Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 - Wikipedia

Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 ; 6 cars per trainset. DT–M1–M2–M2–M1–DT · 1920 passengers 372 seats (initial design) 208 seats (after refurbishment) · SMRT Trains ... KawasakiHeavyIndustriesC151 FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch ClassofelectricmultipleunitsinSingapore KawasakiHeavyIndustries(KHI)C151 AKawasakiC151trainbeforerefurbishmentArefurbishedKawasakiC151trainInteriorofaKawasakiC151beforerefurbishmentInteriorofarefurbishedKawasakiC151Inservice7 November1987;34yearsago (1987-11-07)–PresentManufacturerKawasakiHeavyIndustries(withNipponSharyo,TokyuCar,andKinkiSharyo)[1]BuiltatKobe,Japan[2]Constructed1986–1989Enteredservice7 November1987;34yearsago (1987-11-07)RefurbishedHyundaiRotem(withMitsui,dULexBuildandRMTransitTechnology)[3]2006 –2008Numberbuilt396Vehicles(66Sets)Numberinservice366Vehicles(61Sets)SuccessorAlstomMoviaCR151Formation6carspertrainsetDT–M1–M2–M2–M1–DTCapacity1920passengers372seats(initialdesign)208seats(afterrefurbishment)Operator(s)SMRTTrains(SMRTCorporation)Depot(s)BishanUluPandanTuasChangiLine(s)served NSL NorthSouthLine EWL EastWestLineSpecificationsCarbodyconstructionAluminium-alloydouble-skinnedconstruction[2]Trainlength138.5 m(454 ft4+3⁄4 in)Carlength23.65 m(77 ft7 in)(DT)22.8 m(74 ft10 in)(M)Width3.2 m(10 ft6 in)Height3.69 m(12 ft1+1⁄4 in)Doors1,450 mm(57+1⁄16 in),8percarMaximumspeed90 km/h(56 mph)(design)80 km/h(50 mph)(service)Weight217 t(214longtons;239shorttons)(DT)38.3 t(37.7longtons;42.2shorttons)(M1)38.4 t(37.8longtons;42.3shorttons)(M2)TractionsystemOriginal:4-quadrant/GTOchoppercontrol(MitsubishiElectric)[4]Upgraded:IGBT–VVVF(Toshiba)[a]TractionmotorsOriginal:16×145 kW(194 hp)2-phaseDCshunt-woundmotor(MitsubishiElectric)375V430A2050rpm(1hourrating)Upgraded:Permanent-magnetsynchronousmotor(Toshiba)[a]Poweroutput2.32 MW(3,111 hp)TransmissionWestinghouse-Natal(WN)drive;Gearratio:6.57 :1Acceleration1.0 m/s2(2.2 mph/s)Deceleration1.0 m/s2(2.2 mph/s)(service)1.3 m/s2(2.9 mph/s)(emergency)Electricsystem(s)750VDCthirdrailCurrentcollector(s)CollectorshoeUICclassification2′2′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′BogiesH-frameBolsterless(Siemens)[1][2]Brakingsystem(s)Electro-pneumatic,regenerativeandrheostatic(WestinghouseBrake&Signal)[2][6]Safetysystem(s)Original:WestinghouseBrake&SignalCompanyFS2000ATPfixedblockATCunderATOGoA2(STO),withsubsystemsofATPandATS[7]Current:ThalesSelTrac®movingblockCBTCATCunderATOGoA3(DTO),withsubsystemsofATP,NetTracATSandCBI[8][9]CouplingsystemScharfenberg[1][2]Trackgauge1,435 mm(4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standardgauge TheKawasakiHeavyIndustriesC151isthefirstgenerationelectricmultipleunit(EMU)rollingstockinoperationontheNorthSouthandEastWestlinesofSingapore'sMassRapidTransit(MRT)system,manufacturedbyaconsortiumledbyKawasakiHeavyIndustries(KHI)underContract151.Theywerefirstintroducedin1987andaretheoldesttrainsinoperationonthenetwork. Sixty-sixtrainsetsconsistingofsixcarseachandasinglemoneytrainsetconsistingoffourcarswerecontractedin1984.Theyweremanufacturedfrom1986to1989inbatchesbyaJapaneseconsortiumconsistingofthenamesakeKawasakiHeavyIndustries,NipponSharyo,TokyuCarCorpandKinkiSharyofollowingaroundofintensecompetitivebiddingbyinternationalrollingstockmanufacturers. Thetrainsunderwentatwo-yearmid-lifeinteriorrefurbishmentprogrammebyHyundaiRotem.Afterthe2011majortraindisruptionson15and17December2011,furtherplanstoupgradeitsmechanicalcomponentstoincreaseitsreliabilityweremade.Thefirsttrainsettoreceivethisupgrade,whichincludedareplacementtractionsystemtoPMSM,enteredserviceinJuly2015. TheCR151trainswillgraduallyreplaceallofthefirst-generationC151trainsfrom2022,withthelattertobeentirelysupersededby2026. Contents 1Operationalhistory 1.1Tenderingprocess 1.2Initialconstruction 1.3Firstrefurbishment 1.4Secondrefurbishmentandreplacement 1.5Withdrawalandpreservation 2Operationaldetails 2.1Moneytrain 2.2Passengerannouncementandinformationsystems 3Liveryandnumbering 4Operationalincidents 4.1Majorincidents 4.2Otherincidents 5Notes 6References 7Externallinks Operationalhistory[edit] Tenderingprocess[edit] WithconstructionoftheMassRapidTransitsystemunderwayin1983,Contract151calledfortheprocurementofrollingstock—150carsinPhaseOneandanoptionfor246carsinPhaseTwo.[10]InwhattheFinancialTimesdescribedas"atimewhenmanufacturerswerebeggingfororders"fortheglobalrollingstockmarket,[11]competitionforthecontractwasintense.Atleasteightcompaniesfromaroundtheworldsubmittedbidsforwhattheyhadnicknamedthe"BigOne".[10]BiddersincludedMetro-CammellwithSingaporeAutomotiveEngineering,KawasakiHeavyIndustrieswiththreeJapanesemanufacturers,MANwithAEG,SiemensandBrown,Boveri&Cie,FrancorailwithAlsthom-Alantique,SOFRETUandSingaporeShipbuildingandEngineering,ASEAwithSembawangShipyard,andaBombardierTransportation-ledconsortiumwithHawkerSiddeleyCanadaandBrownBoveriCanada.[12][13] Competitionforthecontractwassofiercethatitinvolvedlast-minutediscounts,offersoffreepartsandallegationsofsabotage.[1][10]Metro-Cammell,KawasakiandASEAwereshortlistedforthefinalround.[12][14]Metro-CammellbaseditsdesignontheHongKongMTRM-TrainEMUandproposedtousetheGECTractioncamshaftresistancecontrolpropulsionsystemhadtheywonthecontract.[1]Metro-Cammellalsodeliveredaconceptmock-upandwasoriginallythefavouritetowinthecontract.[10]However,analystsbecameconcernedthatameasuringerrorinvolvingtheLondonUnderground1983Stockduringtheevaluationperiodcouldjeopardisetheirbid.[15][16] In1984,theJapaneseconsortiumofKawasakiHeavyIndustrieswithNipponSharyo,TokyuCarCorpandKinkiSharyowasawardedContract151atacostofS$581.5millionfortheconstructionof396passengercars.[1][17]Kawasakiwonthecontract;itsbid—aidedbyfavourablefinancingfromMitsuiandextremelypositiveeconomicconditionsinJapan—was12%lowerthanthoseofotherbidders,andthe50%lowerenergyusageoftheMitsubishiGTO-VVVFtractionmotorsincomparisontotheGECTractioncamshaftresistancecontrolmotorsthenusedontheMTRM-TrainEMUwasalsoamajorfactorinsaidconsortiumbeingawardedthecontract.[11][18]Theawardwasthelargestsinglecontractawardedintheinitialconstructionofthesystem.[11]Kawasakialsopromisedtosupply$20.9mworthofcomplimentarysparepartsafterdelivery.[19]ThelossofContract151wasamassivefinancialblowtoMetro-Cammell,whowereforcedtoreducetheirworkforcebyhalflaterthatyear.[20] Initialconstruction[edit] Amock-upwasmanufacturedinJapanafterKawasakiHeavyIndustrieswonthecontract.[21]ItwasshippedtoSingaporeandputonpublicdisplayduringthe1984NationalExhibitionheldinNovember1984atWorldTradeCentre.[21]Themock-upfeaturedthreechoicesofseatingarrangementsandcolourschemes;membersofthepublicwereinvitedtogivefeedbackontheseoptions.[21]ThefinalisedinteriordesignoftheC151trainsconsistedofafullylongitudinalseatingarrangement.[22]Thebucketseatsweremadeofplastic;glasspartitionsseparatedtheseatingareasfromthepassengerdoors.[22]Straplinesforstandingpassengerswereinstalledinthemiddleofeverycar.[22]Thecolourschemeofeachadjacentcar'sinteriorisdistincttomakecaridentificationincasesoffaultreportingeasierforpassengers.[22]Originallythecolourschemeofthedrivingtrailercarswasorange,thatofthesecondandfifthmotorcarswasblue,andthatofthetwocentremotorcarswasgreen.[2]Therewerenineseatsbetweentwodoors;thiswasreducedtosevenafterthefirstroundofrefurbishment.[22] WhiletherollingstockandMitsubishiElectricpropulsionequipmentwereconstructedinJapan,manypartsweresourcedfromEurope.ThetrainswerefittedwithStonePlattair-conditioning,Duewagbogies,NaritaMfggangwaysanddetrainmentdoors,[23]ScharfenbergcouplersandWestinghousebrakes.[1][2][24]MitsubishiElectric'spropulsionequipment,whichwasalsousedontheTokyoMetro03seriesandTokyoMetro05series,[25]wasestimatedtoconsume50%lesselectricitythanHongKong'sexistingMTRM-TrainEMU.[2]ItsAutomaticTrainControl(ATC)signallingsystemwassuppliedbyWestinghouse,capableofrunningatpre-programmedspeedsandactivatedbythetraindriver.[26]Whiletheoreticallypossibletodesignforafullydriverlessoperationusingthissignallingtechnology,MRTCorporation(MRTC,nowSMRTCorporation)decidedagainstthisoption.[26]ThetrainsetswereassembledinKobe,Japan,andthenshippedtoSingaporebyNeptuneOrientLines.[19]ThefirsttrainsetwasdeliveredtoMRTCon8July1986atBishanDepot,officiatedbyYeoNingHong.[2][27] TheC151wasalsothebasisfortheTaipeiMetroC301builtfrom1992to1994bytheKawasaki-ledUnionRailCarPartnershipfortheTaipeiMetroTamsui-XinyiLine.[28] Between1994and1996,originalrailwheelsofall66C151trainswereprogressivelyreplacedwithGermanmaderailwheelsequippedwithabsorbersthatdampensvibrationsonthewheelsinmotion.Thereplacementweremadeatacostof$5.4million,andwerepartoftheenhancementworksinconjunctionwiththecommencementoftheWoodlandsextension.[29] Firstrefurbishment[edit] AKawasakibuilder'splate,HyundaiRotemrefurbishmentplateandacarnumberlabelinaC151train ThepracticeofdemarcatingpriorityseatswithadarkercolouralsoinspiredtheTaipeiMetro On3September2004,HyundaiRotem,Mitsui,RMTransitTechnologyanddULexBuildreceivedanordertorefurbishall396carriages,costingS$142.7millionintotal.[3]Theworksincludedtherefurbishmentofinteriorfixtures,theadditionofwheelchairspaces,theupgradingofonboardcommunicationsequipment,enhancementofthepublicannouncementsystem,andgeneralimprovementofthecars'appearance.[30]SMRTCorporationsaidthereasonsforrefurbishmentwerewearanddamageofimportantcomponentsoverthepasttwodecadesandwaterleaksfromtheair-conditioningsystemonsometrains.[30]Thecompanychosethisoptioninsteadofbuyingnewrollingstock,whichwouldhavecostS$792million.[30]Thefirstrefurbishedtrainbeganrevenueserviceon5November2006,andallremainingtrainsetshadbeenrefurbishedbytheendof2008.[30] TherefurbishedtrainsusethesameliveryastheC751BandC151Arollingstock.Theinteriorfittingswerereplacedwithwhitewallsandnewseatsandinstalledfurtherbacktoallowmorestandingspace.Thecolourofseatsinthedrivingtrailerwaschangedfromorangetored.[30]Seatsoftherefurbishedcarswerelengthenedfrom43 cm(17 in)to48 cm(19 in).Fourofsevenseatsperrowweredesignatedaspriorityseatsandweredifferentiatedusingadarkercolour;[31]thepracticeofdistinguishingpriorityseatswithadarkercolourisalsoseenonTaipeiMetrotrains. TheMitsubishiElectricpropulsionsystemwasretained,havingperformedbetterthanexpected.[30]Thewheelchairspacewasmadeavailableontheendoftwomid-traincars,nearesttotheelevatorsinelevatedstations.LEDlightsthatblinktowarnpassengersofclosingdoorswereintroducedintheuppermiddlesectionofthedoor.[30]Additionalloudspeakersandadvertisementpanelswerealsointroduced.Handgripsweremovedtothesupportbarsoftheseatsontheceilingandgrabpoleswerelocatednearthedoorsandatbothendsofeachcar.Theair-conditioningsystemwasmodifiedtomatchthesystemusedintheC751Bcars,withair-conditioningventsandin-flowfansinstalled.[30] InNovember2008,SMRTCorporationandLandTransportAuthority(LTA)announcedthatthelasttenrefurbishedtrainsetswouldhaveone-thirdoftheirseatsreplacedwithmetalrailstocreateextrastandingspace.[32][33]Themovewasjustifiedongroundsofallowingmorestandingspaceonboardduringpeak-hourservices.[32][33]Thereductionofseatsperrowfromninetosevenafterrefurbishmentwasalreadyunpopularamongcommuters;[34]thedecisiontofurtherreduceseatingcapacitydrewsharpcriticismagainsttheoperatorandLTA.AsofDecember2015,all66C151sfromone-thirdoftheirseatshavebeenreplacedbymetalbarstocreateextrastandingspace.[35][36][37][38] Secondrefurbishmentandreplacement[edit] Followingmajortraindisruptionson15and17December2011,theCommitteeofInquiry(COI)foundthatdespitethefirstrefurbishmentoftheC151rollingstock,"theredoesnotappeartobeanyupgradeintermsofengineeringcomponents".[39]TheCOIwasparticularlycriticaloftheinadequateandageingemergencybatteryinstalledontheC151andrecommendedtheinstallationofaTrainIntegratedManagementSystem(TIMS)foundontheC751BandC151Atrains.[39] Inresponse,SMRTannounceditwasreplacingimportantengineeringcomponentsontheoldestC151andC651trains.[40]ThisincludedchangingtheexistingMitsubishiElectricpropulsionsystemforthenewerInsulated-gatebipolartransistor(IGBT)andPermanentMagnetSynchronousMotor(PMSM)propulsionsystembyToshiba,technologycurrentlyusedintheTokyoMetro's1000seriesand16000seriestrainsaswellastheJRKyushu305seriesandHankyu1000seriestrains.[5]SomeJapanprivaterailwaysalsohadtheirtesttrainsusingthistechnology,likeoneoftheKeikyu'sN1000.InJuly2015,twotrainsweretrialedwiththenewpropulsionsystemontheChangiAirportExtension.ThetrialwassuccessfulandwasportedtotheSiemensC651refurbishmentfrom2016to2018,whilefourothertrainswererolledoutwithPMSMallthewaytillAugust2017.ThereplacementoftractionmotorsintoToshibaPMSMwasterminatedprematurelybySMRTCorporationinSeptember2018duetotheNewRailFinancingFramework(NRFF).[citationneeded]IntandemwiththereplacementofthesignallingsystemontheEast-WestLineandNorth-SouthLinewiththenewerThalesSelTracsignallingsystem,newequipmentareinstalledinthepassengercompartmentofthetrailercars.[9] InJanuary2016,LTAhadannouncedtoreplacealltrainswiththenewCR151trains.[41][42]On13April2017,LTAreleasedatenderforcontractCR151,whichwillbethereplacementtrainforalltheoldestMRTtrains.[43]On25July2018,thecontractCR151wasawardedtoBombardierTransportationatasumof$1.2billion,inclusiveofalong-termservicesupportpackageforupto30years.[44]106CR151trainswillsubsequentlyreplaceall66C151trainsfrom2022onwardswhiletheC151trainsarebeingdecommissioned.[45] Withdrawalandpreservation[edit] ThewithdrawaloftheKHIC151setscommencedon22June2020andwillbecompletedby2026.However,LTAintendsforsometraincarstobepreservedbyseveralpublicandprivateorganisations,suchasschoolsforeducationalandtrainingpurposes.Inaddition,sometraincarsmayalsobeconvertedintorecreationalspaceswhiletherestofthetraincarswillbescrapped.[46] Operationaldetails[edit] Moneytrain[edit] Kawasakibuiltafour-carunittoserveasamoneytrain.[47][48]Since2003,thistrainwasdecommissionedwiththechangetostoredvaluecards,andin2006,thistrainwasbeingtakenoutfromrevenueservice.Bothset301and302areusedbytheSingaporeArmedForces(SAF)fortrainingpurposes,locatednearPoyanReservoir. Passengerannouncementandinformationsystems[edit] Thesetrainsoriginallyhadnovisualpassengerinformationsystems;stationannouncementshadtobemadebythetrainoperator.[49]AnautomaticaudioannouncementsystemusingvoicesynthesizerswasinstalledoneachtrainbySeptember1994.[49]Thefirstiterationofthedoorclosingbuzzerannouncements,whichreplacedtheinitialdoorchimes,wasfullyintroducedbyApril1997.[50] SMRTfirstattemptedtoinstallapassengerinformationsystemSMRTimeontrainsusingLCDdisplaysin1999;thesehavesincebeenremoved.[51]InNovember2006thedoorsofthreecars(carriagenumber1006,2006and3006)wereinstalledwithadynamic,in-trainsystemdisplayingstationinformationfortesting;thesearesimilartoonesusedbyHongKong'sMTR.[52]AninitialprototypeofSTARISbasedupontheexistingAutomaticTransitInfoSystemwasdevelopedin-house;thiswasremovedbeforetheendoftheyearwithoutenteringservice.[52] Twoyearslater,fourunitsofvacuumfluorescentdisplays(VFD)weremountedontheceilingandeightunitsofdynamicroutemapsweremountedaboveeverydoorineachcaroftrainset053/054foratwo-monthtrial.[52]ThisnewSMRTActiveRouteMapInformationSystem(STARiS)wasthenprogressivelyintroducedtoallC151trainsets,andsubsequentlytoC651andC751BtrainsforacostofS$12million—S$20,000percar.[52][53]ItbecamestandardequipmentonallnewrollingstockssubsequentlyintroducedontheEast-WestLineandNorth-SouthLine. Liveryandnumbering[edit] CaptainSMRTdemonstratingtheuseofarefurbishedC151'semergencydetrainmentramp. Thecarshadanaluminium-alloydouble-skinnedconstruction,andweredeliveredunpaintedtosavetime.[22]Aredadhesivestripranthroughthelengthofthecarsinthemiddletomatchtheoperator'svisualbranding.[2][22]Theunpaintedcarshadashinyappearanceupondelivery,butasdirtandgrimeaccumulateditbecamearecurringproblemfortheoperatorandattractedseveralpubliccomplaints.[54]Inresponse,MRTCorporationbuiltawashmachineatBishanDepotinanattempttocleanupthecars'exteriorproper.[55]Afterrefurbishment,theproblemwassolvedbycoveringthecars'exteriorentirelywithgiantstickers,creatingaliverythatissimilartothenewerC751BandC151Arollingstocks.[31] Operationalincidents[edit] Majorincidents[edit] Sinceitsintroduction,C151rollingstockhasbeeninvolvedinfourhigh-profileincidents: Clementirailaccident:On5August1993twoC151trainscollidedatClementistationbecauseofa50-litre(11 imp gal;13 US gal)oilspillageonthetrackbyamaintenancelocomotive,resultingin132injuries.[56][57] On17May2010,OliverFrickertrespassedandvandalisedCar1048withgraffitiatChangiDepot.[58][59]ThegraffitiwasinitiallymistakenforanadvertisementandwasnotspotteduntilthecarwasfilmedandthevideowasuploadedtoYouTubebyarailwayenthusiast.[60][61]Frickerwasconvictedandsentencedtosevenmonths'imprisonmentandcaning.[61]Thepublicperceivedthisincidenttohaveserioussecurityimplications,asthedepotwasconsideredasensitiveinstallation.[59] InamajorMRTdisruptionon15December2011,oneC151train(T139intheCOI)wasstalledinthetunnelanditsbackupbatteryfailed.[62]ThepassengercompartmentsinT139experiencedablackoutandlossofventilation,leadingtoonepassengersmashingatraindoorwindowtoavoidsuffocation.[62][63]ThebatteryfailureledtocriticismbytheCOIontheconditionoftheagingemergencybatteriesinstalledonallC151trains.[39]SMRThassinceproposedanupgradingplantoaddressthisissue.[40] PasirRisrailaccident:On22March2016,2SMRTmaintenancetraineeswererunoverandkilledbyanoncomingC151train(EMU073/074)reportedlytravellingat60 km/h,150metresfromPasirRisstation,atapproximately11.10am.Themaintenancestaffwereagroupof15personneltaskedtoinvestigateapossiblesignallingsystemfaultonthetracksnearthePasirRisMRTStation.Thisincidenthadledtoa2.5hourtrainservicedisruptionandatleast10,000commuterswereaffected.[64] Otherincidents[edit] On25May2012,aC151train'sglasswindowpanelwasreportedtohadshatteredonitsownatAdmiraltystation,causingnocasualties.[65] Notes[edit] ^ab025/026,055/056,065/066,095/096,109/110and131/132only[5] References[edit] ^abcdefgSherwell,Chris(12April1984)."KawasakiwinsmajorSingaporemetrocontract".FinancialTimes.Factiva.p. 1. ^abcdefghijDhaliwal,Ray(8July1986)."Amilestoneforthefasttrack".StraitsTimes.NewspaperSG(NLB).p. 7. ^abシンガポールにおける地下鉄電車改修案件の受注について(Pressrelease)(inJapanese).Mitsui(Archived).3September2004.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13November2009.Retrieved8November2008. 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Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoKawasakiC151. vteRailtransportinSingaporeItalicizedentriesareplannedorunderconstructionOverview History MRT(stations) LRT(stations) Faresandticketing CEPAS EZ-Link NETSFlashPay Facilities STARiS Safety Security PublicTransportSecurityCommand MRT  NSL NorthSouthLine  EWL EastWestLine  NEL NorthEastLine  CCL CircleLine  DTL DowntownLine  TEL Thomson–EastCoastLine  JRL JurongRegionLine  CRL CrossIslandLine Defunct BranchLine LRT  BPLRT BukitPanjangLRT  SKLRT SengkangLRT  PGLRT PunggolLRT Others ChangiAirportSkytrain SentosaExpress Defunct JurongBirdParkPanorail SentosaMonorail Cross-border KTMTebrauShuttle  RTS JohorBahru–SingaporeRapidTransitSystem Cancelled  HSR KualaLumpur–Singaporehigh-speedrail RollingstockMRT C151 C651 C751B C751A C830 C151A C951/C951A C830C C751C C151B C151C CT251 CR151 C851E CJ151 LRT C801 C810 C801A C810A C801B C810B Other CrystalMover HitachiMonorail Depots Bishan UluPandan Changi TenMileJunction Sengkang KimChuan GaliBatu Tuas TaiSengFacilityBuilding Mandai EastCoast Tengah ChangiEast Other IntegratedTrainTestingCentre Companies ComfortDelGro SBSTransit SMRTCorporation SMRTTrains Incidents 1993Clementirailaccident 2004NicollHighwaycollapse 2016PasirRisrailaccident 2017Bishantunnelflooding 2017JooKoonrailaccident Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries_C151&oldid=1100795842" Categories:MassRapidTransit(Singapore)rollingstockKawasakimultipleunitsTokyuCarrollingstockTrain-relatedintroductionsin1987750VDCmultipleunitsKinkiSharyomultipleunitsNipponSharyomultipleunitsHiddencategories:CS1usesJapanese-languagescript(ja)CS1Japanese-languagesources(ja)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsedmydatesfromApril2021GoodarticlesPagesusingmultipleimagewithautoscaledimagesAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2021CommonscategorylinkisonWikidata Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages BahasaIndonesiaBahasaMelayu日本語SimpleEnglish中文 Editlinks