Mixed-blood - Wikipedia

The term mixed-blood in the United States is most often employed for individuals of mixed European and Native American ancestry. Some of the most prominent ... Mixed-blood FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Mixed-blood" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(October2007)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) "Mixedblood"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeMixedblood(disambiguation). Thetermmixed-bloodintheUnitedStatesismostoftenemployedforindividualsofmixedEuropeanandNativeAmericanancestry.Someofthemostprominentinthe19thcenturywere"mixed-blood"ormixed-racedescendantsoffurtradersandNativeAmericanwomenalongthenorthernfrontier.ThefurtraderstendedtobemenofsocialstandingandtheyoftenmarriedorhadrelationshipswithdaughtersofNativeAmericanchiefs,consolidatingsocialstandingonbothsides.Theyformedtheuppertierofwhatwasforyearsinthe18thand19thcenturiesatwo-tiersocietyatsettlementsattradingposts,withotherEuropeans,AmericanIndiansandmixed-bloodorMétisworkersbelowthem.[1]Mixed-bloodisalsousedoccasionallyinCanadianaccountstorefertothenineteenthcenturyAnglo-MétispopulationratherthanMétis,whichreferredtopeopleofFirstNationsandFrenchdescent. SimilarlyintheSoutheast,theCherokeeandothertribesstartedhavinginter-generationalmarriageandsexualrelationshipswiththeEuropeansintheearly1700s.ManyCherokeebandsandfamilieswerequicktoseetheeconomicbenefitsofhavingtrade,landandbusinessdealingswithEuropeans,strengthenedthroughmarriages.ProminentCherokeeandCreekleadersofthe19thcenturywereofmixed-descentbut,borntoIndianmothersinmatrilinealkinshipsocieties,theyidentifiedfullyandwereacceptedasIndianandgrewupinthosecultures.[2] InUnitedStateshistoriography,RepublicanandDemocraticpartisandebatesovertheantebellumextensionofcitizenshipto"personsofmixedIndianblood"inwesternstateconstitutionalconventionsandconcomitantpublicsmayormaynotrecalibrateresearchaims.Theconsequencesofratifiedconstitutionalarticlesoncommerceandlaborforpublicpolicyand,toalesserdegree,burgeoningwesternstateand/orfederallitigation,remainfruitfulavenuesforfurtherresearch.Theviolentvectorsof"freesoil"and"freelabor"ideascirculatedinAnglo-AmericanandNativeAmericanculturesbuffetedbywagelaborsystems.Thisviolence,symbolicorotherwise,interfacedwithnon-dichotomousnotionsofkinshipand(related)Anglo-AmericanlexicalglossesofNativeAmericanculturalexpressionsintreatiesoffriendship,thelatterofwhichweremorecommoninseventeenth-andeighteenth-centuryinterpretiveapplicationsofiusgentium,theRomanlawofnations,yetintermittentlypersistedintotheantebellumperiod.Newspapersandsouthernsecession,the(a)politicsofslavery,andthe(a)politicsofNativeAmericawouldbecrucialforasociopoliticallens.[3]Contemporaryenergypolicy,technology,andnotionsofNativeAmericansovereigntiesinpost-(neo)apartheidindigenousworldsconverge,andthenintersectwith,communitycriteriainlandscapesofpower.[4] Renownedpersonsofmixed-bloodancestryinUnitedStates'historyaremany.OnesuchexampleisJeanBaptisteCharbonneau,whoguidedtheMormonBattalionfromNewMexicotothecityofSanDiegoinCaliforniain1846andthenacceptedanappointmentthereasalcaldeofMissionSanLuisRey.BothhisparentsworkedwiththeLewisandClarkExpedition,hismotherSacagaweaastheinvaluableShoshoneguideandhisFrench-CanadianfatherToussaintCharbonneauasaninterpreterofShoshoneandHidatsa,cookandlaborer.J.B.CharbonneauisdepictedontheUnitedStatesdollarcoinalongwithhismotherSacagawea. AnotherexampleisJaneJohnstonSchoolcraft,inductedintotheMichiganWomen'sHallofFamein2008,inrecognitionofherliterarycontributions.SheisrecognizedasthefirstNativeAmericanliterarywriterandpoet,andthefirstNativeAmericanpoettowriteinanindigenouslanguage.JaneJohnstonwasthedaughterofawealthyScots-IrishfurtraderandhisOjibwewife,whowasdaughterofanOjibwechief.JohnstonSchoolcraftwasbornin1800andlivedmostofherlifeinSaultSte.Marie,Michigan,whereshegrewupinbothculturesandlearnedFrench,EnglishandOjibwe.ShewroteinEnglishandOjibwe.ShemarriedHenryRoweSchoolcraft,whobecamearenownedethnographer,inpartduetoherandherfamily'sintroductiontoNativeAmericanculture.Amajorcollectionofherwritingswaspublishedin2007.[5] LouiseErdrichisoneofthebestknowncontemporaryNativeAmericanauthors,whosefictiondealswiththeOjibweAmericanheritageofherMinnesotaandreservationupbringing.SheisofOjibwe,German-AmericanandFrenchancestry.[6]AmonghermanyawardshavebeenaGuggenheimFellowshipandNationalBookCriticsCircleAward(1984),thelatterforherearlynovelLoveMedicine.Innumerousnovelsoverthelast20years,shehascreatedarichlyimaginedfictionaluniverseofNativeAmericanandEuropeanAmericansmalltownandreservationlife. MestizoisthecontemporarytermofchoiceforHispanicindividuals(whetherUS-bornorimmigrant)ofasimilarmixedancestry(IndigenousandEuropean),butbasedondifferentgroups.ManyHispanicAmericanswhohaveidentifiedas"white"areofSpanishdescent,havinghadancestorsintheSouthwesternUnitedStatesforseveralgenerationspriortoannexationofthatregionintotheUnitedStates.However,identificationontheUSCensushashistoricallybeenlimitedbyitsterminologyandtheoptiontoonlyselectone"race"inthepast.Othershaveclassifiedthemselvesasmestizo,particularlythosewhoalsoidentifyasChicano.HispanicsofPuertoRicanandCubandescentaremostnumerousontheEastCoast,especiallyinFlorida,NewYorkandNewEngland. ThemostrecentHispanicimmigrants,whoarrivedduringmid-centuryuntiltoday,havemainlyidentifiedasmestizoorAmerindian.TheyhavecomefromMexico,CentralandNorthSouthAmerica.Oftheover35millionHispanicscountedintheFederal2000Census,theoverwhelmingmajorityofthe42.2%whoidentifiedas"someotherrace"arebelievedtobemestizos—atermnotincludedontheUSCensusbutwidelyusedinLatinAmerica.Ofthe47.9%ofHispanicswhoidentifiedas"WhiteHispanic",manyacknowledgepossessingAmerindianancestry,asdomanyEuropeanAmericanswhoidentifyas"White".Hispanicsidentifyingasmultiracialamountedto6.3%(2.2million)ofallHispanics;theylikelyincludedmanymestizosaswellasindividualsofmixedAmerindianandAfricanancestry. Contents 1Seealso 2References 3Sources 4Externallinks Seealso[edit] Baster Half-breed Half-caste Lukkhrueng Métis MétisinCanada MetisintheUnitedStates Marabou Mestizo Multiracial Quadroon References[edit] ^RobertE.Bieder,"SaultSte.MarieandtheWarof1812:AWorldTurnedUpsideDownintheOldNorthwest",IndianaMagazineofHistory,XCV(Mar1999),accessed13Dec2008 ^DavidA.Sicko,Review:"MixedBlood"Indians:RacialConstructionintheEarlySouthbyThedaPerdue,TheFloridaHistoricalQuarterly,Vol.83,No.2(Fall,2004) ^Sweet,Jameson(Spring2019)."NativeSuffrage:Race,Citizenship,andDakotaIndiansintheUpperMidwest".JournaloftheEarlyRepublic.39(1):99–109.doi:10.1353/jer.2019.0008.S2CID 150553402. ^Powell,DanaE.(2018).LandscapesofPower:PoliticsofEnergyintheNavajoNation.Durham:DukeUniversityPress.pp. 187–92.ISBN 9780822372295. ^RobertDaleParker,JaneJohnstonSchoolcraft,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,accessed11Dec2008 ^RobertSpillman,"TheSalonInterview:LouiseErdrich",Salon.com,accessed16Dec2008 Sources[edit] JournalsofLewisandClark Colby,Susan(2005).Sacagawea'sChild:TheLifeandTimesofJean-Baptiste(Pomp)Charbonneau.Spokane:ArthurH.Clarke. Kartunnen,Frances(1994).BetweenWorlds:Interpreters,Guides,andSurvivors.Rutgers:RutgersUniversityPress. RobertDaleParker,ed.,TheSoundtheStarsMakeRushingThroughtheSky:TheWritingsofJaneJohnstonSchoolcraft,Philadelphia:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress,2007 MaryM.June,"BritishPeriod-SaultSte.MarieTimelineandHistory",BaylissPublicLibrary,Bayliss,Michigan,2000 Externallinks[edit] DaveStanawayandSusanAskwith,CD:JohnJohnston:HisLifeandTimesintheFurTradeEra,BorderlandRecords. Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed-blood&oldid=1088445931" Categories:EthnicgroupsinNorthAmericaEthnicgroupsintheUnitedStatesMultiracialaffairsMétisHiddencategories:ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromOctober2007Allarticlesneedingadditionalreferences Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages EestiBahasaMelayu Editlinks