileProfile C-HTML HTMLelement spananddiv HTMLattribute HTMLframe HTMLeditor Characterencodings Unicode Languagecode DocumentObjectModel BrowserObjectModel Stylesheets CSS Fontfamily Webcolors JavaScript WebGL WebCL W3C Validator WHATWG Quirksmode Webstorage Renderingengine Comparisons Documentmarkuplanguages HTMLsupport XHTML 1.1 TheHyperTextMarkupLanguage,orHTMListhestandardmarkuplanguagefordocumentsdesignedtobedisplayedinawebbrowser.ItcanbeassistedbytechnologiessuchasCascadingStyleSheets(CSS)andscriptinglanguagessuchasJavaScript. WebbrowsersreceiveHTMLdocumentsfromawebserverorfromlocalstorageandrenderthedocumentsintomultimediawebpages.HTMLdescribesthestructureofawebpagesemanticallyandoriginallyincludedcuesfortheappearanceofthedocument. HTMLelementsarethebuildingblocksofHTMLpages.WithHTMLconstructs,imagesandotherobjectssuchasinteractiveformsmaybeembeddedintotherenderedpage.HTMLprovidesameanstocreatestructureddocumentsbydenotingstructuralsemanticsfortextsuchasheadings,paragraphs,lists,links,quotesandotheritems.HTMLelementsaredelineatedbytags,writtenusinganglebrackets.Tagssuchasanddirectlyintroducecontentintothepage.Othertagssuchas

surroundandprovideinformationaboutdocumenttextandmayincludeothertagsassub-elements.BrowsersdonotdisplaytheHTMLtags,butusethemtointerpretthecontentofthepage. HTMLcanembedprogramswritteninascriptinglanguagesuchasJavaScript,whichaffectsthebehaviorandcontentofwebpages.InclusionofCSSdefinesthelookandlayoutofcontent.TheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C),formermaintaineroftheHTMLandcurrentmaintaineroftheCSSstandards,hasencouragedtheuseofCSSoverexplicitpresentationalHTMLsince1997.[update][2]AformofHTML,knownasHTML5,isusedtodisplayvideoandaudio,primarilyusingtheelement,incollaborationwithjavascript. Contents 1History 1.1Development 1.2HTMLversionstimeline 1.2.1HTML2 1.2.2HTML3 1.2.3HTML4 1.2.4HTML5 1.3HTMLdraftversiontimeline 1.3.1XHTMLversions 1.4TransitionofHTMLPublicationtoWHATWG 2Markup 2.1Elements 2.1.1Elementexamples 2.1.2Attributes 2.2Characterandentityreferences 2.3Datatypes 2.4Documenttypedeclaration 3SemanticHTML 4Delivery 4.1HTTP 4.2HTMLe-mail 4.3Namingconventions 4.4HTMLApplication 5HTML4variations 5.1SGML-basedversusXML-basedHTML 5.2Transitionalversusstrict 5.3Framesetversustransitional 5.4Summaryofspecificationversions 6WHATWGHTMLversusHTML5 7WYSIWYGeditors 8Seealso 9References 10Externallinks History Development TimBerners-LeeinApril2009 In1980,physicistTimBerners-Lee,acontractoratCERN,proposedandprototypedENQUIRE,asystemforCERNresearcherstouseandsharedocuments.In1989,Berners-LeewroteamemoproposinganInternet-basedhypertextsystem.[3]Berners-LeespecifiedHTMLandwrotethebrowserandserversoftwareinlate1990.Thatyear,Berners-LeeandCERNdatasystemsengineerRobertCailliaucollaboratedonajointrequestforfunding,buttheprojectwasnotformallyadoptedbyCERN.Inhispersonalnotes[4]from1990helisted[5]"someofthemanyareasinwhichhypertextisused"andputanencyclopediafirst. ThefirstpubliclyavailabledescriptionofHTMLwasadocumentcalled"HTMLTags",firstmentionedontheInternetbyTimBerners-Leeinlate1991.[6][7]Itdescribes18elementscomprisingtheinitial,relativelysimpledesignofHTML.Exceptforthehyperlinktag,thesewerestronglyinfluencedbySGMLguid,anin-houseStandardGeneralizedMarkupLanguage(SGML)-baseddocumentationformatatCERN.ElevenoftheseelementsstillexistinHTML4.[8] HTMLisamarkuplanguagethatwebbrowsersusetointerpretandcomposetext,images,andothermaterialintovisualoraudiblewebpages.DefaultcharacteristicsforeveryitemofHTMLmarkuparedefinedinthebrowser,andthesecharacteristicscanbealteredorenhancedbythewebpagedesigner'sadditionaluseofCSS.Manyofthetextelementsarefoundinthe1988ISOtechnicalreportTR9537TechniquesforusingSGML,whichinturncoversthefeaturesofearlytextformattinglanguagessuchasthatusedbytheRUNOFFcommanddevelopedintheearly1960sfortheCTSS(CompatibleTime-SharingSystem)operatingsystem:theseformattingcommandswerederivedfromthecommandsusedbytypesetterstomanuallyformatdocuments.However,theSGMLconceptofgeneralizedmarkupisbasedonelements(nestedannotatedrangeswithattributes)ratherthanmerelyprinteffects,withalsotheseparationofstructureandmarkup;HTMLhasbeenprogressivelymovedinthisdirectionwithCSS. Berners-LeeconsideredHTMLtobeanapplicationofSGML.ItwasformallydefinedassuchbytheInternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)withthemid-1993publicationofthefirstproposalforanHTMLspecification,the"HypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML)"InternetDraftbyBerners-LeeandDanConnolly,whichincludedanSGMLDocumenttypedefinitiontodefinethegrammar.[9][10]Thedraftexpiredaftersixmonths,butwasnotableforitsacknowledgmentoftheNCSAMosaicbrowser'scustomtagforembeddingin-lineimages,reflectingtheIETF'sphilosophyofbasingstandardsonsuccessfulprototypes.Similarly,DaveRaggett'scompetingInternet-Draft,"HTML+(HypertextMarkupFormat)",fromlate1993,suggestedstandardizingalready-implementedfeaturesliketablesandfill-outforms.[11] AftertheHTMLandHTML+draftsexpiredinearly1994,theIETFcreatedanHTMLWorkingGroup,whichin1995completed"HTML2.0",thefirstHTMLspecificationintendedtobetreatedasastandardagainstwhichfutureimplementationsshouldbebased.[12] FurtherdevelopmentundertheauspicesoftheIETFwasstalledbycompetinginterests.Since1996,[update]theHTMLspecificationshavebeenmaintained,withinputfromcommercialsoftwarevendors,bytheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C).[13]However,in2000,HTMLalsobecameaninternationalstandard(ISO/IEC15445:2000).HTML4.01waspublishedinlate1999,withfurthererratapublishedthrough2001.In2004,developmentbeganonHTML5intheWebHypertextApplicationTechnologyWorkingGroup(WHATWG),whichbecameajointdeliverablewiththeW3Cin2008,andcompletedandstandardizedon28October2014.[14] HTMLversionstimeline HTML2 November24,1995 HTML2.0waspublishedasRFC 1866.SupplementalRFCsaddedcapabilities: November25,1995:RFC 1867(form-basedfileupload) May1996:RFC 1942(tables) August1996:RFC 1980(client-sideimagemaps) January1997:RFC 2070(internationalization) HTML3 January14,1997 HTML3.2[15]waspublishedasaW3CRecommendation.ItwasthefirstversiondevelopedandstandardizedexclusivelybytheW3C,astheIETFhadcloseditsHTMLWorkingGrouponSeptember12,1996.[16] Initiallycode-named"Wilbur",[17]HTML3.2droppedmathformulasentirely,reconciledoverlapamongvariousproprietaryextensionsandadoptedmostofNetscape'svisualmarkuptags.Netscape'sblinkelementandMicrosoft'smarqueeelementwereomittedduetoamutualagreementbetweenthetwocompanies.[13]AmarkupformathematicalformulassimilartothatinHTMLwasnotstandardizeduntil14monthslaterinMathML. HTML4 December18,1997 HTML4.0[18]waspublishedasaW3CRecommendation.Itoffersthreevariations: Strict,inwhichdeprecatedelementsareforbidden Transitional,inwhichdeprecatedelementsareallowed Frameset,inwhichmostlyonlyframerelatedelementsareallowed. Initiallycode-named"Cougar",[17]HTML4.0adoptedmanybrowser-specificelementtypesandattributes,butatthesametimesoughttophaseoutNetscape'svisualmarkupfeaturesbymarkingthemasdeprecatedinfavorofstylesheets.HTML4isanSGMLapplicationconformingtoISO8879 –SGML.[19] April24,1998 HTML4.0[20]wasreissuedwithminoreditswithoutincrementingtheversionnumber. December24,1999 HTML4.01[21]waspublishedasaW3CRecommendation.ItoffersthesamethreevariationsasHTML4.0anditslasterratawerepublishedonMay12,2001. May2000 ISO/IEC15445:2000[22][23]("ISOHTML",basedonHTML4.01Strict)waspublishedasanISO/IECinternationalstandard.IntheISOthisstandardfallsinthedomainoftheISO/IECJTC1/SC34(ISO/IECJointTechnicalCommittee1,Subcommittee34 –Documentdescriptionandprocessinglanguages).[22] AfterHTML4.01,therewasnonewversionofHTMLformanyyearsasdevelopmentoftheparallel,XML-basedlanguageXHTMLoccupiedtheW3C'sHTMLWorkingGroupthroughtheearlyandmid-2000s. HTML5 Mainarticle:HTML5 October28,2014 HTML5[24]waspublishedasaW3CRecommendation.[25] November1,2016 HTML5.1[26]waspublishedasaW3CRecommendation.[27][28] December14,2017 HTML5.2[29]waspublishedasaW3CRecommendation.[30][31] HTMLdraftversiontimeline October1991 HTMLTags,[6]aninformalCERNdocumentlisting18HTMLtags,wasfirstmentionedinpublic. June1992 FirstinformaldraftoftheHTMLDTD,[32]withseven[33][34][35]subsequentrevisions(July15,August6,August18,November17,November19,November20,November22) November1992 HTMLDTD1.1(thefirstwithaversionnumber,basedonRCSrevisions,whichstartwith1.1ratherthan1.0),aninformaldraft[35] June1993 HypertextMarkupLanguage[36]waspublishedbytheIETFIIIRWorkingGroupasanInternetDraft(aroughproposalforastandard).Itwasreplacedbyasecondversion[37]onemonthlater. November1993 HTML+waspublishedbytheIETFasanInternetDraftandwasacompetingproposaltotheHypertextMarkupLanguagedraft.ItexpiredinJuly1994.[38] November1994 Firstdraft(revision00)ofHTML2.0publishedbyIETFitself[39](calledas"HTML2.0"fromrevision02[40]),thatfinallyledtopublicationofRFC 1866inNovember1995.[41] April1995(authoredMarch1995) HTML3.0[42]wasproposedasastandardtotheIETF,buttheproposalexpiredfivemonthslater(28September1995)[43]withoutfurtheraction.ItincludedmanyofthecapabilitiesthatwereinRaggett'sHTML+proposal,suchassupportfortables,textflowaroundfiguresandthedisplayofcomplexmathematicalformulas.[43] W3CbegandevelopmentofitsownArenabrowserasatestbedforHTML3andCascadingStyleSheets,[44][45][46]butHTML3.0didnotsucceedforseveralreasons.Thedraftwasconsideredverylargeat150pagesandthepaceofbrowserdevelopment,aswellasthenumberofinterestedparties,hadoutstrippedtheresourcesoftheIETF.[13]Browservendors,includingMicrosoftandNetscapeatthetime,chosetoimplementdifferentsubsetsofHTML3'sdraftfeaturesaswellastointroducetheirownextensionstoit.[13](seeBrowserwars).Theseincludedextensionstocontrolstylisticaspectsofdocuments,contrarytothe"belief[oftheacademicengineeringcommunity]thatsuchthingsastextcolor,backgroundtexture,fontsizeandfontfaceweredefinitelyoutsidethescopeofalanguagewhentheironlyintentwastospecifyhowadocumentwouldbeorganized."[13]DaveRaggett,whohasbeenaW3CFellowformanyyears,hascommentedforexample:"Toacertainextent,MicrosoftbuiltitsbusinessontheWebbyextendingHTMLfeatures."[13] LogoofHTML5 January2008 HTML5waspublishedasaWorkingDraftbytheW3C.[47] AlthoughitssyntaxcloselyresemblesthatofSGML,HTML5hasabandonedanyattempttobeanSGMLapplicationandhasexplicitlydefineditsown"html"serialization,inadditiontoanalternativeXML-basedXHTML5serialization.[48] 2011 HTML5–LastCall On14February2011,theW3CextendedthecharterofitsHTMLWorkingGroupwithclearmilestonesforHTML5.InMay2011,theworkinggroupadvancedHTML5to"LastCall",aninvitationtocommunitiesinsideandoutsideW3Ctoconfirmthetechnicalsoundnessofthespecification.TheW3Cdevelopedacomprehensivetestsuitetoachievebroadinteroperabilityforthefullspecificationby2014,whichwasthetargetdateforrecommendation.[49]InJanuary2011,theWHATWGrenamedits"HTML5"livingstandardto"HTML".TheW3CneverthelesscontinuesitsprojecttoreleaseHTML5.[50] 2012 HTML5–CandidateRecommendation InJuly2012,WHATWGandW3Cdecidedonadegreeofseparation.W3CwillcontinuetheHTML5specificationwork,focusingonasingledefinitivestandard,whichisconsideredasa"snapshot"byWHATWG.TheWHATWGorganizationwillcontinueitsworkwithHTML5asa"LivingStandard".Theconceptofalivingstandardisthatitisnevercompleteandisalwaysbeingupdatedandimproved.Newfeaturescanbeaddedbutfunctionalitywillnotberemoved.[51] InDecember2012,W3CdesignatedHTML5asaCandidateRecommendation.[52]ThecriterionforadvancementtoW3CRecommendationis"two100%completeandfullyinteroperableimplementations".[53] 2014 HTML5–ProposedRecommendationandRecommendation InSeptember2014,W3CmovedHTML5toProposedRecommendation.[54] On28October2014,HTML5wasreleasedasastableW3CRecommendation,[55]meaningthespecificationprocessiscomplete.[56] XHTMLversions Mainarticle:XHTML XHTMLisaseparatelanguagethatbeganasareformulationofHTML4.01usingXML1.0.Itisnolongerbeingdevelopedasaseparatestandard. XHTML1.0waspublishedasaW3CRecommendationonJanuary26,2000,[57]andwaslaterrevisedandrepublishedonAugust1,2002.ItoffersthesamethreevariationsasHTML4.0and4.01,reformulatedinXML,withminorrestrictions. XHTML1.1[58]waspublishedasaW3CRecommendationonMay31,2001.ItisbasedonXHTML1.0Strict,butincludesminorchanges,canbecustomized,andisreformulatedusingmodulesintheW3Crecommendation"ModularizationofXHTML",whichwaspublishedonApril10,2001.[59] XHTML2.0wasaworkingdraft,workonitwasabandonedin2009infavorofworkonHTML5andXHTML5.[60][61][62]XHTML2.0wasincompatiblewithXHTML1.xand,therefore,wouldbemoreaccuratelycharacterizedasanXHTML-inspirednewlanguagethananupdatetoXHTML1.x. AnXHTMLsyntax,knownas"XHTML5.1",isbeingdefinedalongsideHTML5intheHTML5draft.[63] TransitionofHTMLPublicationtoWHATWG Seealso:HTML5§ W3CandWHATWGconflict On28May2019,theW3CannouncedthatWHATWGwouldbethesolepublisheroftheHTMLandDOMstandards.[64][65][66][67]TheW3CandWHATWGhadbeenpublishingcompetingstandardssince2012.WhiletheW3CstandardwasidenticaltotheWHATWGin2007thestandardshavesinceprogressivelydivergedduetodifferentdesigndecisions.[68]TheWHATWG"LivingStandard"hadbeenthedefactowebstandardforsometime.[69] Markup HTMLmarkupconsistsofseveralkeycomponents,includingthosecalledtags(andtheirattributes),character-baseddatatypes,characterreferencesandentityreferences.HTMLtagsmostcommonlycomeinpairslike

and

definesadivisionofthepageusedforeasystyling. TheDocumentTypeDeclarationisforHTML5.Ifadeclarationisnotincluded,variousbrowserswillrevertto"quirksmode"forrendering.[70] Elements Mainarticle:HTMLelement HTMLdocumentsimplyastructureofnestedHTMLelements.TheseareindicatedinthedocumentbyHTMLtags,enclosedinanglebracketsthus:

.[71][better source needed] Inthesimple,generalcase,theextentofanelementisindicatedbyapairoftags:a"starttag"

and"endtag"

.Thetextcontentoftheelement,ifany,isplacedbetweenthesetags. Tagsmayalsoenclosefurthertagmarkupbetweenthestartandend,includingamixtureoftagsandtext.Thisindicatesfurther(nested)elements,aschildrenoftheparentelement. Thestarttagmayalsoincludeelement'sattributeswithinthetag.Theseindicateotherinformation,suchasidentifiersforsectionswithinthedocument,identifiersusedtobindstyleinformationtothepresentationofthedocument,andforsometagssuchastheusedtoembedimages,thereferencetotheimageresourceintheformatlikethis: Someelements,suchasthelinebreak
,or
donotpermitanyembeddedcontent,eithertextorfurthertags.Theserequireonlyasingleemptytag(akintoastarttag)anddonotuseanendtag. Manytags,particularlytheclosingendtagfortheverycommonlyusedparagraphelement

,areoptional.AnHTMLbrowserorotheragentcaninfertheclosurefortheendofanelementfromthecontextandthestructuralrulesdefinedbytheHTMLstandard.TheserulesarecomplexandnotwidelyunderstoodbymostHTMLcoders. ThegeneralformofanHTMLelementistherefore:''content''.SomeHTMLelementsaredefinedasemptyelementsandtaketheform.Emptyelementsmayenclosenocontent,forinstance,the
tagortheinlinetag. ThenameofanHTMLelementisthenameusedinthetags. Notethattheendtag'snameisprecededbyaslashcharacter,/,andthatinemptyelementstheendtagisneitherrequirednorallowed. Ifattributesarenotmentioned,defaultvaluesareusedineachcase. Elementexamples Seealso:HTMLelement HeaderoftheHTMLdocument:....Thetitleisincludedinthehead,forexample: Headings:HTMLheadingsaredefinedwiththe

totagswithH1beingthehighest(ormostimportant)levelandH6theleast: Headinglevel1 Headinglevel2 Headinglevel3 Headinglevel4 Headinglevel5 Headinglevel6 Theeffectsare: HeadingLevel1 HeadingLevel2 HeadingLevel3 HeadingLevel4 HeadingLevel5 HeadingLevel6 NotethatCSScandrasticallychangetherendering. Paragraphs:

Paragraph1

Paragraph2

Linebreaks:
.Thedifferencebetween
and

isthat
breaksalinewithoutalteringthesemanticstructureofthepage,whereas

sectionsthepageintoparagraphs.Theelement
isanemptyelementinthat,althoughitmayhaveattributes,itcantakenocontentanditmaynothaveanendtag.

This
isaparagraph
with
linebreaks

ThisisalinkinHTML.Tocreatealinkthetagisused.ThehrefattributeholdstheURLaddressofthelink. AlinktoWikipedia! Inputs: Therearemanypossiblewaysausercangiveinput/slike: Comments: Commentscanhelpintheunderstandingofthemarkupanddonotdisplayinthewebpage. ThereareseveraltypesofmarkupelementsusedinHTML: Structuralmarkupindicatesthepurposeoftext Forexample,

Golf

establishes"Golf"asasecond-levelheading.Structuralmarkupdoesnotdenoteanyspecificrendering,butmostwebbrowsershavedefaultstylesforelementformatting.ContentmaybefurtherstyledusingCascadingStyleSheets(CSS).[72] Presentationalmarkupindicatestheappearanceofthetext,regardlessofitspurpose Forexample,boldtextindicatesthatvisualoutputdevicesshouldrender"boldface"inboldtext,butgiveslittleindicationwhatdevicesthatareunabletodothis(suchasauraldevicesthatreadthetextaloud)shoulddo.Inthecaseofbothboldtextanditalictext,thereareotherelementsthatmayhaveequivalentvisualrenderingsbutthataremoresemanticinnature,suchasstrongtextandemphasizedtextrespectively.Itiseasiertoseehowanauraluseragentshouldinterpretthelattertwoelements.However,theyarenotequivalenttotheirpresentationalcounterparts:itwouldbeundesirableforascreen-readertoemphasizethenameofabook,forinstance,butonascreensuchanamewouldbeitalicized.MostpresentationalmarkupelementshavebecomedeprecatedundertheHTML4.0specificationinfavorofusingCSSforstyling. Hypertextmarkupmakespartsofadocumentintolinkstootherdocuments Ananchorelementcreatesahyperlinkinthedocumentanditshrefattributesetsthelink'stargetURL.Forexample,theHTMLmarkupWikipedia,willrendertheword"Wikipedia"asahyperlink.Torenderanimageasahyperlink,animgelementisinsertedascontentintotheaelement.Likebr,imgisanemptyelementwithattributesbutnocontentorclosingtag.. Attributes Mainarticle:HTMLattribute Mostoftheattributesofanelementarename-valuepairs,separatedby=andwrittenwithinthestarttagofanelementaftertheelement'sname.Thevaluemaybeenclosedinsingleordoublequotes,althoughvaluesconsistingofcertaincharacterscanbeleftunquotedinHTML(butnotXHTML).[73][74]Leavingattributevaluesunquotedisconsideredunsafe.[75]Incontrastwithname-valuepairattributes,therearesomeattributesthataffecttheelementsimplybytheirpresenceinthestarttagoftheelement,[6]liketheismapattributefortheimgelement.[76] Thereareseveralcommonattributesthatmayappearinmanyelements : Theidattributeprovidesadocument-wideuniqueidentifierforanelement.Thisisusedtoidentifytheelementsothatstylesheetscanalteritspresentationalproperties,andscriptsmayalter,animateordeleteitscontentsorpresentation.AppendedtotheURLofthepage,itprovidesagloballyuniqueidentifierfortheelement,typicallyasub-sectionofthepage.Forexample,theID"Attributes"inhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#Attributes. Theclassattributeprovidesawayofclassifyingsimilarelements.Thiscanbeusedforsemanticorpresentationpurposes.Forexample,anHTMLdocumentmightsemanticallyusethedesignationtoindicatethatallelementswiththisclassvaluearesubordinatetothemaintextofthedocument.Inpresentation,suchelementsmightbegatheredtogetherandpresentedasfootnotesonapageinsteadofappearingintheplacewheretheyoccurintheHTMLsource.Classattributesareusedsemanticallyinmicroformats.Multipleclassvaluesmaybespecified;forexampleputstheelementintoboththenotationandtheimportantclasses. Anauthormayusethestyleattributetoassignpresentationalpropertiestoaparticularelement.Itisconsideredbetterpracticetouseanelement'sidorclassattributestoselecttheelementfromwithinastylesheet,thoughsometimesthiscanbetoocumbersomeforasimple,specific,oradhocstyling. Thetitleattributeisusedtoattachsubtextualexplanationtoanelement.Inmostbrowsersthisattributeisdisplayedasatooltip. Thelangattributeidentifiesthenaturallanguageoftheelement'scontents,whichmaybedifferentfromthatoftherestofthedocument.Forexample,inanEnglish-languagedocument:

Ohwell,c'estlavie,astheysayinFrance.

Theabbreviationelement,abbr,canbeusedtodemonstratesomeoftheseattributes: HTML ThisexampledisplaysasHTML;inmostbrowsers,pointingthecursorattheabbreviationshoulddisplaythetitletext"HypertextMarkupLanguage." Mostelementstakethelanguage-relatedattributedirtospecifytextdirection,suchaswith"rtl"forright-to-lefttextin,forexample,Arabic,PersianorHebrew.[77] Characterandentityreferences Seealso:ListofXMLandHTMLcharacterentityreferencesandUnicodeandHTML Asofversion4.0,HTMLdefinesasetof252characterentityreferencesandasetof1,114,050numericcharacterreferences,bothofwhichallowindividualcharacterstobewrittenviasimplemarkup,ratherthanliterally.Aliteralcharacteranditsmarkupcounterpartareconsideredequivalentandarerenderedidentically. Theabilityto"escape"charactersinthiswayallowsforthecharacters GreaterThan " " " " DoubleQuote ' ' ' ' SingleQuote       Non-BreakingSpace © © © © Copyright ® ® ® ® RegisteredTrademark † † † † Dagger ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Doubledagger Namesarecasesensitive ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Doubledagger Namesmayhavesynonyms ™ ™ ™ ™ Trademark Datatypes HTMLdefinesseveraldatatypesforelementcontent,suchasscriptdataandstylesheetdata,andaplethoraoftypesforattributevalues,includingIDs,names,URIs,numbers,unitsoflength,languages,mediadescriptors,colors,characterencodings,datesandtimes,andsoon.Allofthesedatatypesarespecializationsofcharacterdata. Documenttypedeclaration HTMLdocumentsarerequiredtostartwithaDocumentTypeDeclaration(informally,a"doctype").Inbrowsers,thedoctypehelpstodefinetherenderingmode—particularlywhethertousequirksmode. TheoriginalpurposeofthedoctypewastoenableparsingandvalidationofHTMLdocumentsbySGMLtoolsbasedontheDocumentTypeDefinition(DTD).TheDTDtowhichtheDOCTYPEreferscontainsamachine-readablegrammarspecifyingthepermittedandprohibitedcontentforadocumentconformingtosuchaDTD.Browsers,ontheotherhand,donotimplementHTMLasanapplicationofSGMLandbyconsequencedonotreadtheDTD. HTML5doesnotdefineaDTD;therefore,inHTML5thedoctypedeclarationissimplerandshorter:[81] AnexampleofanHTML4doctype -//W3C//DTDHTML4.01//EN""https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> ThisdeclarationreferencestheDTDforthe"strict"versionofHTML4.01.SGML-basedvalidatorsreadtheDTDinordertoproperlyparsethedocumentandtoperformvalidation.Inmodernbrowsers,avaliddoctypeactivatesstandardsmodeasopposedtoquirksmode. Inaddition,HTML4.01providesTransitionalandFramesetDTDs,asexplainedbelow.Transitionaltypeisthemostinclusive,incorporatingcurrenttagsaswellasolderor"deprecated"tags,withtheStrictDTDexcludingdeprecatedtags.Framesethasalltagsnecessarytomakeframesonapagealongwiththetagsincludedintransitionaltype.[citationneeded] SemanticHTML Mainarticle:SemanticHTML SemanticHTMLisawayofwritingHTMLthatemphasizesthemeaningoftheencodedinformationoveritspresentation(look).HTMLhasincludedsemanticmarkupfromitsinception,[82]buthasalsoincludedpresentationalmarkup,suchas,andtags.Therearealsothesemanticallyneutralspananddivtags.Sincethelate1990s,whenCascadingStyleSheetswerebeginningtoworkinmostbrowsers,webauthorshavebeenencouragedtoavoidtheuseofpresentationalHTMLmarkupwithaviewtotheseparationofpresentationandcontent.[83] Ina2001discussionoftheSemanticWeb,TimBerners-Leeandothersgaveexamplesofwaysinwhichintelligentsoftware"agents"mayonedayautomaticallycrawlthewebandfind,filterandcorrelatepreviouslyunrelated,publishedfactsforthebenefitofhumanusers.[84]Suchagentsarenotcommonplaceevennow,butsomeoftheideasofWeb2.0,mashupsandpricecomparisonwebsitesmaybecomingclose.ThemaindifferencebetweenthesewebapplicationhybridsandBerners-Lee'ssemanticagentsliesinthefactthatthecurrentaggregationandhybridizationofinformationisusuallydesignedinbywebdevelopers,whoalreadyknowtheweblocationsandtheAPIsemanticsofthespecificdatatheywishtomash,compareandcombine. Animportanttypeofwebagentthatdoescrawlandreadwebpagesautomatically,withoutpriorknowledgeofwhatitmightfind,isthewebcrawlerorsearch-enginespider.ThesesoftwareagentsaredependentonthesemanticclarityofwebpagestheyfindastheyusevarioustechniquesandalgorithmstoreadandindexmillionsofwebpagesadayandprovidewebuserswithsearchfacilitieswithoutwhichtheWorldWideWeb'susefulnesswouldbegreatlyreduced. Inorderforsearch-enginespiderstobeabletoratethesignificanceofpiecesoftexttheyfindinHTMLdocuments,andalsoforthosecreatingmashupsandotherhybridsaswellasformoreautomatedagentsastheyaredeveloped,thesemanticstructuresthatexistinHTMLneedtobewidelyanduniformlyappliedtobringoutthemeaningofpublishedtext.[85] PresentationalmarkuptagsaredeprecatedincurrentHTMLandXHTMLrecommendations.ThemajorityofpresentationalfeaturesfrompreviousversionsofHTMLarenolongerallowedastheyleadtopooreraccessibility,highercostofsitemaintenance,andlargerdocumentsizes.[86] GoodsemanticHTMLalsoimprovestheaccessibilityofwebdocuments(seealsoWebContentAccessibilityGuidelines).Forexample,whenascreenreaderoraudiobrowsercancorrectlyascertainthestructureofadocument,itwillnotwastethevisuallyimpaireduser'stimebyreadingoutrepeatedorirrelevantinformationwhenithasbeenmarkedupcorrectly. Delivery HTMLdocumentscanbedeliveredbythesamemeansasanyothercomputerfile.However,theyaremostoftendeliveredeitherbyHTTPfromawebserverorbyemail. HTTP Mainarticle:HypertextTransferProtocol TheWorldWideWebiscomposedprimarilyofHTMLdocumentstransmittedfromwebserverstowebbrowsersusingtheHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP).However,HTTPisusedtoserveimages,sound,andothercontent,inadditiontoHTML.Toallowthewebbrowsertoknowhowtohandleeachdocumentitreceives,otherinformationistransmittedalongwiththedocument.ThismetadatausuallyincludestheMIMEtype(e.g.,text/htmlorapplication/xhtml+xml)andthecharacterencoding(seeCharacterencodinginHTML). Inmodernbrowsers,theMIMEtypethatissentwiththeHTMLdocumentmayaffecthowthedocumentisinitiallyinterpreted.AdocumentsentwiththeXHTMLMIMEtypeisexpectedtobewell-formedXML;syntaxerrorsmaycausethebrowsertofailtorenderit.ThesamedocumentsentwiththeHTMLMIMEtypemightbedisplayedsuccessfully,sincesomebrowsersaremorelenientwithHTML. TheW3CrecommendationsstatethatXHTML1.0documentsthatfollowguidelinessetforthintherecommendation'sAppendixCmaybelabeledwitheitherMIMEType.[87]XHTML1.1alsostatesthatXHTML1.1documentsshould[88]belabeledwitheitherMIMEtype.[89] HTMLe-mail Mainarticle:HTMLemail MostgraphicalemailclientsallowtheuseofasubsetofHTML(oftenill-defined)toprovideformattingandsemanticmarkupnotavailablewithplaintext.Thismayincludetypographicinformationlikecolouredheadings,emphasizedandquotedtext,inlineimagesanddiagrams.ManysuchclientsincludebothaGUIeditorforcomposingHTMLe-mailmessagesandarenderingenginefordisplayingthem.UseofHTMLine-mailiscriticizedbysomebecauseofcompatibilityissues,becauseitcanhelpdisguisephishingattacks,becauseofaccessibilityissuesforblindorvisuallyimpairedpeople,becauseitcanconfusespamfiltersandbecausethemessagesizeislargerthanplaintext. Namingconventions ThemostcommonfilenameextensionforfilescontainingHTMLis.html.Acommonabbreviationofthisis.htm,whichoriginatedbecausesomeearlyoperatingsystemsandfilesystems,suchasDOSandthelimitationsimposedbyFATdatastructure,limitedfileextensionstothreeletters.[90] HTMLApplication Mainarticle:HTMLApplication AnHTMLApplication(HTA;fileextension".hta")isaMicrosoftWindowsapplicationthatusesHTMLandDynamicHTMLinabrowsertoprovidetheapplication'sgraphicalinterface.AregularHTMLfileisconfinedtothesecuritymodelofthewebbrowser'ssecurity,communicatingonlytowebserversandmanipulatingonlywebpageobjectsandsitecookies.AnHTArunsasafullytrustedapplicationandthereforehasmoreprivileges,likecreation/editing/removaloffilesandWindowsRegistryentries.Becausetheyoperateoutsidethebrowser'ssecuritymodel,HTAscannotbeexecutedviaHTTP,butmustbedownloaded(justlikeanEXEfile)andexecutedfromlocalfilesystem. HTML4variations Sinceitsinception,HTMLanditsassociatedprotocolsgainedacceptancerelativelyquickly.[bywhom?]However,noclearstandardsexistedintheearlyyearsofthelanguage.ThoughitscreatorsoriginallyconceivedofHTMLasasemanticlanguagedevoidofpresentationdetails,[91]practicalusespushedmanypresentationalelementsandattributesintothelanguage,drivenlargelybythevariousbrowservendors.ThelateststandardssurroundingHTMLreflecteffortstoovercomethesometimeschaoticdevelopmentofthelanguage[92]andtocreatearationalfoundationforbuildingbothmeaningfulandwell-presenteddocuments.ToreturnHTMLtoitsroleasasemanticlanguage,theW3ChasdevelopedstylelanguagessuchasCSSandXSLtoshouldertheburdenofpresentation.Inconjunction,theHTMLspecificationhasslowlyreinedinthepresentationalelements. TherearetwoaxesdifferentiatingvariousvariationsofHTMLascurrentlyspecified:SGML-basedHTMLversusXML-basedHTML(referredtoasXHTML)ononeaxis,andstrictversustransitional(loose)versusframesetontheotheraxis. SGML-basedversusXML-basedHTML OnedifferenceinthelatestHTMLspecificationsliesinthedistinctionbetweentheSGML-basedspecificationandtheXML-basedspecification.TheXML-basedspecificationisusuallycalledXHTMLtodistinguishitclearlyfromthemoretraditionaldefinition.However,therootelementnamecontinuestobe"html"evenintheXHTML-specifiedHTML.TheW3CintendedXHTML1.0tobeidenticaltoHTML4.01exceptwherelimitationsofXMLoverthemorecomplexSGMLrequireworkarounds.BecauseXHTMLandHTMLarecloselyrelated,theyaresometimesdocumentedinparallel.Insuchcircumstances,someauthorsconflatethetwonamesas(X)HTMLorX(HTML). LikeHTML4.01,XHTML1.0hasthreesub-specifications:strict,transitionalandframeset. Asidefromthedifferentopeningdeclarationsforadocument,thedifferencesbetweenanHTML4.01andXHTML1.0document—ineachofthecorrespondingDTDs—arelargelysyntactic.TheunderlyingsyntaxofHTMLallowsmanyshortcutsthatXHTMLdoesnot,suchaselementswithoptionalopeningorclosingtags,andevenemptyelementswhichmustnothaveanendtag.Bycontrast,XHTMLrequiresallelementstohaveanopeningtagandaclosingtag.XHTML,however,alsointroducesanewshortcut:anXHTMLtagmaybeopenedandclosedwithinthesametag,byincludingaslashbeforetheendofthetaglikethis:
.Theintroductionofthisshorthand,whichisnotusedintheSGMLdeclarationforHTML4.01,mayconfuseearliersoftwareunfamiliarwiththisnewconvention.Afixforthisistoincludeaspacebeforeclosingthetag,assuch:
.[93] TounderstandthesubtledifferencesbetweenHTMLandXHTML,considerthetransformationofavalidandwell-formedXHTML1.0documentthatadherestoAppendixC(seebelow)intoavalidHTML4.01document.Tomakethistranslationrequiresthefollowingsteps: ThelanguageforanelementshouldbespecifiedwithalangattributeratherthantheXHTMLxml:langattribute.XHTMLusesXML'sbuiltinlanguage-definingfunctionalityattribute. RemovetheXMLnamespace(xmlns=URI).HTMLhasnofacilitiesfornamespaces. ChangethedocumenttypedeclarationfromXHTML1.0toHTML4.01.(seeDTDsectionforfurtherexplanation). Ifpresent,removetheXMLdeclaration.(Typicallythisis:). Ensurethatthedocument'sMIMEtypeissettotext/html.ForbothHTMLandXHTML,thiscomesfromtheHTTPContent-Typeheadersentbytheserver. ChangetheXMLempty-elementsyntaxtoanHTMLstyleemptyelement(
to
). ThosearethemainchangesnecessarytotranslateadocumentfromXHTML1.0toHTML4.01.TotranslatefromHTMLtoXHTMLwouldalsorequiretheadditionofanyomittedopeningorclosingtags.WhethercodinginHTMLorXHTMLitmayjustbebesttoalwaysincludetheoptionaltagswithinanHTMLdocumentratherthanrememberingwhichtagscanbeomitted. Awell-formedXHTMLdocumentadherestoallthesyntaxrequirementsofXML.AvaliddocumentadherestothecontentspecificationforXHTML,whichdescribesthedocumentstructure. TheW3CrecommendsseveralconventionstoensureaneasymigrationbetweenHTMLandXHTML(seeHTMLCompatibilityGuidelines).ThefollowingstepscanbeappliedtoXHTML1.0documentsonly: Includebothxml:langandlangattributesonanyelementsassigninglanguage. Usetheempty-elementsyntaxonlyforelementsspecifiedasemptyinHTML. Includeanextraspaceinempty-elementtags:forexample
insteadof
. Includeexplicitclosetagsforelementsthatpermitcontentbutareleftempty(forexample,

,not

). OmittheXMLdeclaration. BycarefullyfollowingtheW3C'scompatibilityguidelines,auseragentshouldbeabletointerpretthedocumentequallyasHTMLorXHTML.FordocumentsthatareXHTML1.0andhavebeenmadecompatibleinthisway,theW3CpermitsthemtobeservedeitherasHTML(withatext/htmlMIMEtype),orasXHTML(withanapplication/xhtml+xmlorapplication/xmlMIMEtype).WhendeliveredasXHTML,browsersshoulduseanXMLparser,whichadheresstrictlytotheXMLspecificationsforparsingthedocument'scontents. Transitionalversusstrict HTML4definedthreedifferentversionsofthelanguage:Strict,Transitional(oncecalledLoose)andFrameset.TheStrictversionisintendedfornewdocumentsandisconsideredbestpractice,whiletheTransitionalandFramesetversionsweredevelopedtomakeiteasiertotransitiondocumentsthatconformedtoolderHTMLspecificationordidn'tconformtoanyspecificationtoaversionofHTML4.TheTransitionalandFramesetversionsallowforpresentationalmarkup,whichisomittedintheStrictversion.Instead,cascadingstylesheetsareencouragedtoimprovethepresentationofHTMLdocuments.BecauseXHTML1onlydefinesanXMLsyntaxforthelanguagedefinedbyHTML4,thesamedifferencesapplytoXHTML1aswell. TheTransitionalversionallowsthefollowingpartsofthevocabulary,whicharenotincludedintheStrictversion: Aloosercontentmodel Inlineelementsandplaintextarealloweddirectlyin:body,blockquote,form,noscriptandnoframes Presentationrelatedelements underline(u)(Deprecated.canconfuseavisitorwithahyperlink.) strike-through(s) center(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.) font(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.) basefont(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.) Presentationrelatedattributes background(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)andbgcolor(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)attributesforbody(requiredelementaccordingtotheW3C.)element. align(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)attributeondiv,form,paragraph(p)andheading(h1...h6)elements align(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.),noshade(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.),size(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)andwidth(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)attributesonhrelement align(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.),border,vspaceandhspaceattributesonimgandobject(caution:theobjectelementisonlysupportedinInternetExplorer(fromthemajorbrowsers))elements align(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)attributeonlegendandcaptionelements align(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)andbgcolor(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)ontableelement nowrap(Obsolete),bgcolor(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.),width,heightontdandthelements bgcolor(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)attributeontrelement clear(Obsolete)attributeonbrelement compactattributeondl,dirandmenuelements type(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.),compact(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)andstart(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)attributesonolandulelements typeandvalueattributesonlielement widthattributeonpreelement AdditionalelementsinTransitionalspecification menu(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)list(nosubstitute,thoughunorderedlistisrecommended) dir(Deprecated.useCSSinstead.)list(nosubstitute,thoughunorderedlistisrecommended) isindex(Deprecated.)(elementrequiresserver-sidesupportandistypicallyaddedtodocumentsserver-side,formandinputelementscanbeusedasasubstitute) applet(Deprecated.usetheobjectelementinstead.) Thelanguage(Obsolete)attributeonscriptelement(redundantwiththetypeattribute). Framerelatedentities iframe noframes target(Deprecatedinthemap,linkandformelements.)attributeona,client-sideimage-map(map),link,formandbaseelements TheFramesetversionincludeseverythingintheTransitionalversion,aswellastheframesetelement(usedinsteadofbody)andtheframeelement. Framesetversustransitional Inadditiontotheabovetransitionaldifferences,theframesetspecifications(whetherXHTML1.0orHTML4.01)specifyadifferentcontentmodel,withframesetreplacingbody,thatcontainseitherframeelements,oroptionallynoframeswithabody. Summaryofspecificationversions Asthislistdemonstrates,thelooseversionsofthespecificationaremaintainedforlegacysupport.However,contrarytopopularmisconceptions,themovetoXHTMLdoesnotimplyaremovalofthislegacysupport.RathertheXinXMLstandsforextensibleandtheW3Cismodularizingtheentirespecificationandopeningituptoindependentextensions.TheprimaryachievementinthemovefromXHTML1.0toXHTML1.1isthemodularizationoftheentirespecification.ThestrictversionofHTMLisdeployedinXHTML1.1throughasetofmodularextensionstothebaseXHTML1.1specification.Likewise,someonelookingfortheloose(transitional)orframesetspecificationswillfindsimilarextendedXHTML1.1support(muchofitiscontainedinthelegacyorframemodules).Themodularizationalsoallowsforseparatefeaturestodevelopontheirowntimetable.Soforexample,XHTML1.1willallowquickermigrationtoemergingXMLstandardssuchasMathML(apresentationalandsemanticmathlanguagebasedonXML)andXForms—anewhighlyadvancedweb-formtechnologytoreplacetheexistingHTMLforms. Insummary,theHTML4specificationprimarilyreinedinallthevariousHTMLimplementationsintoasingleclearlywrittenspecificationbasedonSGML.XHTML1.0,portedthisspecification,asis,tothenewXMLdefinedspecification.Next,XHTML1.1takesadvantageoftheextensiblenatureofXMLandmodularizesthewholespecification.XHTML2.0wasintendedtobethefirststepinaddingnewfeaturestothespecificationinastandards-body-basedapproach. WHATWGHTMLversusHTML5 Mainarticle:§ TransitionofHTMLPublicationtoWHATWG TheHTMLLivingStandard,whichisdevelopedbyWHATWG,istheofficialversion,whileW3CHTML5isnolongerseparatefromWHATWG. WYSIWYGeditors Thisarticleismissinginformationaboutcontenteditable.Pleaseexpandthearticletoincludethisinformation.Furtherdetailsmayexistonthetalkpage.(January2021) TherearesomeWYSIWYGeditors(WhatYouSeeIsWhatYouGet),inwhichtheuserlaysouteverythingasitistoappearintheHTMLdocumentusingagraphicaluserinterface(GUI),oftensimilartowordprocessors.Theeditorrendersthedocumentratherthanshowthecode,soauthorsdonotrequireextensiveknowledgeofHTML. TheWYSIWYGeditingmodelhasbeencriticized,[94][95]primarilybecauseofthelowqualityofthegeneratedcode;therearevoices[who?]advocatingachangetotheWYSIWYMmodel(WhatYouSeeIsWhatYouMean). WYSIWYGeditorsremainacontroversialtopicbecauseoftheirperceivedflawssuchas: Relyingmainlyonlayoutasopposedtomeaning,oftenusingmarkupthatdoesnotconveytheintendedmeaningbutsimplycopiesthelayout.[96] OftenproducingextremelyverboseandredundantcodethatfailstomakeuseofthecascadingnatureofHTMLandCSS. Oftenproducingungrammaticalmarkup,calledtagsouporsemanticallyincorrectmarkup(suchasforitalics). AsagreatdealoftheinformationinHTMLdocumentsisnotinthelayout,themodelhasbeencriticizedforits"whatyouseeisallyouget"-nature.[97] Seealso Breadcrumbnavigation ComparisonofHTMLparsers Dynamicwebpage EMML(Motorola) HTMLcharacterreferences Listofdocumentmarkuplanguages ListofXMLandHTMLcharacterentityreferences Microdata(HTML) Microformat Polyglotmarkup SemanticHTML W3C(X)HTMLValidator Webcolors References ^"W3CHtml". ^"HTML4.0Specification—W3CRecommendation—Conformance:requirementsandrecommendations".w3.WorldWideWebConsortium.December18,1997.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly5,2015.RetrievedJuly6,2015. ^TimBerners-Lee,"InformationManagement:AProposal."CERN(March1989,May1990).W3.org ^TimBerners-Lee,"DesignIssues" ^TimBerners-Lee,"DesignIssues" ^abc"TagsusedinHTML".w3.WorldWideWebConsortium.November3,1992.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary31,2010.RetrievedNovember16,2008. 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^Connolly,Daniel(18August1992)."documenttypedeclarationsubsetforHyperTextMarkupLanguageasdefinedbytheWorldWideWebproject".CERN.Retrieved24October2010. ^abConnolly,Daniel(24November1992)."DocumentTypeDefinitionfortheHyperTextMarkupLanguageasusedbytheWorldWideWebapplication".CERN.Retrieved24October2010.Seesection"RevisionHistory" ^Berners-Lee,Tim;Connolly,Daniel(June1993)."HyperTextMarkupLanguage(HTML)InternetDraftversion1.1".IETFIIIRWorkingGroup.Retrieved18September2010. ^Berners-Lee,Tim;Connolly,Daniel(June1993)."HypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML)InternetDraftversion1.2".IETFIIIRWorkingGroup.Retrieved18September2010. ^Raggett,Dave(1993-11-08)."Historyfordraft-raggett-www-html-00".datatracker.ietf.org.Retrieved2019-11-18. ^Berners-Lee,Tim;Connolly,Daniel(28November1994)."HyperTextMarkupLanguageSpecification–2.0INTERNETDRAFT".IETF.Retrieved24October2010.Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Connolly,DanielW.(1995-05-16)."HypertextMarkupLanguage-2.0".tools.ietf.org.Retrieved2019-11-18. ^"Historyfordraft-ietf-html-spec-05".datatracker.ietf.org.Retrieved2019-11-18. ^"HTML3.0Draft(Expired!)Materials".WorldWideWebConsortium.December21,1995.RetrievedNovember16,2008. ^ab"HyperTextMarkupLanguageSpecificationVersion3.0".RetrievedJune16,2007. ^Raggett,Dave(28March1995)."HyperTextMarkupLanguageSpecificationVersion3.0".HTML3.0InternetDraftExpiresinsixmonths.WorldWideWebConsortium.Retrieved17June2010. ^Bowers,Neil."Weblint:JustAnotherPerlHack".CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.7191.Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Lie,HåkonWium;Bos,Bert(April1997).Cascadingstylesheets:designingfortheWeb.AddisonWesleyLongman.p. 263.ISBN 9780201419986.Retrieved9June2010. ^"HTML5".WorldWideWebConsortium.June10,2008.RetrievedNovember16,2008. ^"HTML5,onevocabulary,twoserializations".RetrievedFebruary25,2009. ^"W3CConfirmsMay2011forHTML5LastCall,Targets2014forHTML5Standard".WorldWideWebConsortium.14February2011.Retrieved18February2011. ^Hickson,Ian."HTMLIstheNewHTML5".Retrieved21January2011. ^"HTML5getsthesplits".netmagazine.com.Retrieved23July2012. ^"HTML5".W3.org.2012-12-17.Retrieved2013-06-15. ^"WhenWillHTML5BeFinished?".FAQ.WHATWorkingGroup.Retrieved29November2009. ^"CallforReview:HTML5ProposedRecommendationPublishedW3CNews".W3.org.2014-09-16.Retrieved2014-09-27. ^"OpenWebPlatformMilestoneAchievedwithHTML5Recommendation".W3C.28October2014.Retrieved29October2014. ^"HTML5specificationfinalized,squabblingoverspecscontinues".ArsTechnica.2014-10-29.Retrieved2014-10-29. ^"XHTML1.0:TheExtensibleHyperTextMarkupLanguage(SecondEdition)".WorldWideWebConsortium.January26,2000.RetrievedNovember16,2008. ^"XHTML1.1–Module-basedXHTML —SecondEdition".WorldWideWebConsortium.February16,2007.RetrievedNovember16,2008. ^"ModularizationofXHTML".www.w3.org.Retrieved2017-01-04. ^"XHTM2.0".WorldWideWebConsortium.July26,2006.RetrievedNovember16,2008. ^"XHTML2WorkingGroupExpectedtoStopWorkEndof2009,W3CtoIncreaseResourcesonHTML5".WorldWideWebConsortium.July17,2009.RetrievedNovember16,2008. 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^Raggett,Dave(2002)."Addingatouchofstyle".W3C.RetrievedOctober2,2009.ThisarticlenotesthatpresentationalHTMLmarkupmaybeusefulwhentargetingbrowsers"beforeNetscape4.0andInternetExplorer4.0".Seethelistofwebbrowserstoconfirmthatthesewerebothreleasedin1997. ^TimBerners-Lee,JamesHendlerandOraLassila(2001)."TheSemanticWeb".ScientificAmerican.RetrievedOctober2,2009. ^NigelShadbolt,WendyHallandTimBerners-Lee(2006)."TheSemanticWebRevisited"(PDF).IEEEIntelligentSystems.RetrievedOctober2,2009. ^"HTML:TheLivingStandard".WHATWG.Retrieved27September2018. ^"XHTML1.0TheExtensibleHyperTextMarkupLanguage(SecondEdition)".WorldWideWebConsortium.2002[2000].RetrievedDecember7,2008.XHTMLDocumentswhichfollowtheguidelinessetforthinAppendixC,"HTMLCompatibilityGuidelines"maybelabeledwiththeInternetMediaType"text/html"[RFC2854],astheyarecompatiblewithmostHTMLbrowsers.Thosedocuments,andanyotherdocumentconformingtothisspecification,mayalsobelabeledwiththeInternetMediaType"application/xhtml+xml"asdefinedin[RFC3236]. ^Bradner,ScottO.(1997)."KeywordsforuseinRFCstoIndicateRequirementLevels".HarvardUniversity.RFC 2119.RetrievedDecember7,2008.3.SHOULDThisword,ortheadjective"RECOMMENDED",meanthattheremayexistvalidreasonsinparticularcircumstancestoignoreaparticularitem,butthefullimplicationsmustbeunderstoodandcarefullyweighedbeforechoosingadifferentcourse.Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^"XHTML1.1–Module-basedXHTML —SecondEdition".WorldWideWebConsortium.2007.RetrievedDecember7,2008.XHTML1.1documentsSHOULDbelabeledwiththeInternetMediaTypetext/htmlasdefinedin[RFC2854]orapplication/xhtml+xmlasdefinedin[RFC3236]. ^"NamingFiles,Paths,andNamespaces".Microsoft.Retrieved16March2015. ^HTMLDesignConstraints,W3CArchives ^WWW:BTB–HTML,PrisSears ^Freeman,E(2005).HeadFirstHTML.O'Reilly. ^Sauer,C.:WYSIWIKI –QuestioningWYSIWYGintheInternetAge.In:Wikimania(2006) ^Spiesser,J.,Kitchen,L.:OptimizationofHTMLautomaticallygeneratedbyWYSIWYGprograms.In:13thInternationalConferenceonWorldWideWeb,pp.355—364.WWW'04.ACM,NewYork,NY(NewYork,NY,U.S.,May17–20,2004) ^XHTMLReference:blockquoteArchived2010-03-25attheWaybackMachine.Xhtml.com.Retrievedon2012-02-16. ^DougEngelbart'sINVISIBLEREVOLUTION.Invisiblerevolution.net.Retrievedon2012-02-16. Externallinks HTMLatWikipedia'ssisterprojectsDefinitionsfromWiktionaryMediafromCommonsTextbooksfromWikibooksResourcesfromWikiversityDatafromWikidataDiscussionsfromMeta-WikiDocumentationfromMediaWiki HTMLatCurlie WHATWG'sHTMLLivingStandard W3C'sHTMLspecification(latestpublishedversion) DaveRaggett'sIntroductiontoHTML TimBerners-LeeGivestheWebaNewDefinition HTMLEntities vteWebbrowsersFeatures ·standards ·protocolsFeatures Bookmarks Extensions Privacymode Sync Webstandards HTML v5 CSS DOM JavaScript IndexedDB Webstorage WebAssembly WebGL Protocols HTTP v2 v3 Cookies Encryption OCSP WebRTC WebSocket ActiveBlink-based Aloha Avast Beaker Blisk Brave Chrome Chromium Citrio CocCoc Dragon Edge Epic Falkon Maxthon Opera Otter Puffin SalamWeb SamsungInternet Silk Sleipnir Sputnik SRWare Torch UC Vivaldi Whale Yandex Gecko-based Firefox Conkeror GNUIceCat IceDragon K-Meleon PirateBrowser SeaMonkey Tor Waterfox WebKit-based Dolphin Dooble GNOMEWeb iCab Konqueror Midori Roccat Safari surf Other 360 Avant Basilisk CakeBrowser CMBrowser eww Flow InternetExplorer Links Lunascape Lynx NetFront NetSurf PaleMoon QQbrowser qutebrowser SlimBrowser w3m DiscontinuedGecko-based BeonexCommunicator Camino Classilla FirefoxLite Galeon Ghostzilla Kazehakase Kylo Lotus MicroB Minimo Mozillasuite Pogo Strata Swiftfox Swiftweasel TenFourFox Timberwolf xB MSHTML-based AOL Deepnet GreenBrowser MediaBrowser NeoPlanet NetCaptor SpaceTime ZAC WebKit-based Arora BOLT OperaCoast Flock Fluid GoogleTV Iris Mercury OmniWeb Origyn QtWeb rekonq Rockmelt Shiira Steel BrowserforSymbian Uzbl WebPositive xombrero Other abaco Amaya Arachne Arena Blazer Charon Deepfish Dillo Edge ELinks Gazelle HotJava IBMHomePageReader IBMWebExplorer IBrowse KidZui LineMode Mosaic MSNTV NetPositive Netscape Skweezer Skyfire Teashark ThunderHawk Vision WinWAP WorldWideWeb Category Comparisons List vteWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C)ProductsandstandardsRecommendations ActivityPub ActivityStreams ARIA CanonicalXML CDF CSS DOM GeolocationAPI HTML(HTML5) IndexedDB ITS JSON-LD LinkedDataNotifications MathML Micropub OWL PLS RDF RDFSchema SISR SKOS SMIL SOAP SRGS SRI SSML SVG SCXML SHACL SPARQL Timedtext VoiceXML Webstorage WSDL Webmention WebSub XForms XHTML XHTML+RDFa XInclude XLink XML XMLBase XMLEncryption XMLEvents XMLInformationSet XMLnamespace XMLSchema XMLSignature XOP XPath 2.0 3.x XPointer XProc XQuery XSL XSL-FO XSLT (elements) Notes IndieAuth XAdES XBL XHTML+SMIL XUP Workingdrafts CCXML CURIE EME InkML MSE RIF SMILTimesheets sXBL XFDL XFrames XMLHttpRequest Guidelines WebContentAccessibilityGuidelines Initiative MarkupValidationService WebAccessibilityInitiative WebPlatform Deprecated C-HTML HDML JSSS PGML VML XHTML+MathML+SVG Obsoleted P3P Organizations WorldWideWebFoundation Workinggroups CSS SVG WebAuthn WHATWG Community&Businessgroups WebAdvertisingBG Closedgroups DeviceDescription(DDWG) HTML MultimodalInteractionActivity(MMI) Software CERNhttpd Libwww Browsers LineMode(1990–) Arena(1993–98) Agora(1994–97) Argo(1994–97) Amaya(browser/editor,1996–2012) Conferences InternationalWorldWideWebConference(IW3C) SteeringCommittee(IW3C2) Firstconference("WWW1",1994) vteDocumentmarkuplanguagesOfficesuite CompoundDocumentFormat OOXML SpreadsheetML PresentationML WordprocessingML ODF UOF Well-known HTML XHTML MathML RTF TeX LaTeX Markdown Lesser-known AmigaGuide AsciiDoc BBCode CML C-HTML ConTeXt CrossMark DITA DocBook eLML EAD Enrichedtext FHTML GML GuideML HDML HyTime IPF LilyPond LinuxDoc Lout MIF MAML MEI MusicXML OMDoc OpenMath POD ReStructuredText RTML RFT S1000D TEI Texinfo troff Wikitext WML WapTV XAML YAML Listofdocumentmarkuplanguages vteISOstandardsbystandardnumberListofISOstandards /ISOromanizations /IECstandards1–9999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 16 17 31 -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 68-1 128 216 217 226 228 233 259 261 262 269 302 306 361 428 500 518 519 639 -1 -2 -3 -5 -6 646 657 668 690 704 732 764 838 843 860 898 965 999 1000 1004 1007 1073-1 1073-2 1155 1413 1538 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13216 13250 13399 13406-2 13450 13485 13490 13567 13568 13584 13616 13816 14000 14031 14224 14289 14396 14443 14496 -2 -3 -6 -10 -11 -12 -14 -17 -20 14617 14644 14649 14651 14698 14764 14882 14971 15022 15189 15288 15291 15292 15398 15408 15444 -3 15445 15438 15504 15511 15686 15693 15706 -2 15707 15897 15919 15924 15926 15926WIP 15930 16023 16262 16355-1 16612-2 16750 16949(TS) 17024 17025 17100 17203 17369 17442 17799 18000 18004 18014 18245 18629 18916 19005 19011 19092 -1 -2 19114 19115 19125 19136 19407 19439 19500 19501 19502 19503 19505 19506 19507 19508 19509 19510 19600 19752 19757 19770 19775-1 19794-5 19831 20000–29999 20000 20022 20121 20400 20802 21000 21047 21500 21827 22000 22300 22395 23090-3 23270 23271 23360 24517 24613 24617 24707 25178 25964 26000 26262 26300 26324 27000series 27000 27001 27002 27005 27006 27729 28000 29110 29148 29199-2 29500 30000+ 30170 31000 32000 37001 38500 40500 42010 45001 50001 55000 56000 80000 Category vteIECstandardsIECstandards IEC60027 IEC60034 IEC60038 IEC60062 IEC60063 IEC60068 IEC60112 IEC60228 IEC60269 IEC60297 IEC60309 IEC60320 IEC60364 IEC60446 IEC60559 IEC60601 IEC60870 IEC60870-5 IEC60870-6 IEC60906-1 IEC60908 IEC60929 IEC60958 AES3 S/PDIF IEC61030 IEC61131 IEC61131-3 IEC61131-9 IEC61158 IEC61162 IEC61334 IEC61346 IEC61355 IEC61360 IEC61400 IEC61499 IEC61508 IEC61511 IEC61784 IEC61850 IEC61851 IEC61883 IEC61960 IEC61968 IEC61970 IEC62014-4 IEC62026 IEC62056 IEC62061 IEC62196 IEC62262 IEC62264 IEC62304 IEC62325 IEC62351 IEC62365 IEC62366 IEC62379 IEC62386 IEC62455 IEC62680 IEC62682 IEC62700 IEC63110 IEC63119 IEC63382 ISO/IECstandards ISO/IEC646 ISO/IEC2022 ISO/IEC4909 ISO/IEC5218 ISO/IEC6429 ISO/IEC6523 ISO/IEC7810 ISO/IEC7811 ISO/IEC7812 ISO/IEC7813 ISO/IEC7816 ISO/IEC7942 ISO/IEC8613 ISO/IEC8632 ISO/IEC8652 ISO/IEC8859 ISO/IEC9126 ISO/IEC9293 ISO/IEC9496 ISO/IEC9529 ISO/IEC9592 ISO/IEC9593 ISO/IEC9899 ISO/IEC9945 ISO/IEC9995 ISO/IEC10021 ISO/IEC10116 ISO/IEC10165 ISO/IEC10179 ISO/IEC10646 ISO/IEC10967 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