Third-hand smoke - Wikipedia

Third-hand smoke is contamination by tobacco smoke that lingers following the extinguishing of a cigarette, cigar, or other combustible tobacco product. Third-handsmoke FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Airpollutantsthatlingerinanenvironmentaftersmokingstops Thisarticle'sleadsectionmaybetooshorttoadequatelysummarizethekeypoints.Pleaseconsiderexpandingtheleadtoprovideanaccessibleoverviewofallimportantaspectsofthearticle.(July2021) Third-handsmokeiscontaminationbytobaccosmokethatlingersfollowingtheextinguishingofacigarette,cigar,orothercombustibletobaccoproduct.[1]First-handsmokereferstowhatisinhaledintothesmoker'sownlungs,whilesecond-handsmokeisamixtureofexhaledsmokeandothersubstancesleavingthesmolderingendofthecigarettethatenterstheatmosphereandcanbeinhaledbyothers.Third-handsmokeor"THS"isaneologismcoinedbyaresearchteamfromtheDana–Farber/HarvardCancerCenter,where"third-hand"isareferencetothesmokingresidueonsurfacesafter"second-handsmoke"hasclearedout. Contents 1Exposureandhealtheffects 2Chemicalcompositionandreservoirs 3Biomarkersofdisease 4Publicawarenessandsolutions 5References Exposureandhealtheffects[edit] HumanscanbeexposedtoTHSthroughinhalation,skincontact,oringestion.ManycommonsurfacescanaccumulateTHScompounds,includingfurnishings,wallsandflooring,andclothes.THSisthoughttopotentiallycausethegreatestharmtoinfantsandyoungchildrenbecauseyoungerchildrenaremorelikelytoputtheirhandsintheirmouthsorbecuddleduptoasmokerwithtoxinsontheirskinandclothes.[2]Infantsalsocrawlonthefloorandeatfromtheirhandswithoutwashingthemfirst,ingestingthetoxinsintotheirstilldevelopingsystems.[3] AccordingtoastudyconductedbyNorthrup,22%ofinfantsandchildrenareexposedtoSHS/THSintheirhomeseachyear,comprisingamajorproportionofthe126millionnonsmokersexposedtoharmfultobaccoproductsannually.[4] Thoughresearchislimited,therearemanyharmfulhealtheffectsthathavebeenlinkedtoTHSexposure.THShasthepotentialtoimpairwoundhealingbyalteringthebody’snaturalanti-inflammatoryresponse,remodelrespiratorystructureduetoincreasedcollagendepositsinairways,andcausepermanentdamagetoDNA.Otherhealtheffectsincludeasthma,increasedcoughmorbidity,andotherrespiratoryconditions.[5]IfpregnantmothersareexposedtoTHS,itcanslowfetallungdevelopmentinthethirdtrimester.Inchildren,THSexposurehasalsobeenlinkedtosuddeninfantdeathsyndrome(SIDS)asapotentialcausefactor,[6]andhasalsobeenlinkedtocognitiveandmemorydeficitsingrowingchildren.[7]Whetherornottheselargelytheoreticalrelationshipsareactuallycausalinhumansatrealisticexposurelevelsremainstobeseen. Third-handsmokehasalsobeentestedinvariouscellassays.THSexposurebycellshavebeenshowntoleadtotheobservationofDNAstrandbreaks,inhibitionofproliferation,andcelldeath.Acroleinhasshowntobeaparticularlypotentthird-handsmokegas.[8] Chemicalcompositionandreservoirs[edit] Third-handsmokeanditscomponentshavebeendetectedinavarietyofindoorenvironments.Thepossibilityofnitrosamineformationonvehicularsurfaceswasidentifiedviathesprayingof"highbutreasonable"levelsofnitrousacid(about4–12timesthelevelstypicallyfoundinhomes)ontocellulosesubstratesandwipingsurfacesinavehiclethathadexperiencedheavysmoking.[2]Similarresultswerefoundwhencellulosesubstrateswerekept(withoutwiping)inthesamevehicleforthreedayswhensmokingoccurred.[2]Additionally,thepersistenceofvariousthird-handsmokecomponentswasquantifiedonwool,cotton,andpolyesterfibers[9]withTHSthemostpersistentonwoolandleastpersistentonpolyester.WashingclothingwithdetergentwasfoundtoremovesomeTHS,thoughasubstantialamountremainedafterstandardlaundering.[9] Becauseofthegrowingresolvingpowerandimproveddetectionlimitsofanalyticalinstruments,studieshavebeenabletodemonstratethetransportofTHSintootherspacesviavariousmedia.Forinstance,third-handsmokesignatureshavebeendetectedinparticles,whichcaneffectivelytransportsuchcompoundsbetweenindoorandoutdoorair.[10][11]Additionally,bothgas-phaseandaerosol-phasecompoundslinkedtothird-handsmokeweredetectedandquantifiedinanon-smokingmovietheater,possiblyviamoviegoers'clothesandbreath.[12] Environmentaltobaccosmokecanoxidizewithenvironmentalnitrousacidtocreatecarcinogenictobacco-specificnitrosamines(TSNAs).[2]OneTSNA,called4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone(alsoknownasnicotine-derivednitrosamineketone,orNNK),isapotentlung-specificcarcinogenubiquitousintobaccosmokeandsmokers'homes,andhasbeendetectedonclothingfibers,dust,andintheair.[9][13]Nitrosamines,alongwithothertobaccosmokechemicalsthatdepositedonsurfacesorcompoundsthatformedasaresultofsurface-phasereactions,canbeamajorsourceoftoxicity,especiallyforinfants.Infantscanbeparticularlyadverselyaffectedgiventheirfrequentcloseproximitytohouseholdsurfacesandtheirpropensitytoingestthird-handsmokeresiduefromsurfacesanddust.[2] Biomarkersofdisease[edit] Itisimportanttoacknowledgethebiomarkersofthird-handsmokebecausetheyindicatetheseverityandpresenceofdisease.Inarecentstudyinvolvingmice,biomarkersofTHSwerediscoveredafterfourweeksofinitialexposureatequivalentlevelstothosefoundinhomesofsmokers.Researchersusedasystemthatmimickedthatoftheexposuretohumansandsoughtoutbiomarkersfoundinserum,liver,andbraintissuesinthemice.ThemicewerethenexposedtoTHSatvaryingmonthsandatasearlyasonemonth,theybegantoshowsignsofincreasedcirculatinginflammatorycytokines,tumornecrosisfactor,granulocytemacrophagecolonystimulatingfactor,andanincreaseinthestresshormoneepinephrine.[14]DamagefromTHSexposurecontinuedaftertwo,four,andsixmonths.Suchdamagesincludedoxidativestressandmoleculardamage.Someofthemicealsobecamehyperglycemicandhyperinsulinimic,whichcouldmeanthatinsulinresistancecouldbeaconsequenceoflong-termexposure.[14]ThisstudyimpliesthatincreasedexposuretimetoTHScanhavedramaticeffects.AdditionalstudieswithhumansubjectsarestillneededtofullyunderstandtheimplicationsofTHS. Publicawarenessandsolutions[edit] Third-handsmokeisarelativelynewlypostulatedconcept,andpublicawarenessofitislowerthanthatofsecond-handsmoke.A2013studywithsixfocusgroupsinmetroandruralGeorgia(USA)askedparticipantswhethertheyhadheardofTHS,mostoftheparticipantshadnotheardaboutitanddidnotknowwhatthird-handsmokewas.[15]ResearchonTHSisgrowing,butdoesnotcomparetothe40yearsofresearchontheeffectsofsecond-handsmoke.Yet,itisestimatedthat5%-60%ofsecond-handsmoke-relatedharmmayactuallybeattributabletothird-handsmokeexposure.[4]THSposessuchariskbecauseitsexposurecanlingermuchlongerthansecond-handsmoke.Third-handsmoke-contaminatedsurfaceslikecarpet,walls,andcarinteriorsarealsoespeciallyhardtocleanwhereassecond-handsmokecanberemovedwithventilation.[4] SmokingratesintheUnitedStateshavefallenconsiderablyfromahighof42.4%in1965toaround17.8%in2016.Butthedownwardtrendisslowinganditisestimatedthat23%to42%ofadultsinAmericawithloweducationorlivinginpovertystillsmoke.Thisexposesmillionsofnonsmokers,manyofwhicharechildren.[4] AwarenesscampaignsforTHSaresteadilygrowinginnumberandprimarilyfocusonthehealthrisksforyoungchildren.A2014studypublishedinPediatricsdemonstratedthatparentsaremorelikelytoattempttoquitsmokingiftheybecomeconvincedthatthird-handsmokeisharmfultochildrenandaremorelikelytohavesmoke-freehomeandcarpoliciesiftheyareawareofthedangersofthird-handsmoke.Itwasrecommendedforparentstosafeguardtheirchildrenbyensuringtheyhaveasmoke-freezone.Onesuchwayrecommendedforsmokerstoprotectfamily,friendsandothersisbysmokingoutsideandshoweringandchangingclothesbeforecomingintocontactwithothers.[16]However,researchhasshownthatparentswhoareheavysmokers(>10cigarettesperday)arelesslikelytobelievethatthird-handsmokeisharmfultochildren.[17]Third-handsmokeisoneoftheissuespromotingindoorsmokingbans,especiallysupportedbyperformerssuchasmusicians,whoareforcedtobringthird-handsmokecontaminationintotheirhomesthroughcontaminatedinstrumentsandcases. References[edit] ^Prokhorov,AlexanderV;Calabro,KarenS;Tamí-Maury,Irene(2016)."NicotineandTobaccoUsePreventionamongYouthandFamilies".SeminarsinOncologyNursing.32(3):197–205.doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2016.05.003.PMID 27539276. ^abcdeSleiman,M;Gundel,L.A;Pankow,J.F;Jacob,P;Singer,B.C;Destaillats,H(2010)."Formationofcarcinogensindoorsbysurface-mediatedreactionsofnicotinewithnitrousacid,leadingtopotentialthirdhandsmokehazards".ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.107(15):6576–81.Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.6576S.doi:10.1073/pnas.0912820107.PMC 2872399.PMID 20142504. ^Matt,GeorgE;Quintana,PenelopeJ.E;Destaillats,Hugo;Gundel,LaraA;Sleiman,Mohamad;Singer,BrettC;Jacob,Peyton;Benowitz,Neal;Winickoff,JonathanP;Rehan,Virender;Talbot,Prue;Schick,Suzaynn;Samet,Jonathan;Wang,Yinsheng;Hang,Bo;Martins-Green,Manuela;Pankow,JamesF;Hovell,MelbourneF(2011)."ThirdhandTobaccoSmoke:EmergingEvidenceandArgumentsforaMultidisciplinaryResearchAgenda".EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives.119(9):1218–26.doi:10.1289/ehp.1103500.PMC 3230406.PMID 21628107. ^abcdNorthrup,ThomasF;Jacob,Peyton;Benowitz,NealL;Hoh,Eunha;Quintana,PenelopeJ.E;Hovell,MelbourneF;Matt,GeorgE;Stotts,AngelaL(2016)."ThirdhandSmoke:StateoftheScienceandaCallforPolicyExpansion".PublicHealthReports.131(2):233–8.doi:10.1177/003335491613100206.PMC 4765971.PMID 26957657. ^Dhall,S;Alamat,R;Castro,A;Sarker,A.H;Mao,J.-H;Chan,A;Hang,B;Martins-Green,M(2016)."Tobaccotoxinsdepositedonsurfaces(thirdhandsmoke)impairwoundhealing".ClinicalScience.130(14):1269–84.doi:10.1042/CS20160236.PMID 27129193. ^Rosen,LauraJ.;Noach,MichalBen;Winickoff,JonathanP.;Hovell,MelF.(2012-01-01)."ParentalSmokingCessationtoProtectYoungChildren:ASystematicReviewandMeta-analysis".Pediatrics.129(1):141–152.doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3209.ISSN 0031-4005.PMID 22201152.S2CID 7600779–viaAAPNews&JournalsGateway. ^Ferrante,G;Simoni,M;Cibella,F;Ferrara,F;Liotta,G;Malizia,V;Corsello,G;Viegi,G;LaGrutta,S(2015)."Third-handsmokeexposureandhealthhazardsinchildren"(PDF).MonaldiArchivesforChestDisease.79(1):38–43.doi:10.4081/monaldi.2013.108.PMID 23741945. ^Bahl,V.;Weng,N.J.-H.;Schick,S.F.;Sleiman,M.;Whitehead,J.;Ibarra,A.;Talbot,P.(2016)."CytotoxicityofThirdhandSmokeandIdentificationofAcroleinasaVolatileThirdhandSmokeChemicalThatInhibitsCellProliferation".ToxicologicalSciences.doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfv327.RetrievedDecember28,2021. ^abcCheng,Chi-Yung;Huang,Shih-Shen;Yang,Chia-Min;Tang,Kea-Tiong;Yao,Da-Jeng(2016)."Detectionofthird-handsmokeonclothingfiberswithasurfaceacousticwavegassensor".Biomicrofluidics.10(1):011907.doi:10.1063/1.4939941.PMC 4752521.PMID 26909119. ^DeCarlo,P.F.;Avery,A.M.;Waring,M.S.(2018)."Thirdhandsmokeuptaketoaerosolparticlesintheindoorenvironment".ScienceAdvances.doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap8368.RetrievedDecember28,2021. ^Collins,D.B.;Wang,C.;Abbatt,J.P.D.(2018)."Selectiveuptakeofthird-handtobaccosmokecomponentstoinorganicandorganicaerosolparticles".EnvironmentalScience&Technology.doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b03880.RetrievedDecember28,2021. ^Sheu,R.;Stonner,C.;Ditto,J.C.;Klupfel,T.;Williams,Jonathan;Gentner,D.R.(2020)."Humantransportofthirdhandtobaccosmoke:Aprominentsourceofhazardousairpollutantsintoindoornonsmokingenvironments".ScienceAdvances.doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay4109.RetrievedDecember28,2021. ^Matt,G.E.;Quintana,P.J.E.;Zakarian,J.M.;Fortmann,A.L.;Chatfield,D.A.;Hoh,E.;Uribe,A.M.;Hovell,M.F.(2010)."Whensmokersmoveoutandnon-smokersmovein:residentialthirdhandsmokepollutionandexposure".BMJTobaccoControl.doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037382.RetrievedDecember28,2021. ^abAdhami,Neema;Chen,Yuxin;Martins-Green,Manuela(2017)."Biomarkersofdiseasecanbedetectedinmiceasearlyas4weeksafterinitiationofexposuretothird-handsmokelevelsequivalenttothosefoundinhomesofsmokers".ClinicalScience.131(19):2409–2426.doi:10.1042/CS20171053.PMID 28912356. ^Escoffery,C;Bundy,L;Carvalho,M;Yembra,D;Haardorfer,R;Berg,C;Kegler,M.C(2013)."Third-handsmokeasapotentialinterventionmessageforpromotingsmoke-freehomesinlow-incomecommunities".HealthEducationResearch.28(5):923–30.doi:10.1093/her/cyt056.PMC 3772331.PMID 23669213. ^Drehmer,J.E;Ossip,D.J;Nabi-Burza,E;Rigotti,N.A;Hipple,B;Woo,H;Chang,Y;Winickoff,J.P(2014)."ThirdhandSmokeBeliefsofParents".Pediatrics.133(4):e850–6.doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3392.PMC 3966506.PMID 24590745. ^Drehmer,JeremyE;Ossip,DeborahJ;Rigotti,NancyA;Nabi-Burza,Emara;Woo,Heide;Wasserman,RichardC;Chang,Yuchiao;Winickoff,JonathanP(2012)."PediatricianInterventionsandThirdhandSmokeBeliefsofParents".AmericanJournalofPreventiveMedicine.43(5):533–6.doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.07.020.PMC 3486922.PMID 23079177. vteSmokingCountryandregionAfrica Egypt Nigeria SouthAfrica Asia Afghanistan EastTimor HongKong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Korea North South Macau MainlandChina Malaysia NewZealand Tokelau Pakistan Philippines SaudiArabia Singapore Syria Taiwan Turkey Vietnam Australia Australia Europe Albania Armenia Croatia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Norway Sweden Turkey UnitedKingdom SouthAmerica Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador Uruguay NorthAmerica Canada UnitedStates Religion SmokinginJewishlaw Islamicviewsontobacco Tobaccofatwa Ceremonialpipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipebag Health Healtheffectsoftobacco(Nicotinepoisoning Nicotinewithdrawal) Passivesmoking 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