The empire on which the sun never sets - Wikipedia

The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets was used to describe certain global empires that were so extensive that it seemed as though it was always ... Theempireonwhichthesunneversets FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Phrasedescribingalargeempire "Sunneversets"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeTheSunNeverSets(disambiguation). Thephrase"theempireonwhichthesunneversets"(Spanish:elimperiodondenuncaseponeelsol)wasusedtodescribecertainglobalempiresthatweresoextensivethatitseemedasthoughitwasalwaysdaytimeinatleastonepartofitsterritory.[Note1] ItwasoriginallyusedfortheEmpireofCharlesV,who,asDukeofBurgundy,KingofSpain,ArchdukeofAustria,andHolyRomanEmperor,attemptedtobuildauniversalmonarchy.[1][page needed][2][3]ThetermwasthenusedfortheSpanishEmpireofPhilipIIofSpainandsuccessorswhentheempirereachedaglobalterritorialsize,particularlyinthe16th,17thand18thcenturies.[4][5]ItwasusedfortheBritishEmpire,mainlyinthe19thandearly20thcenturies,aperiodinwhichtheBritishEmpirereachedaglobalterritorialsize.Inthe20thcentury,thephrasehassometimesbeenadaptedtorefertotheglobalreachofAmericanpower. Contents 1Possibleprecursors 2HabsburgEmpireofCharlesV 3SpanishEmpire 4BritishEmpire 5UnitedStates 6Seealso 7Notes 8References Possibleprecursors[edit] Seealso:PersianEmpireandRomanEmpire GeorgBüchmanntracestheideatoaspeechinHerodotus'Histories,madebyXerxesIbeforeinvadingGreece.[6] γῆντὴνΠερσίδαἀποδέξομεντῷΔιὸςαἰθέριὁμουρέουσαν.οὐγὰρδὴχώρηνγεοὐδεμίανκατόψεταιἥλιοςὅμουρονἐοῦσαντῇἡμετέρῃ "WeshallextendthePersianterritoryasfarasGod'sheavenreaches.Thesunwillthenshineonnolandbeyondourborders."[7] AsimilarconceptintheOldTestamentmightpre-dateHerodotusandXerxesIwherePsalm72:8speaksoftheMessianicKing:"Heshallhavedominionalsofromseatosea,andfromtheriveruntotheendsoftheearth"[8]for"aslongasthesunandmoonendure,throughoutallgenerations"Ps72:5.[9]ThisconcepthadexistedintheAncientNearEastbeforetheOldTestament.TheStoryofSinuhe(19thcenturyBC)announcesthattheEgyptianKingrules"allwhatthesunencircles".[10]MesopotamiantextscontemporarytoSargonofAkkad(c.2334–2279BC)proclaimthatthiskingruled"allthelandsfromsunrisetosunset".[11]TheRomanEmpirewasalsodescribedinclassicalLatinliteratureasextending"fromtherisingtothesettingsun".[12][13] HabsburgEmpireofCharlesV[edit] Seealso:EmpireofCharlesV ThedominionsofCharlesVinEuropeandtheAmericaswerethefirstcollectionofrealmstobereferredtoasthe"empireonwhichthesunneversets". CharlesVoftheHouseofHabsburgcontrolledinpersonalunionacompositemonarchyinclusiveoftheHolyRomanEmpirestretchingfromGermanytoNorthernItalywithdirectruleovertheLowCountriesandAustria,andSpainwithitssouthernItaliankingdomsofSicily,SardiniaandNaples.Furthermore,hisreignencompassedboththelong-lastingSpanishandtheshort-livedGermancolonizationsoftheAmericas.Thisempirewasthefirstreferredtoasthe"empireonwhichthesunneversets"byseveralauthorsduringCharles'lifetime.[14][2][15][3] Charleswasbornin1500intheFlemishregionoftheLowCountriesinmodern-dayBelgium,thenpartoftheHabsburgNetherlands,fromJoannatheMad(daughterofIsabellaofCastileandFerdinandofAragon)andPhiliptheHandsome(sonofMaryofBurgundyandMaximilianI,HolyRomanEmperor).HeinheritedhishomelandfromhisfatherasDukeofBurgundyin1506,becamejurematriskingofCastileandAragonin1516,andwaselectedHolyRomanEmperorin1519.AsrulerofCastileandAragon,hehasbeenreferredtoasKingofSpain.AsHolyRomanEmperor,hewascrownedKingofGermanyandKingofItaly.HealsoadoptedthetitleofKingoftheIndies(Americas)in1521.[16][17] AsrulingprinceoftheLowCountrieshemadeBrussels,andthepalaceofCoudenberginparticular,ashismainresidenceandcourt:there,heannouncedhislegaciesin1515andannouncedhisabdicationin1555.AsrulerofSpainheinheritedthepossessionsoftheCrownofAragoninthesouthofItaly,andratifiedtheconquestsoftheCastillanconquistadores:HernánCortésannexedtheAztecsandsubjugatedMiddleAmericafollowingtheFallofTenochtitlan,andFranciscoPizarroconqueredtheIncasandextendedcolonialruletoSouthAmericafollowingtheBattleofCajamarca.AsHolyRomanEmperorhemanagedtodefendhisGermanterritoriesinAustriafromtheOttomansofSuleimanthemagnificent(SiegeofVienna)andhisItalianterritoriesintheDuchyofMilanfromtheFrenchofFrancisI(BattleofPavia):tofinancetheOttoman-HabsburgWarsandtheItalianWarstheEmpiremadelargeuseofthegoldandsilvercomingfromtheAmericas.Thisflowofpreciousmetals,however,wasalsothecauseofwidespreadinflation.[17]CharlesVratifiedalsotheGermancolonizationoftheAmericasandfinancedtheexpeditionoftheexplorerMagellanaroundtheglobe.[18]Unabletocreateauniversalmonarchyandresisttheriseofprotestantism,CharlesVannouncedhisresignation.HisabdicationdividedhisterritoriesbetweenhissonPhilipIIofSpain,whotookthecolonialterritories,andhisbrotherFerdinandofAustria,BohemiaandHungarywhotooktheHolyRomanEmpire.TheHabsburgNetherlandsandtheDuchyofMilancontinuedtobepartoftheHolyRomanEmpire,butwerealsoleftinpersonalunionwiththeKingofSpain.[17] SpanishEmpire[edit] Seealso:SpanishEmpireandIberianUnion TheareasoftheworldthatatonetimewereterritoriesoftheSpanishMonarchyorEmpire. Charles'sson,PhilipIIofSpain,madeSpain(hishomeland)themetropoleoftheterritoriesthatheinherited.Inparticular,heplacedtheCouncilofCastille,theCouncilofAragon,theCouncilofItaly,theCouncilofFlandersandtheCounciloftheIndiesinMadrid.[19]HeaddedthePhilippines(namedafterhim)tohiscolonialterritories.WhenKingHenryofPortugaldied,PhilipIIpressedhisclaimtothePortuguesethroneandwasrecognisedasPhilipIofPortugalin1581.ThePortugueseEmpire,nowruledbyPhilip,itselfincludedterritoriesintheAmericas,intheNorthandtheSub-SaharanAfrica,inalltheAsianSubcontinents,andislandsintheAtlantic,IndianandPacificoceans. In1585,GiovanniBattistaGuariniwroteIlpastorfidotomarkthemarriageofCatherineMichelle,daughterofPhilipII,toCharlesEmmanuelI,DukeofSavoy.Guarini'sdedicationread,"Alterafiglia/DiqelMonarca,acui/Nöanco,quandoannotta,ilSoltramonta."[6]("Theprouddaughter/ofthatmonarchtowhom/whenitgrowsdark[elsewhere]thesunneversets.").[20] Intheearly17thcentury,thephrasewasfamiliartoJohnSmith[21]andtoFrancisBacon,whowrites:"boththeEastandtheWestIndiesbeingmetinthecrownofSpain,itiscometopass,that,asonesaithinabravekindofexpression,thesunneversetsintheSpanishdominions,butevershinesupononepartorotherofthem:which,tosaytruly,isabeamofglory[...]".[22]ThomasUrquhartwroteof"thatgreatDonPhilippe,Tetrarchoftheworld,uponwhosesubjectsthesunneversets."[23] IntheGermandramatistFriedrichSchiller's1787playDonCarlos,DonCarlos'sfather,PhilipII,says,"Ichheiße/derreichsteMannindergetauftenWelt;/DieSonnegehtinmeinemStaatnichtunter."("Iamcalled/TherichestmonarchintheChristianworld;/Thesuninmydominionneversets.").[24] JosephFouchérecalledNapoleonsayingbeforethePeninsularWar,"ReflectthatthesunneversetsintheimmenseinheritanceofCharlesV,andthatIshallhavetheempireofbothworlds."[25]ThiswascitedinWalterScott'sLifeofNapoleon.[20][26] IthasbeenclaimedthatLouisXIVofFrance'semblemofthe"SunKing"andassociatedmotto,"Necpluribusimpar",werebasedonthesolaremblemandmottoofPhilipII.[27] BritishEmpire[edit] Seealso:BritishEmpire TheBritishEmpirein1919,atitsgreatestextentwithpresenceonallcontinents Inthe19thcentury,itbecamepopulartoapplythephrasetotheBritishEmpire.ItwasatimewhenBritishworldmapsshowedtheEmpireinredandpinktohighlightBritishimperialpowerspanningtheglobe.Scottishauthor,JohnWilson,writingas"ChristopherNorth"inBlackwood'sMagazinein1829,issometimescreditedasoriginatingtheusage.[28][29][30][31]However,GeorgeMacartneywrotein1773,inthewakeoftheterritorialexpansionthatfollowedBritain'svictoryintheSevenYears'War,of"thisvastempireonwhichthesunneversets,andwhoseboundsnaturehasnotyetascertained."[32] Inaspeechon31July1827,Rev.R.P.Buddicomsaid,"IthadbeensaidthatthesunneversetontheBritishflag;itwascertainlyanoldsaying,aboutthetimeofRichardtheSecond,andwasnotsoapplicablethenasatthepresenttime."[33]In1821,theCaledonianMercurywroteoftheBritishEmpire,"Onherdominionsthesunneversets;beforehiseveningraysleavethespiresofQuebec,hismorningbeamshaveshonethreehoursonPortJackson,andwhilesinkingfromthewatersofLakeSuperior,hiseyeopensupontheMouthoftheGanges."[34] DanielWebsterfamouslyexpressedasimilarideain1834:"Apowerwhichhasdottedoverthesurfaceofthewholeglobewithherpossessionsandmilitaryposts,whosemorningdrumbeat,followingthesunandkeepingcompanywiththehours,circlestheearthwithonecontinuousandunbrokenstrainofthemartialairsofEngland."[20][35]In1839,SirHenryWardsaidintheHouseofCommons,"LookattheBritishColonialempire—themostmagnificentempirethattheworldeversaw.TheoldSpanishboastthatthesunneversetintheirdominions,hasbeenmoretrulyrealisedamongstourselves."[36]By1861,LordSalisburycomplainedthatthe£1.5millionspentoncolonialdefencebyBritainmerelyenabledthenation"tofurnishanagreeablevarietyofstationstooursoldiers,andtoindulgeinthesentimentthatthesunneversetsonourEmpire".[37] Arejoinder,variouslyattributedtoanunnamedIndiannationalistortoJohnDuncanSpaeth,runsinonevariant,"ThesunneversetontheBritishEmpire,becauseevenGodcouldn'ttrusttheEnglishinthedark".[38][39][40] UnitedStates[edit] Seealso:Americanimperialism TheUnitedStateshasmilitarybasesinalltheshadedcountriesinthismap. "TenThousandMilesFromTiptoTip",1898.Thesunbeamsofthisfamouscartoonareavisualreferencetotheexpression. Fromthemid-nineteenthcentury,theimageofthesunneversettingcanbefoundappliedtoAnglophoneculture,explicitlyincludingboththeBritishEmpireandtheUnitedStates,forexampleinaspeechbyAlexanderCampbellin1852:"ToBritainandAmericaGodhasgrantedthepossessionofthenewworld;andbecausethesunneversetsuponourreligion,ourlanguageandourarts...".[41] Bytheendofthecentury,thephrasewasalsobeingappliedtotheUnitedStatesalone.An1897magazinearticletitled"TheGreatestNationonEarth"boasted,"[T]hesunneversetsonUncleSam".[42]In1906,WilliamJenningsBryanwrote,"IfwecannotboastthatthesunneversetsonAmericanterritory,wecanfindsatisfactioninthefactthatthesunneversetsonAmericanphilanthropy";[43]afterwhich,TheNewYorkTimesreceivedlettersattemptingtodisprovehispresupposition.[44] A1991historybookdiscussionofU.S.expansionstates,"Today...thesunneversetsonAmericanterritory,propertiesownedbytheU.S.governmentanditscitizens,Americanarmedforcesabroad,orcountriesthatconducttheiraffairswithinlimitslargelydefinedbyAmericanpower."[45] Althoughmostofthesesentimentshaveapatrioticring,thephraseissometimesusedcriticallywiththeimplicationofAmericanimperialism,asinthetitleofJosephGerson'sbook,TheSunNeverSets:ConfrontingtheNetworkofForeignU.S.MilitaryBases.[46] Seealso[edit] KingofKings Listofformertranscontinentalcountries Necpluribusimpar Pluricontinentalism Plusultra Notes[edit] ^Priortoaccuratemeasurementsofthedifferenceinlongitudebetweendistantlands,itwasnotpossibletoknowwithcertaintywhetherthephraseaccuratelydescribedanempire.Also,thedefinitionof"sets"maybeinconsistent,asitliterallyreferstowhetherthesunisbelowthehorizonbutpracticallytowhentheskyisdark.Therefore,treatmentoftwilightandeclipsesmayvary. References[edit] ^Holslag,Jonathan(25October2018).APoliticalHistoryoftheWorld:ThreeThousandYearsofWarandPeace.PenguinUK.ISBN 9780241352052–viaGoogleBooks.SpanningbothhemispheresandtheAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceans,theHabsburgEmpirewas–asitspropagandistsproudlyboasted–thefirst'uponwhichthesunneverset'. ^abFerer,MaryTiffany(2012).MusicandCeremonyattheCourtofCharlesV:TheCapillaFlamencaandtheArtofPoliticalPromotion.BoydellPress.p. 126.ISBN 9781843836995. ^abChesney,ElizabethA.;Zegura,ElizabethChesney(2004).TheRabelaisEncyclopedia.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.p. 34.ISBN 9780313310348. ^LotharHöbelt(2003).DefiantPopulist:JörgHaiderandthePoliticsofAustria.PurdueUniversityPress.p. 1.ISBN 978-1-55753-230-5. ^Cropsey,Seth(2017).Seablindness:HowPoliticalNeglectIsChokingAmericanSeapowerandWhattoDoAboutIt.EncounterBooks.p. 13.ISBN 978-1-59403-916-4. ^abBüchmann,Georg;WalterRobert-turnow(1895).GeflügelteWorte:DerCitatenschatzdesdeutschenVolkes(inGerman)(18th ed.).Berlin:HaudeundSpener(F.Weidling).p. 157.Retrieved23February2016. ^Herodotus(1910)."Book7(Polyhmnia)".Histories.translatedbyGeorgeRawlinson.¶8.Retrieved23February2016. ^Psalm72:8 ^Psalm72:5 ^AncientEgyptianLiterature:ABookofReadings,ed.MiriamLichtheim,Berkeley&LosAngeles&London:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,(1975),volI,p230. ^WayneHorowitz,MesopotamianCosmicGeography,WinonaLake:Eisenbraums,(1998),p88. ^Horace(1902)."Horace:TheOdesandEpodes". ^Knox,PeterE.;McKeown,J.C.(November2013).TheOxfordAnthologyofRomanLiterature.ISBN 9780195395167. ^PlainTruth.AmbassadorCollege.1984. ^Pagden,Anthony(18December2007).PeoplesandEmpires:AShortHistoryofEuropeanMigration,Exploration,andConquest,fromGreecetothePresent.RandomHousePublishingGroup.ISBN 9780307431592. ^Ireland,RoyalAsiaticSocietyofGreatBritainand(18February1877)."JournaloftheRoyalAsiaticSocietyofGreatBritain&Ireland".CambridgeUniversityPressfortheRoyalAsiaticSociety–viaGoogleBooks. ^abc"TheautobiographyoftheEmperorCharlesV.RecentlydiscoveredinthePortugueselanguagebyBaronKervyndeLettenhove.. :CharlesV,HolyRomanEmperor,1500-1558".1862.Retrieved28January2019. ^Zantop,Susanne(10September1997).ColonialFantasies:Conquest,Family,andNationinPrecolonialGermany,1770-1870.DukeUniversityPress.ISBN 0822382113–viaGoogleBooks. ^HamishM.Scott(2015).TheOxfordHandbookofEarlyModernEuropeanHistory,1350-1750:CulturesandPower.OxfordUniversityPress.p. 217.ISBN 978-0-19-959726-0. ^abcBartlett,John(2000)[1919].Familiarquotations.Bartleby.com.revisedandenlargedbyNathanHaskellDole(10th ed.).Boston:Little,BrownandCompany.p. 495.ISBN 1-58734-107-7.Retrieved23February2016. ^Bartlett,John(1865).Familiarquotations(4th ed.).Boston:Little,BrownandCompany.p. 388.Retrieved23February2016.advertisementsfortheunexperiencedneversets. ^Bacon,Francis(1841)."AnAdvertisementTouchingaHolyWar".InBasilMontagu(ed.).TheworksofFrancisBacon,lordchancellorofEngland.Vol.2.addresstoLancelotAndrewes.Carey.p. 438.|volume=hasextratext(help) ^Duncan,WilliamJames;AndrewMacgeorge(1834).Miscellaneouspapers,principallyillustrativeofeventsinthereignsofQueenMaryandKingJamesVI.E.Khull,printer.p. 173.Retrieved23February2016.sunneversetsspainengland. ^DonCarlos,ActI,Scene6. ^Fouché,Joseph(1825).ThememoirsofJosephFouché.Vol.1.CompiledandtranslatedbyAlphonsedeBeauchampandPierreLouisP.deJullian.p. 313.|volume=hasextratext(help) ^Scott,Walter(1835)."Chap.XLI".LifeofNapoleonBuonaparte:WithaPreliminaryViewoftheFrenchRevolution.VI.Edinburgh:Cadell.p. 23. ^Tiedeman,H.(29February1868)."TheFrenchKing'sDevice:"NecPluribusImpar"(3rdSer.xii.502)".NotesandQueries:203–4.Retrieved14May2009. ^Wilson,John(April1829)."NoctesAmbrosianaeNo.42".Blackwood'sEdinburghMagazine.XXV(cli):527.NotamoreabstemiousmanthanoldKitNorthinhisMajesty'sdominions,onwhichthesunneversets. ^Vance,Norman(2000)."ImperialRomeandBritain'sLanguageofEmpire1600–1837".HistoryofEuropeanIdeas.26(3–4):213,fn.3.doi:10.1016/S0191-6599(01)00020-1.ISSN 0191-6599.S2CID 170805219.Itseemsthisproverbialphrasewasfirstusedby'ChristopherNorth'(JohnWilson)inBlackwood'sMagazine(April1829). ^Morris,Jan(1978).FarewelltheTrumpets:AnImperialRetreat.asChristopherNorththepoet,hadlongbeforedeclaredit,anEmpireonwhichthesunneverset. ^Miller,Karl(9August2003)."StaroftheBorders".TheGuardian.Retrieved15June2009.theBritishempire,onwhich,asWilsonmayhavebeenthefirsttosay,thesunneverset. ^Macartney,George(1773).AnAccountofIrelandin1773byaLateChiefSecretaryofthatKingdom.p. 55.;citedinKenny,Kevin(2006).IrelandandtheBritishEmpire.OxfordUniversityPress.p. 72,fn.22.ISBN 0-19-925184-3. ^Scott,William;FrancisGarden;JamesBowlingMozley(1827)."MonthlyRegister:SocietyforthePropagationoftheGospel:LiverpoolDistrictCommittee".TheChristianremembrancer,ortheChurchman'sBiblical,Ecclesiastical&LiteraryMiscellany.Vol.IX.F.C.&J.Rivington.p. 589.Retrieved15June2009.|volume=hasextratext(help) ^"TheBritishEmpire".CaledonianMercury(15619).15October1821.p. 4. ^Lodge,HenryCabot(1907–1921)."XVI.Webster".InW.P.Trent;J.Erskine;S.P.Sherman;C.VanDoren(eds.).[American]EarlyNationalLiterature,PartII;LaterNationalLiterature,PartI.TheCambridgeHistoryofEnglishandAmericanLiterature.XVI.NewYork:G.P.Putnam'sSons.p. §6.RhetoricandLiterature.ISBN 1-58734-073-9. ^"WasteLandsoftheColonies".ParliamentaryDebates(Hansard).HouseofCommons.25June1839.col. 847. ^Roberts,Andrew(October1999)."Salisbury:TheEmpireBuilderWhoNeverWas".HistoryToday.49. ^Iyengar,Rishi(23July2015)."WatchThisIndianLawmakerBrilliantlyExplainWhytheU.K.OwesReparationsforColonialRule".Time. ^"AnonymousQuote".libquotes.com.Retrieved28August2021. ^Mukherjee,Siddhartha(29August2020)."Wasn'titJohnDuncanSpaethwhosaidit?".farbound.net.Retrieved28August2021. ^SpeechesofAlexanderCampbellArchived10April2011attheWaybackMachine ^Jordon,William(July1897)."TheGreatestNationonEarth".Ladies'HomeJournal:7–8.;citedbyKaiser,Kaitlyn(2005)."AmericanizingtheAmericanWoman:SymbolsofNationalismintheLadiesHomeJournal,1890–1900".SalveReginaUniversity(thesis):17,fn.57,58.Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Bryan,WilliamJennings(1908)."AmericanPhilanthropy".InRichardLeeMetcalfe(ed.).TherealBryan;beingextractsfromthespeechesandwritingsof"awell-roundedman".Vol.2.DesMoines:PersonalHelpPublishingCompany.pp. 44–45.|volume=hasextratext(help) ^"Thatnever-settingsun".TheNewYorkTimes.5August1906.p. 8.Retrieved14June2009. ^Williams,WilliamAppleman(1991)."Expansion,ContinentalandOverseas".InEricFoner;JohnArthurGarraty(eds.).TheReader'scompaniontoAmericanhistory.HoughtonMifflinHarcourt.p. 365.ISBN 0-395-51372-3.Retrieved23February2016.thesunneversetsonAmericanterritory. ^Gerson,Joseph;BruceBirchard,eds.(1991).TheSunNeverSets:ConfrontingtheNetworkofForeignU.S.MilitaryBases.Boston,Massachusetts:SouthEndPress.ISBN 0-89608-399-3. 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