Cancer cell - Wikipedia

Cancer cells are cells that divide continually, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cell division is a normal process used by ... Cancercell FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Tumorcell Thisarticleisaboutcancercells.Forthescientificjournal,seeCancerCell(journal). Cancercellsarecellsthatdividecontinually,formingsolidtumorsorfloodingthebloodwithabnormalcells.Celldivisionisanormalprocessusedbythebodyforgrowthandrepair.Aparentcelldividestoformtwodaughtercells,andthesedaughtercellsareusedtobuildnewtissueortoreplacecellsthathavediedbecauseofagingordamage.Healthycellsstopdividingwhenthereisnolongeraneedformoredaughtercells,butcancercellscontinuetoproducecopies.Theyarealsoabletospreadfromonepartofthebodytoanotherinaprocessknownasmetastasis.[1] Breastcancercells Contents 1Classification 2Histology 2.1Nucleus 3Causes 4Pathology 5Discovery 6Telomerase 7Cancerstemcellsanddrugresistance 8Treatment 9Seealso 10References 11Externallinks Classification[edit] Therearedifferentcategoriesofcancercell,definedaccordingtothecelltypefromwhichtheyoriginate.[2] Carcinoma,themajorityofcancercellsareepithelialinorigin,beginninginatissuethatlinestheinneroroutersurfacesofthebody. Leukaemia,originateinthetissuesresponsibleforproducingnewbloodcells,mostcommonlyinthebonemarrow. Lymphomaandmyeloma,derivedfromcellsoftheimmunesystem. Sarcoma,originatinginconnectivetissue,includingfat,muscleandbone. Centralnervoussystem,derivedfromcellsofthebrainandspinalcord. Mesothelioma,originatinginthemesothelium;theliningofbodycavities. Carcinoma Leukaemia Lymphoma Myeloma Sarcoma Mesothelioma Histology[edit] Histologicalfeaturesofnormalcellsandcancercells Cancercellshavedistinguishinghistologicalfeaturesvisibleunderthemicroscope.Thenucleusisoftenlargeandirregular,andthecytoplasmmayalsodisplayabnormalities.[3] Nucleus[edit] Theshape,size,proteincomposition,andtextureofthenucleusareoftenalteredinmalignantcells.Thenucleusmayacquiregrooves,foldsorindentations,chromatinmayaggregateordisperse,andthenucleoluscanbecomeenlarged.Innormalcells,thenucleusisoftenroundorsolidinshape,butincancercellstheoutlineisoftenirregular.Differentcombinationsofabnormalitiesarecharacteristicofdifferentcancertypes,totheextentthatnuclearappearancecanbeusedasamarkerincancerdiagnosticsandstaging.[4] Causes[edit] Lifecycleofacancercell. Mainarticle:CarcinogenesisCancercellsarecreatedwhenthegenesresponsibleforregulatingcelldivisionaredamaged.Carcinogenesisiscausedbymutationandepimutationofthegeneticmaterialofnormalcells,whichupsetsthenormalbalancebetweenproliferationandcelldeath.Thisresultsinuncontrolledcelldivisioninthebody.Theuncontrolledandoftenrapidproliferationofcellscanleadtobenignormalignanttumours(cancer).Benigntumorsdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebodyorinvadeothertissues.Malignanttumorscaninvadeotherorgans,spreadtodistantlocations(metastasis)andbecomelife-threatening. Morethanonemutationisnecessaryforcarcinogenesis.Infact,aseriesofseveralmutationstocertainclassesofgenesisusuallyrequiredbeforeanormalcellwilltransformintoacancercell.[5] DamagetoDNAcanbecausedbyexposuretoradiation,chemicals,andotherenvironmentalsources,butmutationsalsoaccumulatenaturallyovertimethroughuncorrectederrorsinDNAtranscription,makingageanotherriskfactor.Oncovirusescancausecertaintypesofcancer,andgeneticsarealsoknowntoplayarole.[6] StemcellresearchsuggeststhatexcessSP2proteinmayturnstemcellsintocancercells.[7]However,alackofparticularco-stimulatedmoleculesthataidinthewayantigensreactwithlymphocytescanimpairthenaturalkillercells'function,ultimatelyleadingtocancer.[8][failedverification] Pathology[edit] Cellsplayingrolesintheimmunesystem,suchasT-cells,arethoughttouseadualreceptorsystemwhentheydeterminewhetherornottokillsickordamagedhumancells.Ifacellisunderstress,turningintotumors,orinfected,moleculesincludingMIC-AandMIC-Bareproducedsothattheycanattachtothesurfaceofthecell.[8]Theseworktohelpmacrophagesdetectandkillcancercells.[9] Discovery[edit] EarlyevidenceofhumancancercanbeinterpretedfromEgyptianpapers(1538BCE)andmummifiedremains.[10]In2016,a1.7millionyearoldosteosarcomawasreportedbyEdwardJohnOdes(adoctoralstudentinAnatomicalSciencesfromWitwatersrandMedicalSchool,SouthAfrica)andcolleagues,representingtheoldestdocumentedmalignanthominincancer.[11] TheunderstandingofcancerwassignificantlyadvancedduringtheRenaissanceperiodandintotheAgeofDiscovery.SirRudolfVirchow,aGermanbiologistandpolitician,studiedmicroscopicpathology,andlinkedhisobservationstoillness.Heisdescribedas"thefounderofcellularpathology".[12]In1845,VirchowandJohnHughesBennettindependentlyobservedabnormalincreaseinwhitebloodcellsinpatients.Virchowcorrectlyidentifiedtheconditionasblooddisease,andnameditleukämiein1847(lateranglicisedtoleukemia).[13][14][15]In1857,hewasthefirsttodescribeatypeoftumourcalledchordomathatoriginatedfromtheclivus(atthebaseoftheskull).[16][17] Telomerase[edit] Cancercellshaveuniquefeaturesthatmakethem"immortal"accordingtosomeresearchers.Theenzymetelomeraseisusedtoextendthecancercell'slifespan.Whilethetelomeresofmostcellsshortenaftereachdivision,eventuallycausingthecelltodie,telomeraseextendsthecell'stelomeres.Thisisamajorreasonthatcancercellscanaccumulateovertime,creatingtumors. Cancerstemcellsanddrugresistance[edit] Adiagramillustratingthedistinctionbetweencancerstemcelltargetedandconventionalcancertherapies Scientistshavediscoveredamoleculeonthesurfaceoftumorsthatappearstopromotedrugresistance—byconvertingthetumorcellsbackintoastemcell-likestate. Whenthetumorcellsbegantoexhibitdrugresistance,thecellsweresimultaneouslytransformingintoastemcell-likestate,whichmadethemimpervioustothedrugs.Itappearedthatthetreatmentitselfwasdrivingthistransformationbyactivatingaspecificmolecularpathway.Luckily,severalexistingdrugs,suchasBortezomibforexample,canattackthispathwayandreversethecellulartransformation,thus‘re-sensitizing’thetumortotreatment.[18][19][20] Treatment[edit] InFebruary2019,medicalscientistsannouncedthatiridiumattachedtoalbumin,creatingaphotosensitizedmolecule,canpenetratecancercellsand,afterbeingirradiatedwithlight(aprocesscalledphotodynamictherapy),destroythecancercells.[21][22] Seealso[edit] Apoptosis BRCA1 Carcinogen Carcinogenesis Epidemiologyofcancer Oncology Tumourheterogeneity References[edit] ^"NationalCancerInstitute:isthiscancer?".2007-09-17.Retrieved1August2016. ^"Histologicaltypesofcancer-CRS-CancerResearchSociety".www.crs-src.ca.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-08-27.Retrieved2016-08-02. ^BabaAT,CâtoiC(2007)."ComparativeOncology".TumorCellMorphology.ThePublishingHouseoftheRomanianAcademy. ^ZinkD,FischerAH,NickersonJA(September2004)."Nuclearstructureincancercells".NatureReviews.Cancer.4(9):677–687.doi:10.1038/nrc1430.PMID 15343274.S2CID 29052588. ^FearonER,VogelsteinB(June1990)."Ageneticmodelforcolorectaltumorigenesis".Cell.61(5):759–767.doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90186-I.PMID 2188735.S2CID 22975880. ^Whatcausescancer? :CancerResearchUK :CancerHelpUK.Cancerhelp.org.uk(2010-07-15).Retrievedon2010-12-01. ^ToomuchSP2proteinturnsstemcellsinto'EVILTWIN'cancercells.Sciencedaily.com(2010-10-27).Retrievedon2010-12-01. ^ab"TheInnateImmuneSystem:NKCells".CommunityCollegeofBaltimoreCounty.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2010-07-27.Retrieved2010-12-01. ^TheAdaptiveImmuneSystem:WaysThatAntibodiesHelptoDefendtheBody-Antibody-DependentCellularCytotoxicity(ADCC)Archived2010-07-27attheWaybackMachine.Student.ccbcmd.edu.Retrievedon2010-12-01. ^DavidAR,ZimmermanMR(October2010)."Cancer:anolddisease,anewdiseaseorsomethinginbetween?".NatureReviews.Cancer.10(10):728–733.doi:10.1038/nrc2914.PMID 20814420.S2CID 10492262. ^OdesEJ,Randolph-QuinneyPS,SteynM,ThrockmortonZ,SmilgJS,ZipfelB,et al.(2016)."Earliesthominincancer:1.7-million-year-oldosteosarcomafromSwartkransCave,SouthAfrica".SouthAfricanJournalofScience.112(7/8).doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471.ISSN 1996-7489.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2016-08-01.Retrieved2016-08-01. ^"Historyofcancer"(PDF).UniversityofBergen.23March1999.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2012-03-14.Retrieved2010-11-30. ^DegosL(2001)."JohnHughesBennett,RudolphVirchow...andAlfredDonné:thefirstdescriptionofleukemia".TheHematologyJournal.2(1):1.doi:10.1038/sj/thj/6200090.PMID 11920227. ^KampenKR(January2012)."Thediscoveryandearlyunderstandingofleukemia".LeukemiaResearch.36(1):6–13.doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2011.09.028.PMID 22033191. ^MukherjeeS(16November2010).TheEmperorofAllMaladies:ABiographyofCancer.SimonandSchuster.ISBN 978-1-4391-0795-9.Retrieved6September2011. ^HirschEF,IngalsM(May1923)."Sacrococcygealchordoma".JAMA:TheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.80(19):1369.doi:10.1001/jama.1923.02640460019007. ^LopesA,RossiBM,SilveiraCR,AlvesAC(1996)."Chordoma:retrospectiveanalysisof24cases".SaoPauloMedicalJournal=RevistaPaulistaDeMedicina.114(6):1312–1316.doi:10.1590/S1516-31801996000600006.PMID 9269106. ^LiY,WangZ,AjaniJA,SongS(February2021)."DrugresistanceandCancerstemcells".CellCommunicationandSignaling :CCS.19(1):19.doi:10.1186/s12964-020-00627-5.PMC 7885480.PMID 33588867. ^HoldenA(23April2014)."TumorCellsBecomeDrugResistantbyRevertingtoaStemCell-LikeState". ^SeguinL,KatoS,FranovicA,CamargoMF,LesperanceJ,ElliottKC,et al.(May2014)."Anintegrinβ₃-KRAS-RalBcomplexdrivestumourstemnessandresistancetoEGFRinhibition".NatureCellBiology.16(5):457–468.doi:10.1038/ncb2953.PMC 4105198.PMID 24747441. ^UniversityofWarwick(3February2019)."Simplyshininglightondinosaurmetalcompoundkillscancercells".EurekAlert!.Retrieved3February2019. ^ZhangP,HuangH,BanerjeeS,ClarksonGJ,GeC,ImbertiC,SadlerPJ(February2019)."Nucleus-TargetedOrganoiridium-AlbuminConjugateforPhotodynamicCancerTherapy".AngewandteChemie.58(8):2350–2354.doi:10.1002/anie.201813002.PMC 6468315.PMID 30552796. Externallinks[edit] BCGstrainS4-Jena:AnearlyBCGstrainiscapabletoreducetheproliferationofbladdercancercellsbyinductionofapoptosis.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.Retrievedon2010-12-01. TheHistoryofCancer.Cancer.org.Retrievedon2010-12-01 vteOverviewoftumors,cancerandoncologyConditionsBenigntumors Hyperplasia Cyst Pseudocyst Hamartoma Malignantprogression Dysplasia Carcinomainsitu Cancer Metastasis Primarytumor Sentinellymphnode Topography Headandneck(oral,nasopharyngeal) Digestivesystem Respiratorysystem Bone Skin Blood Urogenital Nervoussystem Endocrinesystem Histology Carcinoma Sarcoma Blastoma Papilloma Adenoma Other Precancerouscondition Paraneoplasticsyndrome Staging/grading TNM AnnArbor Prostatecancerstaging Gleasongradingsystem Dukesclassification Carcinogenesis Cancercell Carcinogen Tumorsuppressorgenes/oncogenes Clonallytransmissiblecancer Oncovirus Carcinogenicbacteria Misc. Research Indexofoncologyarticles History Cancerpain Cancerandnausea Diet vteSelf-replicatingorganicstructuresCellularlife Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista Incertaesedis Parakaryonmyojinensis Biologicaldarkmatter Virus dsDNAvirus Giantvirus ssDNAvirus dsRNAvirus (+)ssRNAvirus (−)ssRNAvirus ssRNA-RTvirus dsDNA-RTvirus SubviralagentsViroid Pospiviroidae Avsunviroidae Helper-virusdependentSatellite ssRNAsatellitevirus dsDNAsatellitevirus(Virophage) ssDNAsatellitevirus ssDNAsatellite dsRNAsatellite ssRNAsatellite(Virusoid) Satellite-likenucleicacids RNA DNA Other Defectiveinterferingparticle RNA DNA Prion Mammalianprion Fungalprion Nucleicacidself-replicationMobilegeneticelements Mobilome Horizontalgenetransfer Genomicisland Transposableelement ClassIorretrotransposon ClassIIorDNAtransposon Plasmid Fertility Resistance Col Degradative Virulence/Ti Cryptic Cosmid Fosmid Phagemid GroupIintron GroupIIintron Retrozyme Otheraspects DNAreplication RNAreplication Chromosome Linear Circular ExtrachromosomalDNA Secondarychromosome Genome Gene Geneduplication Non-codingDNA Originofreplication Replicon Endogenousviralelement Provirus Prophage Endogenousretrovirus Transpoviron RepeatedsequencesinDNA Tandemrepeat Interspersedrepeat Endosymbiosis Mitochondrion Mitosome Hydrogenosome Plastid Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Apicoplast Kappaorganism Organs Bacteriome Trophosome Abiogenesis Lastuniversalcommonancestor Earliestknownlifeforms ?RNAlife Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Modellipidbilayer Jeewanu Seealso Organism Cell Celldivision Artificialcell Non-cellularlife Syntheticvirus Viralvector Helperdependentvirus ?Nanobacterium ?Nanobe Cancercell HeLa Clonallytransmissiblecancer vteLife,non-cellularlife,andcomparablestructuresLife Archaea Bacteria Mitochondrion Plastid Eukaryota Animalia Fungi Plantae 'Protista' Parakaryon Nanobacterium(?) Non-cellularlifeVirusIncl.:viroids,satellites,virophages,virusoidsRealms Adnaviria Duplodnaviria Monodnaviria Riboviria Ribozyviria Varidnaviria UnassignedclassesNaldaviricetesUnassignedfamilies Alphasatellitidae Ampullaviridae Anelloviridae Avsunviroidae Bicaudaviridae Clavaviridae Finnlakeviridae Fuselloviridae Globuloviridae Guttaviridae Halspiviridae Ovaliviridae Plasmaviridae Polydnaviridae Portogloboviridae Pospiviroidae Spiraviridae Thaspiviridae Tolecusatellitidae Unassignedgenera Dinodnavirus Rhizidiovirus Other Nanobe(?) Comparablestructures Biologicaldarkmatter Bio-likestructure Cancercell HeLa Clonallytransmissiblecancer Cosmid Defectiveinterferingparticle Earliestknownlifeforms LUCA Endogenousviralelement Fosmid Integrativeandconjugativeelement Phagemid Plasmid Prion Fungalprion Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Modellipidbilayer Jeewanu Sulphobe Retroelementsnotelsewhereclassified Retron Diversity-generatingretroelement Telomerasereversetranscriptase Reversetranscriptase-relatedcellulargene Ribozyme Spiegelman'sMonster Tandemrepeat Transposableelement Retroposon Transpoviron Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries France(data) UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cancer_cell&oldid=1079178390" Categories:CarcinogenesisHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataAllarticleswithfailedverificationArticleswithfailedverificationfromMay2015ArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةBosanskiEestiEspañolفارسیFrançais한국어LatinaLietuviųOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаPolskiРусскийSlovenščinaSuomiSvenskaTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt粵語中文 Editlinks