Type (biology) - Wikipedia

Type specimen Type(biology) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Specimen(s)towhichascientificnameisformallyattached TypespecimenforMarocastercoronatus Inbiology,atypeisaparticularspecimen(orinsomecasesagroupofspecimens)ofanorganismtowhichthescientificnameofthatorganismisformallyattached.Inotherwords,atypeisanexamplethatservestoanchororcentralizethedefiningfeaturesofthatparticulartaxon.Inolderusage(pre-1900inbotany),atypewasataxonratherthanaspecimen.[1] Ataxonisascientificallynamedgroupingoforganismswithotherlikeorganisms,asetthatincludessomeorganismsandexcludesothers,basedonadetailedpublisheddescription(forexampleaspeciesdescription)andontheprovisionoftypematerial,whichisusuallyavailabletoscientistsforexaminationinamajormuseumresearchcollection,orsimilarinstitution.[1][2] Contents 1Typespecimen 2Olderterminology 3Inbotany 4Inzoology 4.1Definitions 4.2Useoftypespecimens 4.2.1Holotype 4.2.2Paratype 4.2.3Allotype 4.2.4Neotype 4.2.5Syntype 4.2.6Lectotype 4.2.7Paralectotype 4.2.8Hapantotype 4.2.9Iconotype 4.2.10Ergatotype 4.2.11Alternativestopreservedspecimens 4.2.12Formalisationofthetypesystem 4.3Typespecies 4.4Typegenus 5Seealso 6References 7Externallinks Typespecimen[edit] "Typespecimen"redirectshere.Forthemineralogyterm,seetypespecimen(mineralogy). AccordingtoaprecisesetofruleslaiddownintheInternationalCodeofZoologicalNomenclature(ICZN)andtheInternationalCodeofNomenclatureforalgae,fungi,andplants(ICN),thescientificnameofeverytaxonisalmostalwaysbasedononeparticularspecimen,orinsomecasesspecimens.Typesareofgreatsignificancetobiologists,especiallytotaxonomists.Typesareusuallyphysicalspecimensthatarekeptinamuseumorherbariumresearchcollection,butfailingthat,animageofanindividualofthattaxonhassometimesbeendesignatedasatype.[3]Describingspeciesandappointingtypespecimensispartofscientificnomenclatureandalphataxonomy. Whenidentifyingmaterial,ascientistattemptstoapplyataxonnametoaspecimenorgroupofspecimensbasedonhisorherunderstandingoftherelevanttaxa[clarificationneeded][citationneeded],basedon(atleast)havingreadthetypedescription(s)[citationneeded],preferablyalsobasedonanexaminationofallthetypematerialofalloftherelevanttaxa.Ifthereismorethanonenamedtypethatallappeartobethesametaxon,thentheoldestnametakesprecedence,andisconsideredtobethecorrectnameofthematerialinhand.Ifontheotherhandthetaxonappearsnevertohavebeennamedatall,thenthescientistoranotherqualifiedexpertpicksatypespecimenandpublishesanewnameandanofficialdescription.[citationneeded] Thisprocessiscrucialtobiologicaltaxonomy.People'sideasofhowlivingthingsshouldbegroupedchangeovertime.Howdoweknowthatwhatwecall"Canislupus"isthesamething,orapproximatelythesamething,aswhattheywillbecalling"Canislupus"in200years'time?ItispossibletocheckthisbecausethereisaparticularwolfspecimenpreservedinSweden[4][clarificationneeded]andeveryonewhousesthatname[clarificationneeded][citationneeded]–nomatterwhatelsetheymaymeanbyit–willincludethatparticularspecimen.[clarificationneeded][citationneeded] Dependingonthenomenclaturecodeappliedtotheorganisminquestion,atypecanbeaspecimen,aculture,anillustration,or(underthebacteriologicalcode)adescription.Somecodesconsiderasubordinatetaxontobethetype,butunderthebotanicalcodethetypeisalwaysaspecimenorillustration. Forexample,intheresearchcollectionoftheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon,thereisabirdspecimennumbered1886.6.24.20.Thisisaspecimenofakindofbirdcommonlyknownasthespottedharrier,whichcurrentlybearsthescientificnameCircusassimilis.Thisparticularspecimenistheholotypeforthatspecies;thenameCircusassimilisrefers,bydefinition,tothespeciesofthatparticularspecimen.ThatspecieswasnamedanddescribedbyJardineandSelbyin1828,andtheholotypewasplacedinthemuseumcollectionsothatotherscientistsmightrefertoitasnecessary. Notethatatleastfortypespecimensthereisnorequirementfora"typical"individualtobeused.Generaandfamilies,particularlythoseestablishedbyearlytaxonomists,tendtobenamedafterspeciesthataremore"typical"forthem,butheretoothisisnotalwaysthecaseandduetochangesinsystematicscannotbe.Hence,thetermname-bearingtypeoronomatophoreissometimesused,todenotethefactthatbiologicaltypesdonotdefine"typical"individualsortaxa,butratherfixascientificnametoaspecificoperationaltaxonomicunit.Typespecimensaretheoreticallyevenallowedtobeaberrantordeformedindividualsorcolorvariations,thoughthisisrarelychosentobethecase,asitmakesithardtodeterminetowhichpopulationtheindividualbelonged.[1][2][5] Theusageofthetermtypeissomewhatcomplicatedbyslightlydifferentusesinbotanyandzoology.InthePhyloCode,type-baseddefinitionsarereplacedbyphylogeneticdefinitions. Olderterminology[edit] Insomeoldertaxonomicworkstheword"type"hassometimesbeenuseddifferently.ThemeaningwassimilarinthefirstLawsofBotanicalNomenclature,[6][7]buthasameaningclosertothetermtaxoninsomeotherworks:[8] Ceseulcaractèrepermetdedistinguercetypedetouteslesautresespècesdelasection.…Aprèsavoirétudiécesdiversesformes,j'enarrivaiàlesconsidérercommeappartenantàunseuletmêmetypespécifique.Translation:Thissinglecharacterpermits[oneto]distinguishthistypefromallotherspeciesofthesection...Afterstudyingthediverseforms,Icametoconsiderthemasbelongingtotheoneandthesamespecifictype. Inbotany[edit] Inbotanicalnomenclature,atype(typus,nomenclaturaltype),"isthatelementtowhichthenameofataxonispermanentlyattached."(article7.2)[9]Inbotanyatypeiseitheraspecimenoranillustration.Aspecimenisarealplant(oroneormorepartsofaplantoralotofsmallplants),deadandkeptsafe,"curated",inaherbarium(ortheequivalentforfungi).Examplesofwhereanillustrationmayserveasatypeinclude: Adetaileddrawing,painting,etc.,depictingtheplant,fromtheearlydaysofplanttaxonomy.Adriedplantwasdifficulttotransportandhardtokeepsafeforthefuture;manyspecimensfromtheearlydaysofbotanyhavesincebeenlostordamaged.Highlyskilledbotanicalartistsweresometimesemployedbyabotanisttomakeafaithfulanddetailedillustration.Somesuchillustrationshavebecomethebestrecordandhavebeenchosentoserveasthetypeofataxon. Adetailedpictureofsomethingthatcanbeseenonlythroughamicroscope.Atiny"plant"onamicroscopeslidemakesforapoortype:themicroscopeslidemaybelostordamaged,oritmaybeverydifficulttofindthe"plant"inquestionamongwhateverelseisonthemicroscopeslide.Anillustrationmakesforamuchmorereliabletype(Art37.5oftheViennaCode,2006). Notethatatypedoesnotdeterminethecircumscriptionofthetaxon.Forexample,thecommondandelionisacontroversialtaxon:somebotanistsconsiderittoconsistofoverahundredspecies,andothersregarditasasinglespecies.ThetypeofthenameTaraxacumofficinaleisthesamewhetherthecircumscriptionofthespeciesincludesallthosesmallspecies(Taraxacumofficinaleisa"big"species)orwhetherthecircumscriptionislimitedtoonlyonesmallspeciesamongtheotherhundred(Taraxacumofficinaleisa"small"species).ThenameTaraxacumofficinaleisthesameandthetypeofthenameisthesame,buttheextentofwhatthenameactuallyappliestovariesgreatly.Settingthecircumscriptionofataxonisdonebyataxonomistinapublication. Miscellaneousnotes: Onlyaspeciesoraninfraspecifictaxoncanhaveatypeofitsown.Formostnewtaxa(publishedonorafter1January2007,article37)attheseranksatypeshouldnotbeanillustration. Agenushasthesametypeasthatofoneofitsspecies(article10). Afamilyhasthesametypeasthatofoneofitsgenera(article10). TheICNprovidesalistingofthevariouskindsoftype(article9andtheGlossary),[9]themostimportantofwhichistheholotype.Theseare holotype–thesinglespecimenorillustrationthattheauthor(s)clearlyindicatedtobethenomenclaturaltypeofaname lectotype–aspecimenorillustrationdesignatedfromtheoriginalmaterialasthenomenclaturaltypewhentherewasnoholotypespecifiedortheholotypehasbeenlostordestroyed isotype–aduplicateoftheholotype syntype–anyspecimen(orillustration)citedintheoriginaldescriptionwhenthereisnoholotype,oranyoneoftwoormorespecimenssimultaneouslydesignatedastypes paratype–anyspecimen(orillustration)citedintheoriginaldescriptionthatisnottheholotypenoranisotype,noroneofthesyntypes neotype–aspecimenorillustrationselectedtoserveasnomenclaturaltypeifnomaterialfromtheoriginaldescriptionisavailable epitype–aspecimenorillustrationselectedtoserveasaninterpretativetype,usuallywhenanotherkindoftypedoesnotshowthecriticalfeaturesneededforidentification Notethattheword"type"appearsinbotanicalliteratureasapartofsomeoldertermsthathavenostatusundertheICN:forexampleaclonotype. Inzoology[edit] Agossamer-wingedbutterfly,Jamideselioti:1)dorsaland2)ventralaspectofholotype,3)dorsaland4)ventralaspectofparatype Inzoologicalnomenclature,thetypeofaspeciesorsubspeciesisaspecimen,orseriesofspecimens.Thetypeofagenusorsubgenusisaspecies.Thetypeofasupragenerictaxon(e.g.,family,etc.)isagenus.Nameshigherthansuperfamilyrankdonothavetypes.A"name-bearingtype"isaspecimenorimagethat"providestheobjectivestandardofreferencewherebytheapplicationofthenameofanominaltaxoncanbedetermined." Definitions[edit] Atypespecimenisavernacularterm(notaformallydefinedterm)typicallyusedforanindividualorfossilthatisanyofthevariousname-bearingtypesforaspecies.Forexample,thetypespecimenforthespeciesHomoneanderthalensiswasthespecimen"Neanderthal-1"discoveredbyJohannKarlFuhlrottin1856atFeldhoferintheNeanderValleyinGermany,consistingofaskullcap,thighbones,partofapelvis,someribs,andsomearmandshoulderbones.Theremaybemorethanonetypespecimen,butthereis(atleastinmoderntimes)onlyoneholotype. Atypespeciesisthenominalspeciesthatisthename-bearingtypeofanominalgenusorsubgenus. Atypegenusisthenominalgenusthatisthename-bearingtypeofanominalfamily-grouptaxon. Thetypeseriesareallthosespecimensincludedbytheauthorinataxon'sformaldescription,unlesstheauthorexplicitlyorimplicitlyexcludesthemaspartoftheseries. Useoftypespecimens[edit] TypeillustrationofMormopterusacetabulosus Althoughinrealitybiologistsmayexaminemanyspecimens(whenavailable)ofanewtaxonbeforewritinganofficialpublishedspeciesdescription,nonetheless,undertheformalrulesfornamingspecies(theInternationalCodeofZoologicalNomenclature),asingletypemustbedesignated,aspartofthepublisheddescription. Atypedescriptionmustincludeadiagnosis(typically,adiscussionofsimilaritiestoanddifferencesfromcloselyrelatedspecies),andanindicationofwherethetypespecimenorspecimensaredepositedforexamination.Thegeographicallocationwhereatypespecimenwasoriginallyfoundisknownasitstypelocality.Inthecaseofparasites,thetermtypehost(orsymbiotype)isusedtoindicatethehostorganismfromwhichthetypespecimenwasobtained.[10] Zoologicalcollectionsaremaintainedbyuniversitiesandmuseums.Ensuringthattypesarekeptingoodconditionandmadeavailableforexaminationbytaxonomistsaretwoimportantfunctionsofsuchcollections.And,whilethereisonlyoneholotypedesignated,therecanbeother"type"specimens,thefollowingofwhichareformallydefined: Holotype[edit] Mainarticle:Holotype Whenasinglespecimenisclearlydesignatedintheoriginaldescription,thisspecimenisknownastheholotypeofthatspecies.Theholotypeistypicallyplacedinamajormuseum,orsimilarwell-knownpubliccollection,sothatitisfreelyavailableforlaterexaminationbyotherbiologists. Paratype[edit] Mainarticle:Paratype Whentheoriginaldescriptiondesignatedaholotype,theremaybeadditionalspecimensthattheauthordesignatesasadditionalrepresentativesofthesamespecies,termedparatypes.Thesearenotname-bearingtypes. Allotype[edit] Anallotypeisaspecimenoftheoppositesextotheholotype,designatedfromamongparatypes.Thewordwasalsoformerlyusedforaspecimenthatshowsfeaturesnotseenintheholotypeofafossil.[11]ThetermisnotregulatedbytheICZN. Neotype[edit] Aneotypeisaspecimenlaterselectedtoserveasthesingletypespecimenwhenanoriginalholotypehasbeenlostordestroyedorwheretheoriginalauthornevercitedaspecimen. Syntype[edit] Mainarticle:Syntype Asyntypeisanyoneoftwoormorespecimensthatislistedinaspeciesdescriptionwherenoholotypewasdesignated;historically,syntypeswereoftenexplicitlydesignatedassuch,andunderthepresentICZNthisisarequirement,butmodernattemptstopublishspeciesdescriptionbasedonsyntypesaregenerallyfrowneduponbypracticingtaxonomists,andmostaregraduallybeingreplacedbylectotypes.Thosethatstillexistarestillconsideredname-bearingtypes. Lectotype[edit] Alectotypeisaspecimenlaterselectedtoserveasthesingletypespecimenforspeciesoriginallydescribedfromasetofsyntypes. Inzoology,alectotypeisakindofname-bearingtype.Whenaspecieswasoriginallydescribedonthebasisofaname-bearingtypeconsistingofmultiplespecimens,oneofthosemaybedesignatedasthelectotype.Havingasinglename-bearingtypereducesthepotentialforconfusion,especiallyconsideringthatitisnotuncommonforaseriesofsyntypestocontainspecimensofmorethanonespecies. AnotableexampleisthesuggestionthatCarlLinnaeusshouldconstitutethelectotypeforthespeciesHomosapiens.[12] Paralectotype[edit] Aparalectotypeisanyadditionalspecimenfromamongasetofsyntypes,afteralectotypehasbeendesignatedfromamongthem.Thesearenotname-bearingtypes.[13] Hapantotype[edit] AspecialcaseinProtistanswherethetypeconsistsoftwoormorespecimensof"directlyrelatedindividualsrepresentingdistinctstagesinthelifecycle";thesearecollectivelytreatedasasingleentity,andlectotypescannotbedesignatedfromamongthem. Iconotype[edit] Anillustrationonwhichanewspeciesorsubspecieswasbased.Forinstance,theBurmesepython,Pythonbivittatus,isoneofmanyspeciesthatarebasedonillustrationsbyAlbertusSeba(1734).[14][15] Ergatotype[edit] Anergatotypeisaspecimenselectedtorepresentaworkermemberinhymenopteranswhichhavepolymorphiccastes.[11] Alternativestopreservedspecimens[edit] Typeillustrationshavealsobeenusedbyzoologists,asinthecaseoftheRéunionparakeet,whichisknownonlyfromhistoricalillustrationsanddescriptions.[16]: 24  Recently,somespecieshavebeendescribedwherethetypespecimenwasreleasedalivebackintothewild,suchastheBuloBurtiboubou(abushshrike),describedasLaniariusliberatus,inwhichthespeciesdescriptionincludedDNAsequencesfrombloodandfeathersamples.Assumingthereisnofuturequestionastothestatusofsuchaspecies,theabsenceofatypespecimendoesnotinvalidatethename,butitmaybenecessaryinthefuturetodesignateaneotypeforsuchataxon,shouldanyquestionsarise.However,inthecaseofthebushshrike,ornithologistshavearguedthatthespecimenwasarareandhithertounknowncolormorphofalong-knownspecies,usingonlytheavailablebloodandfeathersamples.Whilethereisstillsomedebateontheneedtodepositactualkilledindividualsastypespecimens,itcanbeobservedthatgivenpropervoucheringandstorage,tissuesamplescanbejustasvaluableshoulddisputesaboutthevalidityofaspeciesarise. Formalisationofthetypesystem[edit] Thevarioustypeslistedabovearenecessary[citationneeded]becausemanyspeciesweredescribedoneortwocenturiesago,whenasingletypespecimen,aholotype,wasoftennotdesignated.Also,typeswerenotalwayscarefullypreserved,andinterveningeventssuchaswarsandfireshaveresultedindestructionoforiginaltypematerial.Thevalidityofaspeciesnameoftenrestsupontheavailabilityoforiginaltypespecimens;or,ifthetypecannotbefound,oronehasneverexisted,upontheclarityofthedescription. TheICZNhasexistedonlysince1961,whenthefirsteditionoftheCodewaspublished.TheICZNdoesnotalwaysdemandatypespecimenforthehistoricalvalidityofaspecies,andmany"type-less"speciesdoexist.ThecurrenteditionoftheCode,Article75.3,prohibitsthedesignationofaneotypeunlessthereis"anexceptionalneed"for"clarifyingthetaxonomicstatus"ofaspecies(Article75.2). Therearemanyotherpermutationsandvariationsontermsusingthesuffix"-type"(e.g.,allotype,cotype,topotype,generitype,isotype,isoneotype,isolectotype,etc.)butthesearenotformallyregulatedbytheCode,andagreatmanyareobsoleteand/oridiosyncratic.However,someofthesecategoriescanpotentiallyapplytogenuinetypespecimens,suchasaneotype;e.g.,isotypic/topotypicspecimensarepreferredtootherspecimens,whentheyareavailableatthetimeaneotypeischosen(becausetheyarefromthesametimeand/orplaceastheoriginaltype). ThetermfixationisusedbytheCodeforthedeclarationofaname-bearingtype,whetherbyoriginalorsubsequentdesignation. Typespecies[edit] Mainarticle:Typespecies Thecommontoad,BufobufodescribedbyLinnaeus,isthetypespeciesforthegenusBufo Eachgenusmusthaveadesignatedtypespecies(theterm"genotype"wasonceusedforthisbuthasbeenabandonedbecausethewordhasbecomemuchbetterknownasthetermforadifferentconceptingenetics).Thedescriptionofagenusisusuallybasedprimarilyonitstypespecies,modifiedandexpandedbythefeaturesofotherincludedspecies.Thegenericnameispermanentlyassociatedwiththename-bearingtypeofitstypespecies. Ideally,atypespeciesbestexemplifiestheessentialcharacteristicsofthegenustowhichitbelongs,butthisissubjectiveand,ultimately,technicallyirrelevant,asitisnotarequirementoftheCode.Ifthetypespeciesproves,uponcloserexamination,tobelongtoapre-existinggenus(acommonoccurrence),thenalloftheconstituentspeciesmustbeeithermovedintothepre-existinggenus,ordisassociatedfromtheoriginaltypespeciesandgivenanewgenericname;theoldgenericnamepassesintosynonymyandisabandonedunlessthereisapressingneedtomakeanexception(decidedcase-by-case,viapetitiontotheInternationalCommissiononZoologicalNomenclature).[citationneeded] Typegenus[edit] Mainarticle:Typegenus Atypegenusisthatgenusfromwhichthenameofafamilyorsubfamilyisformed.Aswithtypespecies,thetypegenusisnotnecessarilythemostrepresentative,butisusuallytheearliestdescribed,largestorbestknowngenus.Itisnotuncommonforthenameofafamilytobebaseduponthenameofatypegenusthathaspassedintosynonymy;thefamilynamedoesnotneedtobechangedinsuchasituation. Seealso[edit] Archetype Glossaryofscientificnaming Nomendubium(zoology) Nomennudum Genetypes–geneticsequencedatafromtypespecimens Pathotype–atypeofanintrasubspecifictaxonofpathogenicbacteria PrincipleofTypification References[edit] ^abcHitchcock,A.S.(1921),"TheTypeConceptinSystematicBotany",AmericanJournalofBotany,8(5):251–255,doi:10.2307/2434993,JSTOR 2434993 ^abNicholson,DanH."Botanicalnomenclature,types,&standardreferenceworks".SmithsonianNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,DepartmentofBotany.Retrieved17November2015. ^Marshall,StephenA.;Evenhuis,NealL.(2015)."Newspecieswithoutdeadbodies:acaseforphoto-baseddescriptions,illustratedbyastrikingnewspeciesofMarleyimyiaHesse(Diptera,Bombyliidae)fromSouthAfrica".ZooKeys(525):117–127.doi:10.3897/zookeys.525.6143.ISSN 1313-2970.PMC 4607853.PMID 26487819. ^"Archivedcopy"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on24September2015.Retrieved2June2015.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^"Plantnames–abasicintroduction".AustralianNationalBotanicGardens,CentreforAustralianNationalBiodiversityResearch.Retrieved17November2015. ^deCandolle,A.P.(1867).LoisdelanomenclaturebotaniqueadoptéesparleCongrèsInternationaldeBotaniquetenuàParisenaoût1867suiviesd'unedeuxièmeéditiondel'introductionhistoriqueetducommentairequiaccompagnaientlarédactionpréparatoireprésentéeàlacongrès.GenèveetBale:J.-B.Baillièreetfils. ^Weddell(1868)."LawsofBotanicalNomenclatureadoptedbytheInternationalBotanicalCongressheldatParisinAugust1867;togetherwithanHistoricalIntroductionandCommentarybyAlphonsedeCandolle,TranslatedfromtheFrench;ReprintedfromtheEnglishtranslationpublishedbyL.ReeveandCo.,London,1868(withthree-pagecommentarybyAsaGray)".TheAmericanJournalofScienceandArts.SeriesII,Volume46(63–74,75–77). ^Crépin,F.(1886)."RosaSynstylae:étudessurlesrosesdelasectionSynstyleés".BulletindelaSociétéRoyaledeBotaniquedeBelgique.25(2:Comptes-redusdesséancesdelaSociétéRoyaledeBotaniquedeBelgique):163–217. ^abMcNeill,J.;Barrie,F.R.;Buck,W.R.;Demoulin,V.;Greuter,W.;Hawksworth,D.L.;Herendeen,P.S.;Knapp,S.;Marhold,K.;Prado,J.;Prud'hommeVanReine,W.F.;Smith,G.F.;Wiersema,J.H.;Turland,N.J.(2012).InternationalCodeofNomenclatureforalgae,fungi,andplants(MelbourneCode)adoptedbytheEighteenthInternationalBotanicalCongressMelbourne,Australia,July2011.Vol. RegnumVegetabile154.A.R.G.GantnerVerlagKG.ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6. ^Frey,JenniferK.;Yates,TerryL.;Duszynski,DonaldW.;Gannon,WilliamL.&Gardner,ScottL.(1992)."DesignationandCuratorialManagementofTypeHostSpecimens(Symbiotypes)forNewParasiteSpecies".TheJournalofParasitology.78(5):930–993.doi:10.2307/3283335.JSTOR 3283335. ^abHawksworth,D.L.(2010).TermsUsedinBionomenclature.Thenamingoforganisms(andplantcommunities).Copenhagen:GlobalBiodiversityInformationFacility.p. 216.ISBN 978-87-92020-09-3. ^Stearn,W.T.(1March1959)."TheBackgroundofLinnaeus'sContributionstotheNomenclatureandMethodsofSystematicBiology".SystematicBiology.8(1):4–22.doi:10.2307/sysbio/8.1.4.ISSN 1063-5157. ^Hansen,HansV.;Seberg,Ole(1984)."Paralectotype,anewtypeterminbotany".Taxon.33(4):707–711.doi:10.2307/1220790.JSTOR 1220790. ^Seba,Albertus(1734).LocupletissimiRerumnaturaliumThesauriaccurataDescriptio,etIconibusartificiosissimusExpressio,peruniversamPhysicesHistoriam.Opus,cuiinhocRerumGenere,nullumparexstitit.Amsterdam:Janssonio-Waesbergios. ^Bauer,AaronM.(2002)."AlbertusSeba,CabinetofNaturalCuriosities.TheCompletePlatesinColour,1734–1765.2001".InternationalSocietyfortheHistoryandBibliographyofHerpetology.3. ^Hume,JulianPender(25June2007)."Reappraisaloftheparrots(Aves:Psittacidae)fromtheMascareneIslands,withcommentsontheirecology,morphology,andaffinities"(PDF).Zootaxa.1513(1513):1–76.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1.ISSN 1175-5334.Retrieved13January2011. Externallinks[edit] ICZNCode:InternationalCodeofZoologicalNomenclature,theofficialwebsite FishbaseGlossarysection. Acompendiumofterms ZoologicalTypeNomenclature(Evenhuis) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&oldid=1099514164" Categories:BiologicalconceptsTaxonomy(biology)ZoologicalnomenclatureBotanicalnomenclatureHiddencategories:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitleCS1:longvolumevalueArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromJuly2022WikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromApril2020AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2020ArticlescontainingFrench-languagetextArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromAugust2012ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromOctober2018 Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAragonésAsturianuAzərbaycancaBân-lâm-gúБългарскиBosanskiCatalàЧӑвашлаDeutschEspañolEsperantoفارسیFrançais한국어BahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתLatinaMagyarNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSvenskaTaqbaylitไทยУкраїнська Editlinks