Homemaking - Wikipedia

A person in charge of the homemaking, who is not employed outside the home, in the US and Canada is called a homemaker, a term for a housewife or a ... Homemaking FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Actofoverseeingtheorganizational,financial,day-to-dayoperationsofahouseorestate NottobeconfusedwithHomework,HouseWork,Homemakertableware,orHomeconstruction. IthasbeensuggestedthatHousekeepingbemergedintothisarticle.(Discuss)ProposedsinceMay2022. GoodHousekeepingisoneofseveralperiodicalsrelatedtohomemaking TitlepageofOurHomeCyclopedia:CookeryandHousekeeping,publishedinDetroit,Michigan,in1889 HomemakingismainlyanAmericanandCanadiantermforthemanagementofahome,otherwiseknownashousework,housekeeping,housewiferyorhouseholdmanagement.Itistheactofoverseeingtheorganizational,day-to-dayoperationsofahouseorestate,andthemanagingofotherdomesticconcerns.Apersoninchargeofthehomemaking,whoisnotemployedoutsidethehome,intheUSandCanadaiscalledahomemaker,atermforahousewifeorahousehusband.Historicallytheroleofhomemakerwasoftenassumedbywomen.Theterm"SuzyHomemaker"wasusedtorefertowomenwhonaturallytookontheresponsibilitiesofmanagingthehousehold.Theresponsibilitiesofa"SuzyHomemaker"primarilyconsistedofperforminghouseholddutiesandchildrearing.Theterm"homemaker",however,mayalsorefertoasocialworkerwhomanagesahouseholdduringtheincapacityofthehousewifeorhousehusband.[1]Homehealthworkersresumetheroleofhomemakerswhencaringforelderlyindividuals.Thisincludespreparingmeals,givingbaths,andanydutiesthepersoninneedcannotperformforthemselves. Homemakingcanbethefull-timeresponsibilityofoneparent,sharedwithchildrenorextendedfamily,orsharedortradedbetweenspousesasoneorbothworkoutsidethehome.Itcanalsobeoutsourcedpartiallyorcompletelytopaidhelp.Inpreviousdecades,therewereanumberofmandatorycoursesfortheyoungtolearntheskillsofhomemaking.Inhighschool,coursesincludedcooking,nutrition,homeeconomics,familyandconsumerscience(FACS),andfoodandcookinghygiene.[citationneeded] Contents 1Marriage 1.119thcentury 1.220thcentury 1.321stcentury 2Housekeeping 2.1Cooking 2.2Cleaning 2.3Laundry 3Maintenance 3.1Homemaintenance 3.2Lawnmaintenance 4Management 4.1Houseorganization 4.1.1De-cluttering 4.2Householdpurchasing 4.3Servants 5Workstrategies 6Householdproduction 7Wagesforhousework 8Effectsoftechnologyandadvertising 9Seealso 10References 11Sources 12Furtherreading Marriage[edit] 19thcentury[edit] InNorthAmerica,early19th-centuryidealsrequiredhomemakingbetheresponsibilityofthewoman;"thewifeisproperlysupposedtobethelightandcentreofthehome."[2]Traditionalwiveswhostayedhomeanddidnotworkwererequiredbysocialidealstocreateandmaintainapeacefulspacetoprovidetoherhusbandandchildren.Forwomeninapre-modernenvironment,"itisthedutyandprivilegeandsolemnresponsibility,whichmakethisartofhome-makingmoreinterestingandimportanttoherthananyotherartintheworld."[2]Authorofthesestatements,AnnieSwanwasnotaloneinthelate1800sviewpointthatwomenwereencouraged,ifnotrequired,tomaintainthehomesolelythemselves.In1875,Harper'sBazaarpublishedanarticleoutliningthedutiesofahousewifeandtheesteemedrespectthosedutiesdeserve:"butifoneonlystaidtothinkhowcountlessandhowonerousthosedutiesreallyare,morerespectwouldbepaidtothefaithfulefforttoperformthe,andanaddedreverenceextendedtothemotherwhoisalsothehousekeeper."[3]Harper'sBazaarrecognizesthatwomendothemajorityoftheworkwithinthehome,pointingoutthattheworkisdetailedandatmanytimes,difficult. 20thcentury[edit] The20thcenturybeganwithsimilarhomemakingrolesasthe19th;however,thecenturyconcludedwithamuchdifferentperception.Inthelate1990s,marriageconsistedinmostcasesofbothwifeandhusbandparticipatinginhomemaking.DarlenePiñaandVernBengtsonwhoareanthropologistsandprofessorsattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,extensivelyresearchedmarriagedynamicsandhouseholdlaborinthelatetwentiethcentury.Theyconcludedthat"allwivesbenefitequallybytheirhusbands'greaterinvolvementinhouseholdlabor."[4]Thedivisionoflaborwithinthehomepromotesahealthyrelationshipbetweenhusbandandwife.Concluding,thatlikelihoodofincreasedhappinesswithinmarriageisvastlyimprovedwhenhomemakingissharedwiththehusband.WestandZimmerman,concludedananalysisofover487couplesandfoundthat"womenwererewardedforperformingfemininebehaviors,suchashousework,whereasmenreceivepositivereinforcementforengaginginmasculinetasks,suchbreadwinning."[5] Incontrast,astudyperformedbyHochschildin1989,concludedthatevenwhenwivescontributedmorethan50%ofthehouseholdincometheyoftenstillperformedmorehouseholdlaborthantheirhusbands.Hochschild'sstudydirectlydebunkedtheprevioustheorythatwomenperformedhouseworkbecausetheycontributedsignificantlylesstohouseholdincome.Instead,theresultsofthestudyindicatedthateveninmarriagedynamicswherewomencontributedmorethanhalfofthehouseholdincome,theystillcompletedthevastmajorityofhomemakingtasks. Marriedwomenwhoareeconomicallyandemotionallydependentontheirhusbandsarelesslikelytoreportthedivisionofhouseholdlaborasunfair.Thissignificantgroupofmarriedwomenfeltthathouseholdlaborreinforcedtheirfemalegenderidentityandconnectiontofemininity.[citationneeded] 21stcentury[edit] SexandgendercontinuetoshapethedivisionofhouseholdresponsibilitiesintheUnitedStatesinthetwenty-firstcentury.Accordingtothe2018AmericanTimeUseSurvey,84percentofwomenand69percentofmenreportedthattheyspentsometimeperforminghouseholdduties,whichincluded"housework,cooking,lawncare,orhouseholdmanagement."Womenreportedspendinganaverageof2.6hoursadayonhouseholdactivities,andmen2.0hours.Onasurveyedday,49%percentofwomenand20%ofmenreporteddoinghousework.[6] Menandwomen'sperceptionofhouseholdresponsibilitiesdiffer.PewResearchCenter's2014ReligiousLandscapeStudyfoundthatfathersweremorelikelythanmotherstosaythatchoreswereevenlysplitbetweenbothpartners(56%vs.46%).Whenasked,50%ofmothersreportedtheyhandledmoreresponsibilitiesaroundthehousethantheirpartners;only12%offathersreportedtheydidmorehouseholdtasks.Despitethisdifferenceinperception,amajorityofmarriedU.S.adults(56%)saidthatsharinghouseholdchoresas"veryimportant"toasuccessfulmarriage.[7] Ina2008article,socialscientistsSusanL.BrownandSayakaKawamurareportedthattheunequaldistributioninhouseworkwasattributedmainlytotimeavailability.Theyconcluded:"wivestypicallyworkfewerhoursthantheirhusbands,[so]theyhavemoretimeavailabletoperformhouseholdtasks."[5] Housekeeping[edit] Avacuumcleaner Housekeepingbythehomemakeristhecareandcontrolofproperty,ensuringitsmaintenance,properuseandappearance.Inaprivatehomeamaidorhousekeeperissometimesemployedtodosomeofthehousekeeping.Houseworkisworkdonebytheactofhousekeeping.Somehousekeepingishousecleaningandsomehousekeepingishomechores.Homechoresarehouseworkthatneedstobedoneatregularintervals.[8]Housekeepingincludesthebudgetandcontrolofexpenditures,preparingmealsandbuyingfood,payingtheheatbill,andcleaningthehouse.[9] Cooking[edit] Mainarticle:Cooking Seealso:Listoffoodpreparationutensils,Diet(nutrition),Cuisine,andCookbook Mostmodern-dayhousescontainsanitaryfacilitiesandameansofpreparingfood.Akitchenisaroomorpartofaroomusedbythehomemakerforcooking,foodpreparationandfoodpreservation.IntheWest,amodernkitchenistypicallyequippedwithastove,anoven,asinkwithhotandcoldrunningwater,arefrigeratorandkitchencabinets.Manyhomemakersuseamicrowaveoven,adishwasherandotherelectricapplianceslikeblenderandconvectioncookerandautomaticapplianceslikericecookers.Themainfunctionofakitcheniscookingorpreparingfoodbutitmayalsobeusedfordiningforacasualmealsuchaslunch. Cookingistheprocessofpreparingfoodwithorwithoutheat,making,selecting,measuringandcombiningingredientsinanorderedprocedureforproducingsafeandediblefood.Theprocessencompassesavastrangeofmethods,toolsandcombinationsofingredientstoaltertheflavor,appearance,texture,ordigestibilityoffood.Factorsaffectingthefinaloutcomeincludethevariabilityofingredients,ambientconditions,tools,andtheskilloftheindividualdoingtheactualcooking. Thediversityofcookingworldwideisareflectionoftheaesthetic,agricultural,economic,cultural,socialandreligiousdiversityofpeopleacrosstheglobe.Applyingheattoafoodusually,thoughnotalways,chemicallytransformsit,thuschangingitsflavor,texture,consistency,appearance,andnutritionalproperties.Methodsofcookingthatinvolvetheboilingofliquidinareceptaclehavebeenpractisedatleastsincethe10thmillenniumBC,withtheintroductionofpottery. Cleaning[edit] Housecleaningbythehomemakeristhesystematicprocessofmakingahomeneatandclean.Thismaybeappliedmorebroadlythanjustanindividualhome,suchasametaphorforasimilar"cleanup"processappliedelsewheresuchasatahotelorasaproceduralreform.Intheprocessofhousecleaninggeneralcleaningactivitiesarecompleted,suchasdisposingofrubbish,storingofbelongingsinregularplaces,cleaningdirtysurfaces,dustingandvacuuming.Thedetailsofthisarevariousandcomplicatedenoughthatmanybookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.How-tositesontheinternethavemanyarticlesonhousecleaning.Toolsincludethevacuumcleaner,broomandmop.Suppliessuchascleaningsolutionsandspongesaresoldingrocerystoresandelsewhere.Professionalcleanerscanbehiredforlessfrequentorspecialisttaskssuchascleaningblinds,rugs,andsofas.Professionalservicesarealsoofferedforthebasictasks.Safetyisaconsiderationbecausesomecleaningproductsaretoxicandsomecleaningtasksarephysicallydemanding.Greencleaningreferstocleaningwithoutcausingpollutionorchemicalsthatmaycausebodilyharm.Thehistoryofhousecleaninghaslinkstotheadvancementoftechnology. Outdoorhousecleaningchoresincluderemovingleavesfromraingutters,washingwindows,sweepingdoormats,cleaningthepool,puttingawaylawnfurniture,andtakingoutthetrash.[10] Laundry[edit] Seealso:Ironing A1950swashingmachine Laundryreferstotheactofwashingclothingandlinens,theplacewherethatwashingisdone,and/orthatwhichneedstobe,isbeing,orhasbeenlaundered.Variouschemicalsmaybeusedtoincreasethesolventpowerofwater,suchasthecompoundsinsoaprootoryucca-rootusedbyNativeAmericantribes.Soap,acompoundmadefromlye(fromwood-ash)andfat,isanancientandverycommonlaundryaid.Modernwashingmachinestypicallyusepowderedorliquidlaundrydetergentinplaceofmoretraditionalsoap.Onceclean,theclothesaredried. Washingmachinesanddryersarenowfixturesinhomesaroundtheworld.Insomepartsoftheworld,includingtheUS,Canada,andSwitzerland,apartmentbuildingsanddormitoriesoftenhavelaundryrooms,whereresidentssharewashingmachinesanddryers.Usuallythemachinesaresettorunonlywhenmoneyisputinacoinslot.Inotherpartsoftheworld,apartmentbuildingswithlaundryroomsareuncommon,andeachapartmentmayhaveitsownwashingmachine.Thosewithoutamachineathomeortheuseofalaundryroommusteitherwashtheirclothesbyhandorvisitacommerciallaundromat. Aclothesdryerisahouseholdappliancethatisusedtoremovemoisturefromaloadofclothingandothertextiles,generallyshortlyaftertheyarecleanedinawashingmachine.Mostdryersconsistofarotatingdrumcalledatumblerthroughwhichheatedairiscirculatedtoevaporatethemoisturefromtheload.Thetumblerisrotatedrelativelyslowlyinordertomaintainspacebetweenthearticlesintheload.Inmostcases,thetumblerisbelt-drivenbyaninductionmotor.Usingthesemachinesmaycauseclothestoshrink,becomelesssoft(duetolossofshortsoftfibers/lint)andfade.Forthesereasons,aswellasenvironmentalconcerns,manypeopleuseopenairmethodssuchasaclotheslineandclotheshorse. Laundrystarchisusedinthelaunderingofclothes.StarchwaswidelyusedinEuropeinthe16thand17thcenturiestostiffenthewidecollarsandruffsoffinelinenwhichsurroundedthenecksofthewell-to-do.Duringthe19thcenturyandearly20thcentury,itwasstylishtostiffenthecollarsandsleevesofmen'sshirtsandtherufflesofgirls'petticoatsbyapplyingstarchtothemasthecleanclotheswerebeingironed.Asidefromthesmooth,crispedgesitgavetoclothing,itservedpracticalpurposesaswell.Dirtandsweatfromaperson'sneckandwristswouldsticktothestarchratherthantothefibersoftheclothing,andwouldeasilywashawayalongwiththestarch.Aftereachlaundering,thestarchwouldbereapplied.Todaytheproductissoldinaerosolcansforhomeuse.Kitchenstarchusedthickeningagentforfoodcanalsobeappliedtolaunderedfabrics(requiresboiling). Maintenance[edit] Mainarticle:Maintenance,repairandoperations Homemakersthatfollowpredictivemaintenancetechniquesdeterminetheconditionofin-serviceequipmentinordertopredictwhenmaintenanceshouldbeperformed.Thisapproachofferscostsavingsoverroutineortime-basedmaintenance,becausetasksareperformedonlywhenwarranted.Homemakersthatfollowpreventivemaintenancemethodsensurethathouseholdequipmentandthehouseareinsatisfactoryoperatingconditionbyprovidingforinspection,detection,andcorrectionofincipientfailureseitherbeforetheyoccurorbeforetheydevelopintomajordefects. Homemaintenance[edit] Mainarticles:Homerepair,Homeimprovement,Homeautomation,andHandyman Homemaintenanceinvolvesthediagnosisandresolutionofproblemsinahome,andisrelatedtohomemaintenancetoavoidsuchproblems.Manytypesofmaintenanceare"Doityourself"(DIY)projects.Maintenanceisnotnecessarilythesameashomeimprovement,althoughmanyimprovementscanresultfromrepairsormaintenance.Oftenthecostsoflargerrepairswilljustifythealternativeofinvestmentinfull-scaleimprovements.Itmaymakejustasmuchsensetoupgradeahomesystem(withanimprovedone)astorepairitorincurever-more-frequentandexpensivemaintenanceforaninefficient,obsoleteordyingsystem.ForaDIYproject,alsousefulistheestablishedlimitsontimeandmoneyinvestmentsbeforearepair(orlistofrepairs)becomeoverwhelminganddiscouraging,andlesslikelytoeverbecompleted. Lawnmaintenance[edit] Mainarticles:LawncareandGardening Homemakersthathavealawnresponsibilityadheretoseasonallawncarepractices,whichvarytosomeextentdependingontheclimatezoneandtypeofgrassthatisgrown(whethercoolseasonorwarmseasonvarieties).Variousrecognizedmethodusedbyhomemakersinlawncareareobservedinanyarea.Inspringorearlysummer,homemakersseed,sod,orsprigayardwhenthegroundiswarmer.Insummerlawnmowersareusedathighcuttingforcoolseasongrass,andlowercuttingforwarmseasonlawns.Inautumn,lawnsaremownbyhomemakersatalowerheightandthatchbuild-upthatoccursinwarmseasongrassesareremoved.[11]Homemakersdoaddsandyloamandapplyfertilizer,containingsometypeofwettingagent.Coolseasonlawnsareplantedintheautumnwithadequaterainfall.Lawncareinthewinterisminimal,requiringonlylightfeedingsoforganicmaterial,suchasgreen-wastecompost,andmineralstoencourageearthwormsandbeneficialmicrobes. Management[edit] Householdmanagementbythehomemakeristheactofoverseeingtheorganizational,financial,andday-to-dayoperationsofahouseorestate.Itdiffersfromhousekeeping,whichconsistsofthephysicalmaintenanceandcleaningofahouse. Houseorganization[edit] Houseorganizationorhomeorganizationincludesinteriordesigntomakethehomeaestheticallypleasingbyarrangingfurniture,plants,blinds,andsoforth.De-clutteringmeansremovingunnecessarythingsfromthehouse. De-cluttering[edit] Householdde-clutteringinvolvesputtingthingsintheirproperplaceaftertheyhavebeenused."Cleaningupyourmess"mightinvolveremovingglasses,eatingutensilsorgadgetsi.e.toysfromthelivingroomifyouhaveeatenamealthereinfrontofthetelevision.Ifseveralpeoplehavedonethatoverafewdaysandnotremovedtheirglasses,dishesandutensilsfromthelivingroom,thelivingroomisconsideredtobe"cluttered"withdishes.Thedishesareoutofplacebecausetheybelonginthekitchen,washedandputawayinthecupboards.ThatisthemostcommonexampleofclutterinamodernNorthAmericanhousehold. Thereisanotherdefinitionofclutter,whichreferstohavingsimplytoomanythingsandnotenoughroomforallofit.SometimesashappensinAsianhouseholds,theitemsarenecessary,butthehomeissimplytoosmall,andingeniousmethodsareneededtoorganizeeverythingtominimizeunsightlyclutter.Removingunneededornolongernecessaryobjectsfromahouseholdorhomeisalsoanaspectofde-cluttering.Objectscanbegivenawaytofriendsorcharitableorganizations,soldassecond-hand,recycledorthrownaway. Extremeformsofaninabilitytode-clutterisabehavioralaspectofcompulsivehoarding.Ontheotherend,asocietythatreliesoverlymuchongeneratingandthendisposingofwasteisreferredtoasathrow-awaysociety. Householdpurchasing[edit] Mainarticles:Purchasing,Householdbudget,andShopping Householdpurchasingreferstohomemaker'sattempttoacquiregoodsorservicestoaccomplishthegoalsofthehousehold.Thoughthereareseveralhouseholdsthatattempttosetstandardsinthepurchasingprocess,processescanvarygreatlybetweenhouseholds.Typicallytheword"purchasing"isnotusedinterchangeablywiththeword"procurement",sinceprocurementtypicallyincludesotherconcepts.Homemakersdecidethemarketgoodsthatthehouseholdwillbuy,suchasthegrocerieswhichhavebeenboughtatagrocer's. Anotherimportantpurchasehandledbyhomemakersisthepowersourceusedforappliances.Homeorotherbuildingheatingmayincludeboilers,furnaces,andwaterheaters.Compressednaturalgasisusedinruralhomeswithoutconnectionstopiped-inpublicutilityservices,orwithportablegrills.However,duetobeinglesseconomicalthanLPG,LPG(Propane)isthedominantsourceofruralgasfornaturalgas-poweredrangesand/orovens,naturalgas-heatedclothesdryers,heating/coolingandcentralheating.Theamountofusagesisdeterminedbyfactorssuchasnaturalgasprices. Servants[edit] Mainarticles:Maid,Butler,andDomesticworker Homemakersmaymanagehouseholdworkersor"domesticworkers". Workstrategies[edit] Mainarticles:HouseholdandEmployment Insociology,householdworkstrategyisthedivisionoflabourbetweenmembersofahousehold,whetherimplicitortheresultofexplicitdecision–making,withthealternativesweighedupinasimplifiedtypeofcost-benefitanalysis.[12][13]Itisaplanfortherelativedeploymentofhouseholdmembers'timebetweenthethreedomainsofemployment: inthemarketeconomy,includinghome-basedself-employmentsecondjobs,inordertoobtainmoneytobuygoodsandservicesinthemarket; domesticproductionwork,suchascultivatingavegetablepatchorraisingchickens,purelytosupplyfoodtothehousehold;and domesticconsumptionworktoprovidegoodsandservicesdirectlywithinthehousehold,suchascookingmeals,child–care,householdrepairs,orthemanufactureofclothesandgifts. Householdworkstrategiesmayvaryoverthelife-cycle,ashouseholdmembersage,orwiththeeconomicenvironment;theymaybeimposedbyonepersonorbedecidedcollectively.[14] Householdproduction[edit] "Householdproduction"isaneconomiccategoryforactivitiesincludinghomemaking.Itisdefinedas"theproductionofthegoodsandservicesbythemembersofahousehold,fortheirownconsumption,usingtheirowncapitalandtheirownunpaidlabor.Goodsandservicesproducedbyhouseholdsfortheirownuseincludeaccommodation,meals,cleanclothes,andchildcare.Theprocessofhouseholdproductioninvolvesthetransformationofpurchasedintermediatecommoditiesintofinalconsumptioncommodities.Householdsusetheirowncapitalandtheirownlabor."[15] ThereareeffortstoconstructestimatesofthevalueofhouseholdproductioninawayanalogoustoGDP,thoughthecategoryisnotusuallyincludedinGDP.[16]Goodsandservicescreatedbyhouseholdsaregenerallyconsumedwithinthesamecountry,andhencecontributeina"DomesticConsumption"categoryinnationalaccounts.[17] Wagesforhousework[edit] TheInternationalWagesforHouseworkCampaignwasaglobal,socialmovementco-foundedin1972inPadua,Italy,byauthorandactivistSelmaJames.TheCampaignwasformedtoraiseawarenessofhowhouseworkandchildcarearethebaseofallindustrialworkandtostaketheclaimthattheseunavoidabletasksshouldbecompensatedaspaid,wagelabor.[18]ThedemandsfortheWagesforHouseworkformallycalledforeconomiccompensationfordomesticworkbutalsousedthesedemandstomoregenerallycallattentiontotheaffectivelaborsofwomen,therelianceofcapitalisteconomiesonexploitativelaborpracticesagainstwomen,andleisureinequality.[19] Effectsoftechnologyandadvertising[edit] Manyhomeapplianceshavebeeninventedthatmakehouseworkfasterormoreeffectivecomparedtobeforetheindustrialrevolution.Theseinclude: Washingmachine Clothesdryer Dishwasher Sewingmachine Vacuumcleaner Smallelectricsliketheelectricmixer,blender,toaster,andcoffeemaker Microwaveoven Refrigerator,reducingthenumberofgrocerytripsortheamountoffoodpreservationworktodo Utilitiescanpotentiallyeliminateworklikegatheringandchoppingfirewood,shovellingcoal,fetchingwaterfromoutdoors,andheatingcoldtapwater. HistorianRuthSchwartzCowanestimatedthathomemakersinthe1800sperformedabout50–60hoursofworkperweek,andthatthisisthesameasthe1990s.Shesaysthat,ratherthanreducingtheamountoftimedevotedtohousework,labor-savingdeviceshavebeenusedtomakethesameamountoftimedomorework,suchasbyvacuumingaruginsteadofsweepingit,orwashingfabricsmorefrequently.Modernparentsalsomorefrequentlytransporttheirchildrentoafter-schoolactivities,anddoctorsnolongermakehousecalls.[20] Seealso[edit] Housingportal Handyman Scientificmanagement References[edit] ^"homemaker-definitionofhomemakerbyTheFreeDictionary".Thefreedictionary.com.Retrieved2015-07-02. ^abSwan,AnnieS.(2011-04-25).CourtshipandMarriage,andtheGentleArtofHome-Making. ^"HomeEconomicsArchive:Research,Tradition,History".hearth.library.cornell.edu.Retrieved2019-04-16. ^Piña,DarleneL.;Bengtson,VernL.(1993)."TheDivisionofHouseholdLaborandWives'Happiness:Ideology,Employment,andPerceptionsofSupport".JournalofMarriageandFamily.55(4):901–912.doi:10.2307/352771.ISSN 0022-2445.JSTOR 352771. ^abKawamura,Sayaka;Brown,SusanL.(November2010)."Matteringandwives'perceivedfairnessofthedivisionofhouseholdlabor".SocialScienceResearch.39(6):976–986.doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.04.004. ^"AmericanTimeUseSurveySummary".www.bls.gov.Retrieved2019-07-12. ^Geiger,A.W.(30November2016)."Sharingchoresakeytogoodmarriage,saymajorityofmarriedadults".PewResearchCenter.Retrieved12July2019. ^Gove,Philipetal.1961.Webster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageUnabridged.Springfield,Massachusetts:G&CMerriamCompany ^Ansley,Clarketal.1935.TheColumbiaEncyclopediainOneVolume.MorningsideHeights,NY:ColumbiaUniversityPress. ^Smallin,Donna.2006.CleaningPlain&Simple.StoreyPublishing,NorthAdams,MA. ^Lawnexpertsaredividedintheiropinionsonthis. ^[1]ArchivedDecember4,2008,attheWaybackMachine ^DivisionsofLabourRayPahl(1984) ^"Householdworkstrategy".Encyclopedia.com.Retrieved2015-07-02. ^Ironmonger,D.(2000-02-02)."HouseholdProductionandtheHouseholdEconomy".Ideas.repec.org.Retrieved2015-07-02. ^U.S.BureauofEconomicAnalysis.Whyisn'thouseholdproductionincludedinGDP?,bea.gov,April2018 ^"DomesticConsumption".Dictionary.cambridge.org.Retrieved2015-07-02. ^James,Selma(2008)."IsTransformationPossible?TheySayWeCan't.WeMust".OffOurBacks.OffOurBacks.Inc.38(1):42.JSTOR 20838923. ^"MoreSmiles?MoreMoney".nplusonemag.com.2013-07-25.Retrieved2015-07-02. ^"No.1088:Housework".Uh.edu.2004-08-01.Retrieved2016-07-07. Sources[edit] Lopata,H.Z.(1994).Circlesandsettings:RolechangesofAmericanwomen.SUNYseriesingenderandsociety.Albany:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress."Homemaker"Page137+. Arnold,E.(1993).VoicesofAmericanhomemakers.Bloomington:IndianaUniversityPress. Goldstein,CarolynM.CreatingConsumers:HomeEconomistsinTwentieth-CenturyAmericaUnivofNorthCarolinaPress,2012.ISBN 9780807872383 Harvey,L.S.(1920).Foodfactsforthehome-maker.Boston:HoughtonMifflincompany. Frederick,C.(1919).Householdengineering;Scientificmanagementinthehome.Chicago:Americanschoolofhomeeconomics. Snedden,D.(1919).Vocationalhomemakingeducation:Someproblemsandproposals.NewYorkCity:TeachersCollege,ColumbiaUniversity. Kinne,H.,&Cooley,A.M.(1914).Shelterandclothing:Atextbookofthehouseholdarts.NewYork:Macmillan. Furtherreading[edit] "FriendlyVisitingAmongthePoor";byMaryEllenRichmond."TheHomemaker",Pages64ff. 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