1.4 Megapixel CCD Scientific Cameras for Microscopy

Thorlabs' 1.4 megapixel scientific CCD cameras, which offer up to 23 frames per second at 40 MHz readout of the full sensor, are specifically ...  ProductsHome / MicroscopyCameras / 1.4MegapixelCCDScientificCamerasforMicroscopy 1.4MegapixelCCDScientificCamerasforMicroscopy 1.4MegapixelMonochromeandColorCCDCameras Scientific-GradeCameraswith<7e-ReadNoise Upto23FramesperSecondfortheFullSensor SupportforLabVIEW,MATLAB,µManager,andMetaMorph ApplicationIdea 1501M-USBNon-CooledMonochromeCamerawithC-MountCameraLens1501C-USB-TE HermeticallySealedTwo-StageCooledColorCamera  ScientificCCDCamerainaCerna®MicroscopeRelatedItemsOtherScientific-GradeCamerasObjectiveandScanLensesMachineVisionCameraLensesDoublePolarizerVariableAttenuatorLiquidCrystalOpticalShutterLiquidCrystalTunableFiltersMicroscopeSlidePowerSensorsImagingSystemsOverview60mmCageSystemHigh-SpeedXYScanningStageMicroscopyFiltersTestTargetsandStageMicrometersC-MountExtensionTubeKitsMicroscopePortAdaptersCCDandCMOSCamerasC-MountRetainingRingC-MountCapsCerna®WidefieldViewing PleaseWaitOverviewSpecsApplicationsPinDiagramsSoftwareShippingListCameraNoiseInterfaceTriggeringWe'reAllEarsSelectionGuideFeedbackSelectionToolClicktoEnlargeThisfluorescenceimageofaratneuronwasacquiredusingoneofour1.4 MPcameras.Formoreimagesamples,pleaseseetheApplicationstab. Applications FluorescenceMicroscopy VIS/NIRImaging QuantumDots MultispectralImaging Immunohistochemistry(IHC) Histopathology RetinalImaging ScientificCameraSelectionGuide CMOS&sCMOSSensors Zelux®CMOS(SmallestProfile) Kiralux®CMOS KiraluxPolarization-SensitiveCMOS Quantalux®sCMOS(<1e-ReadNoise) CCDSensors 1.4MPCCD 4MPCCD 8MPCCD VGAResolutionCCD(200FramesPerSecond) Features HighQuantumEfficiencyMaximizesSignalandSNR(60%PeakQuantumEfficiencyinMonochromeVersions) <6e-(TECCooled)or<7e-(Non-Cooled)ReadNoiseImprovestheThresholdofDetectabilityUnderLowLightConditions Software-Selectable20 MHzor40 MHzReadout:MaximizeFrameRate(40 MHz)orMinimizeNoise(20 MHz) AsynchronousReset,Triggered,andBulbExposureModes(SeeTriggeringTabforDetails) 2/3"Format,1392x1040MonochromeorColorCCDSensorwith6.45 µmSquarePixels(SonyICX285ALorICX285AQ) ThorCamGUIwith32-and64-BitWindows®7or10Support SDKandProgrammingInterface Support: C,C++,C#,Python,andVisualBasic.NETAPIs LabVIEW,MATLAB, µManager,andMetaMorphThird-PartySoftware 1/4"-20TappedHolesforPostMounting Thorlabs'1.4megapixelscientificCCDcameras,whichofferupto23framespersecondat40 MHzreadoutofthefullsensor,arespecificallydesignedformicroscopyandotherdemandingscientificimagingapplications.Thesecamerasareidealformultispectralimaging,fluorescencemicroscopy,andothertechniquesthatwouldbenefitfromhighquantumefficiencyandlownoise. ClicktoEnlarge1501M-USB CameraIntegratedinto60 mmCageSystemClicktoEnlarge1501M-USBCamerawithMVL25M23C-MountCameraLens JasonMillsGeneralManager,ThorlabsScientificImaging Feedback?Questions?NeedaQuote? StandardPackageorHermeticallySealedTE-CooledCamera Ourcamerasareavailableintwopackagestyles:acompact,non-cooledstandardpackageandahermeticallysealedpackagewithatwo-stagethermoelectriccoolerthatcoolstheCCD.Thefan-freedesignminimizesimageblurfromvibrations.Coolingthecamerawillreducethedarkcurrent;however,thetotaldarkcurrentisalsoafunctionofexposuretime.Forhighlightlevelsrequiringshortexposuretimes(lessthan1second),anon-cooledcameraisgenerallysufficient.Acooledcameraisrecommendedforapplicationswithlowlightlevelsrequiringanexposuregreaterthan1second.PleaseseetheCameraNoisetabformoredetailsonthevarioussourcesofcameranoiseandhowtheyimpactthechoicebetweenastandardandcooledcamera. USB3.0Industry-StandardInterface These camerashaveaUSB3.0 interface.AUSBcable,apowersupply,andsoftwarearesuppliedwithallcameras;seethe ShippingList tabformoreinformation. Aframegrabbercardisavailableseparately.YourcomputermusthaveafreePCIExpressslottoinstalltheGigE interface.FormoredetailsontheUSB3.0 interface andrecommendedcomputerspecifications,pleaseseethe Interface tab. Ourcamerashavetriggeringoptionsthatenablecustomtimingandsystemcontrol;formoredetails,pleaseseetheTriggeringtab.Externaltriggeringrequiresaconnectiontotheauxiliaryportofthecamera.Accessorycablesandboardsto"breakout"theindividualsignalsareavailablebelow. Eachcameracomeswithauser-removableIRfilter;fordetailsonthetransmissionpleaseseetheSpecstab.Ifthefilterisremoved,itcanbereplacedwithauser-suppliedØ1"(Ø25 mm)filteroranotheropticupto4 mmthick;pleaseseethecameramanual(foundundertheredDocsiconbelow)fordetails. ThecamerasfeaturestandardC-Mount(1.000"-32)threading,andThorlabsprovidesafulllineofthread-to-threadadaptersforcompatibilitywithotherthreadstandards,includingtheSM1(1.035"-40)threadingusedonourØ1"LensTubes.Thefrontfacealsohas4-40tappedholesforcompatibilitywithour60 mmCageSystem.Four1/4"-20tappedholes,oneoneachsideofthehousing,arecompatiblewithourØ1"posts.TheseflexiblemountingoptionsmakeThorlabs'scientificcamerastheidealchoiceforintegratingintohome-builtimagingsystemsaswellasthosebasedoncommercialmicroscopes. MonochromeItem#a 1501M-USB 1501M-USB-TE ColorItem#a 1501C-USB 1501C-USB-TE SensorTypeb Monochrome:SonyICX285ALMonochromeCCD(Grade0)Color:SonyICX285AQColorCCD(Grade0) EffectiveNumberofPixels(HorizontalxVertical) 1392x1040 ImagingArea(HorizontalxVertical) 8.98 mmx6.71 mm PixelSize 6.45µmx6.45µm OpticalFormat 2/3"Format(11 mmDiagonal) PeakQuantumEfficiency Monochrome:60%at500 nmColor:SeeGraphBelow ExposureTime 0to1000secondsin1 msIncrementsc CCDPixelClockSpeed 20 MHzor40 MHz ADCdGain 0to1023Steps(0.036 dB/Step) OpticalBlackClamp 0to1023Steps(0.25ADU/Step)e VerticalHardwareBinningf ContinuousIntegerValuesfrom1to24 HorizontalSoftwareBinningf ContinuousIntegerValuesfrom1to24 RegionofInterest 1x1Pixelto1392x1040Pixels,Rectangular ReadNoiseg <7e-at20 MHz <6e-at20 MHz DigitalOutput 14Bit Cooling None SensorCoolsto-20°Cat20°CAmbientTemperature HostPCInterfaceh USB3.0 LensMount C-Mount(1.000"-32) ThespecifiedperformanceisvalidwhenusingacomputerwiththerecommendedspecificationslistedontheInterfacetab. PleasenotethatSonyhasannouncedthattheCCDsensorsusedintheseproductswillbediscontinuedin2022.Hence,whilethesesensorsarestillwidelyavailable,wedonotrecommendthesedevicesfornewdesigns. Exposuretimevarieswithoperatingmode;exposuretimesshorterthan1 msmaybepossiblewhenusinganexternaltrigger. ADC=Analog-to-DigitalConverter ADU=Analog-to-DigitalUnit CameraFrameRateisimpactedbytheVerticalHardwareBinningparameter.Forcolorcameras,whentheImageTypesettinginThorCamisanythingotherthan"Unprocessed"only1x1binningisavailable.WhensettoUnprocessed,thecameracanbinupto24x24,buttheimageproducedwillbemonochrome. Ifyourapplicationisread-noiselimited,werecommendusingthelowerCCDpixelclockspeedof20 MHz.Formoreinformationaboutreadnoise,andforexamplesofhowtocalculatethelimitingfactoroftotalcameranoise,pleaseseetheCameraNoisetab. Formoreinformationontheseinterfaceoptions,pleaseseetheInterfacetab. ClicktoEnlargeNon-CooledCamera ClicktoEnlargeHermeticallySealedCooledCamera ExampleFrameRatesat1 msExposureTimea 20 MHz 40 MHz FullSensor(1392x1040) 12fps 23fps FullSensor,Binby2(696x520) 23fps 41fps FullSensor,Binby10(139x104) 77fps 112fps CameraFrameRateisimpactedbytheVerticalHardwareBinningparameter.Forcolorcameras,whentheImageTypesettinginThorCamisanythingotherthan"Unprocessed"only1x1binningisavailable.WhensettoUnprocessed,thecameracanbinupto24x24,buttheimageproducedwillbemonochrome. ClicktoEnlargeClickforRawDataThesecurvesshowthequantumefficiencyforthemonochromecamerasensor.TheNIREnhanced(Boost)Modecanbeselectedviathesoftware.TheIRblockingfiltershouldalsoberemovedformaximumNIRsensitivity.PleasenotethattheNIRBoostmodewillreducetheantibloomingperformance.Antibloomingreducestheeffectofoneoverexposedpixelonneighboringpixels. ClicktoEnlargeThesecurvesshowtherelativeresponseforthecolorcamerasensor'sred,green,andbluepixels. ClicktoEnlargeClickforRawDataTheIRblockingfilter(Thorlabs'Item#FESH0700)canberemovedfromthecamera;instructionsareprovidedinthemanual.Ifthefilterisremoved,itcanbereplacedwithauser-suppliedØ1"(Ø25 mm)filteroranotheropticupto4 mmthick. Thorlabs'Scientific-GradeCCDCamerasareidealforavarietyofapplications.Thephotogallerybelowcontainsimagesacquiredwithour1.4megapixel,4megapixel,8megapixel,andfastframeratecameras. Todownloadsome oftheseimagesashigh-resolution,16-bitTIFFfiles,pleaseclickhere.Itmaybenecessarytouseanalternativeimageviewertoviewthe16-bitfiles.WerecommendImageJ,whichisafreedownload. Thorlabs'ScientificCameraApplications(ClickImagesforDetails) IntracellularDynamics BrightfieldMicroscopy Ophthalmology(NIR) FluorescenceMicroscopy MultispectralImaging Neuroscience SEM/TEM Thorlabs'ScientificCameraRecommendedforAboveApplication 1.4MegapixelFastFrameRate 4Megapixel8Megapixel 1.4Megapixel 4Megapixel1.4Megapixel 4Megapixel1.4Megapixel 1.4Megapixel 1.4Megapixel4MegapixelFastFrameRate MultispectralImaging MultispectralImagingVideo Thevideototherightisanexampleofamultispectralimageacquisitionusingaliquidcrystaltunablefilter(LCTF)infrontofamonochromecamera.Withasampleslideexposedtobroadbandlight,theLCTFpassesnarrowbandsoflightthataretransmittedfromthesample.Themonochromaticimagesarecapturedusingamonochromescientificcamera,resultinginadatacube–astackofspectrallyseparatedtwo-dimensionalimageswhichcanbeusedforquantitativeanalysis,suchasfindingratiosorthresholdsandspectralunmixing. Intheexampleshown,amaturecapsellabursa-pastorisembryo,alsoknownasShepherd's-Purse,israpidlyscannedacrossthe420nm-730nmwavelengthrangeusingThorlabs'KURIOS-WB1LiquidCrystalTunableFilter.Theimagesarecapturedusingourlegacy1501M-GEScientificCamera,whichisconnected,withtheliquidcrystalfilter,toaCerna®SeriesMicroscope.Theoverallsystemmagnificationis10X.Thefinalstacked/recoveredimageisshownbelow. ClicktoEnlargeFinalStacked/RecoveredImage   ThrombosisStudies Thrombosisistheformationofabloodclotwithinabloodvesselthatwillimpedetheflowofbloodinthecirculatorysystem.Thevideosbelowarefromexperimentalstudiesonthelarge-vesselthrombosisinMiceperformedbyDr.BrianCooleyattheMedicalCollegeofWisconsin.Threelasers(532nm,594nm,and650nm)wereexpandedandthenfocusedonamicrosurgicalfieldofanexposedsurgicalsiteinananesthenizedmouse.Acustom1.4MegapixelCamerawithintegratedfilterwheelwereattachedtoaLeicaMicroscopetocapturethelow-lightfluorescenceemittedfromthesurgicalsite.Seethevideosbelowwiththeirassociateddescriptionsforfurtherinfromation. ArterialThrombosis AtherogeneticVideo Inthevideoabove,agentle30-secondelectrolyticinjuryisgeneratedonthesurfaceofacarotidarteryinanatherogenicmouse(ApoE-nullonahigh-fat,“Western”diet),usinga100-micron-diameterironwire(creatingafree-radicalinjury).Thesite(arrowhead)andthevesselareimagedbytime-lapsefluorescence-capture,low-lightcameraover60minutes(timerisshowninupperleftcorner–hours:minutes:seconds).Plateletswerelabeledwithagreenfluorophore(rhodamine6G)andanti-fibrinantibodieswitharedfluorophore(Alexa-647)andinjectedpriortoelectrolyticinjurytoidentifythedevelopmentofplateletsandfibrininthedevelopingthrombus.Flowisfromlefttoright;thearteryisapproximately500micronsindiameter(baratlowerright,350microns). VenousThrombosis ThrombosisVideo Inthevideoabove,agentle30-secondelectrolyticinjuryisgeneratedonthesurfaceofamurinefemoralvein,usinga100-micron-diameterironwire(creatingafree-radicalinjury).Thesite(arrowhead)andthevesselareimagedbytime-lapsefluorescence-capture,low-lightcameraover60minutes(timerisshowninupperleftcorner–hours:minutes:seconds).Plateletswerelabeledwithagreenfluorophore(rhodamine6G)andanti-fibrinantibodieswitharedfluorophore(Alexa-647)andinjectedpriortoelectrolyticinjurytoidentifythedevelopmentofplateletsandfibrininthedevelopingthrombus.Flowisfromlefttoright;theveinisapproximately500micronsindiameter(baratlowerright,350microns). Reference:CooleyBC.Invivofluorescenceimagingoflarge-vesselthrombosisinmice.ArteriosclerThrombVascBiol31,1351-1356,2011.AllanimalstudiesweredoneunderprotocolsapprovedbytheMedicalCollegeofWisconsinInstitutionalAnimalCareandUseCommittee.CameraBackPanelConnectorLocations ClicktoEnlarge1501M-USB,1501C-USB,1501M-USB-TE,and1501C-USB-TEBackPanelLayout TSI-IOBOBandTSI-IOBOB2Break-OutBoardConnectorLocations ClicktoEnlargeTSI-IOBOB ClicktoEnlargeTSI-IOBOB2 TSI-IOBOBandTSI-IOBOB2Connector 8050-CAB1Connectors CameraAuxiliary(AUX)Port Female6-PinMiniDinFemaleConnector Male6-PinMiniDinMaleConnector(TSI-IOBOBendofCable) Male12-PinHiroseConnector(CameraendofCable) Female12-PinHiroseConnector(AuxiliaryPortonCamera) AuxiliaryConnector Thecamerasandthebreak-outboardsbothfeaturefemaleconnectors;the8megapixelcamerashavea12pinHiroseconnector,whilethebreakoutboards havea6-pinMini-DINconnector.The8050-CAB1cablefeaturesmaleconnectorsonbothends:a12-pinconnectorforconnectingtothecameraanda6-pinMini-DINconnectorforthebreak-outboards.Pins1,2,3,5,and6areeachconnectedtothecenterpinofanSMAconnectoronthebreak-outboards,whilepin4(ground)isconnectedtoeachSMAconnectorhousing.ToaccessoneoftheI/Ofunctionsnotavailablewiththe8050-CAB1,theusermustfabricateacableusingshieldedcablinginorderforthecameratoadheretoCEandFCCcompliance;additionaldetailsareprovidedinthecameramanual. CameraAUXPin # TSI-IOBOBandTSI-IOBOB2Pin# Signal Description 1 - Reserved Reservedforfutureuse 2 - Reserved Reservedforfutureuse 3 - Reserved Reservedforfutureuse 4 6 STROBE_OUT(Output) ATTLoutputthatishighduringtheactualsensorexposuretimewhenincontinuous,overlappedexposuremode.Itistypicallyusedtosynchronizeanexternalflashlamporotherdevicewiththecamera. 5 3 TRIGGER_IN(Input) ATTLinputusedtotriggerexposuresonthetransitionfromthehightolowstate. 6 1 LVAL(Output) Refersto"LineValid."Itisanactive-highTTLsignalandisassertedduringthevalidperiodoneachline.Itreturnslowduringtheinter-lineperiodbetweeneachlineandduringtheinter-frameperiodbetweeneachframe. 7 2 TRIGGER_OUT(Output) A6µspositivepulseassertedwhenusingthevariousexternaltriggerinputoptions;TRIGGER_INorLVDS_TRIGGER_IN.ThesignalisbroughtoutofthecameraasTRIGGER_OUTattheHigh-to-Lowtransitiontoallowtriggeringofotherdevices. 8 - LVDS_TRIGGER_IN_N(Input,DifferentialPairwithPin9) ALVDS(low-voltagedifferentialsignal)inputusedtotriggerexposuresonthetransitionfromthehighstatetolowstate.Thesuffix"N"identifiesthisasthenegativeinputoftheLVDSsignal. 9 - LVDS_TRIGGER_IN_P(Input,DifferentialPairwithPin9) ALVDS(low-voltagedifferentialsignal)inputusedtotriggerexposuresonthetransitionfromthehighstatetolowstate.Thesuffix"P"identifiesthisasthepositiveinputoftheLVDSsignal. 10 4 GND Theelectricalgroundforthecamerasignals 11 - Reserved Reservedforfutureuse 12 5 FVAL_OUT(Output) Refersto"FrameValid."ItisaTTLoutputthatishighduringactivereadoutlinesandreturnslowbetweenframes. ThorCam™ ThorCamisapowerfulimageacquisitionsoftwarepackagethatisdesignedforusewithourcamerason32-and64-bitWindows®7or10systems.Thisintuitive,easy-to-usegraphicalinterfaceprovidescameracontrolaswellastheabilitytoacquireandplaybackimages.Singleimagecaptureandimagesequencesaresupported.Pleaserefertothescreenshotsbelowforanoverviewofthesoftware'sbasicfunctionality. Applicationprogramminginterfaces(APIs)andasoftwaredevelopmentkit(SDK)areincludedforthedevelopmentofcustomapplicationsbyOEMsanddevelopers.TheSDKprovideseasyintegrationwithawidevarietyofprogramminglanguages,suchasC,C++,C#,Python,andVisualBasic.NET.Supportforthird-partysoftwarepackages,suchasLabVIEW,MATLAB,andµManager*isavailable.WealsoofferexampleArduinocodeforintegrationwithourTSI-IOBOB2InterconnectBreak-OutBoard. *µManagercontrolof1.3MPKiraluxcamerasisnotcurrentlysupported. RecommendedSystemRequirementsa OperatingSystem Windows®7or10(64Bit) Processor(CPU)b ≥3.0 GHzIntelCore(i5orHigher) Memory(RAM) ≥8GB HardDrivec ≥500GB(SATA)SolidStateDrive(SSD) GraphicsCardd DedicatedAdapterwith≥256MBRAM Motherboard USB3.0(-USB)Cameras:IntegratedIntelUSB3.0ControllerorOneUnusedPCIex1Slot(forItem#USB3-PCIE)GigE(-GE)Cameras:OneUnusedPCIex1Slot Connectivity USBorInternetConnectivityforDriverInstallation SeethePerformanceConsiderationssectionbelowforrecommendationstominimizedroppedframesfordemandingapplications. IntelCorei3processorsandmobileversionsofIntelprocessorsmaynotsatisfytherequirements. Werecommendasolidstatedrive(SSD)forreliablestreamingtodiskduringimagesequencestorage. On-board/integratedgraphicssolutionspresentonIntelCorei5andi7processorsarealsoacceptable. Software Version3.6.0 ClickthebuttonbelowtovisittheThorCamsoftwarepage. ExampleArduinoCodeforTSI-IOBOB2Board ClickthebuttonbelowtovisitthedownloadpageforthesampleArduinoprogramsfortheTSI-IOBOB2ShieldforArduino.Threesampleprogramsareoffered: TriggertheCameraataRateof1 Hz TriggertheCameraattheFastestPossibleRate UsetheDirectAVRPortMappingsfromtheArduinotoMonitorCameraStateandTriggerAcquisition ClicktheHighlightedRegionstoExploreThorCamFeatures CameraControlandImageAcquisition CameraControlandImageAcquisitionfunctionsarecarriedoutthroughtheiconsalongthetopofthewindow,highlightedinorangeintheimageabove.CameraparametersmaybesetinthepopupwindowthatappearsuponclickingontheToolsicon.TheSnapshotbuttonallowsasingleimagetobeacquiredusingthecurrentcamerasettings. TheStartandStopcapturebuttonsbeginimagecaptureaccordingtothecamerasettings,includingtriggeredimaging. TimedSeriesandReviewofImageSeries TheTimedSeriescontrol,showninFigure1,allowstime-lapseimagestoberecorded.Simplysetthetotalnumberofimagesandthetimedelayinbetweencaptures.Theoutputwillbesavedinamulti-pageTIFFfileinordertopreservethehigh-precision,unalteredimagedata.ControlswithinThorCamallowtheusertoplaythesequenceofimagesorstepthroughthemframebyframe. MeasurementandAnnotation Asshownintheyellowhighlightedregionsintheimageabove,ThorCamhasanumberofbuilt-inannotationandmeasurementfunctionstohelpanalyzeimagesaftertheyhavebeenacquired.Lines,rectangles,circles,andfreehandshapescanbedrawnontheimage.Textcanbeenteredtoannotatemarkedlocations. Ameasurementmodeallowstheusertodeterminethedistancebetweenpointsofinterest. Thefeaturesinthered,green,andbluehighlightedregionsoftheimageabovecanbeusedtodisplayinformationaboutbothliveandcapturedimages. ThorCamalsofeaturesatallycounterthatallowstheusertomarkpointsofinterestintheimageandtallythenumberofpointsmarked(seeFigure2). Acrosshairtargetthatislockedtothecenteroftheimagecanbeenabledtoprovideapointofreference. Third-PartyApplicationsandSupport ThorCamisbundledwithsupportforthird-partysoftwarepackagessuchasLabVIEW,MATLAB,and.NET.Both32-and64-bitversionsofLabVIEWandMATLABaresupported. Afull-featuredandwell-documentedAPI,includedwithourcameras,makesitconvenienttodevelopfullycustomizedapplicationsinanefficientmanner,whilealsoprovidingtheabilitytomigratethroughourproductlinewithouthavingtorewriteanapplication. ClicktoEnlargeFigure1: Atimedseriesof10imagestakenat1secondintervalsissavedasamultipageTIFF. ClicktoEnlargeFigure2:AscreenshotoftheThorCamsoftwareshowingsomeoftheanalysisandannotationfeatures.TheTallyfunctionwasusedtomarkfourlocationsintheimage.Abluecrosshairtargetisenabledandlockedtothecenteroftheimagetoprovideapointofreference.   PerformanceConsiderations Pleasenotethatsystemperformancelimitationscanleadto"droppedframes"whenimagesequencesaresavedtothedisk.Theabilityofthehostsystemtokeepupwiththecamera'soutputdatastreamisdependentonmultipleaspectsofthehostsystem.NotethattheuseofaUSBhubmayimpactperformance. AdedicatedconnectiontothePCispreferred.USB2.0connectionsarenotsupported. First,itisimportanttodistinguishbetweentheframerateofthecameraandtheabilityofthehostcomputertokeepupwiththetaskofdisplayingimagesorstreamingtothediskwithoutdroppingframes.Theframerateofthecameraisafunctionofexposureandreadout(e.g.clock,ROI)parameters.Basedontheacquisitionparameterschosenbytheuser,thecameratimingemulatesadigitalcounterthatwillgenerateacertainnumberofframespersecond.Whendisplayingimages,thisdataishandledbythegraphicssystemofthecomputer;whensavingimagesandmovies,thisdataisstreamedtodisk.Iftheharddriveisnotfastenough,thiswillresultindroppedframes. Onesolutiontothisproblemistoensurethatasolidstatedrive(SSD)isused.ThisusuallyresolvestheissueiftheotherspecificationsofthePCaresufficient.NotethatthewritespeedoftheSSDmustbesufficienttohandlethedatathroughput. Largerformatimagesathigherframeratessometimesrequireadditionalspeed.InthesecasesuserscanconsiderimplementingaRAID0configurationusingmultipleSSDsorsettingupaRAMdrive.WhilethelatteroptionlimitsthestoragespacetotheRAMonthePC,thisisthefastestoptionavailable.ImDiskisoneexampleofafreeRAMdisksoftwarepackage.ItisimportanttonotethatRAMdrivesusevolatilememory.HenceitiscriticaltoensurethatthedataismovedfromtheRAMdrivetoaphysicalharddrivebeforerestartingorshuttingdownthecomputertoavoiddataloss. ClicktoEnlargeItem#Shown:1501M-USB InAdditiontotheCamera,EachItem Includesthefollowing: USB3.0 Cable(MicroBtoA) PowerSupply,withRegion-SpecificPowerCord WrenchtoLoosenOpticalAssembly LensMountDustCap(AlsoFunctionsasIRFilterRemovalTool) CDwithThorCamSoftware Quick-StartGuideand ManualDownloadInformationCard CameraNoiseandTemperature OverviewWhenpurchasingacamera,animportantconsiderationiswhetherornottheapplicationwillrequireacooledsensor.Generally,mostapplicationshavehighsignallevelsanddonotrequirecooling.However,forcertainsituations,generallyunderlowlightlevelswherelongexposuresarenecessary,coolingwillprovideabenefit.Inthetutorialbelow,wederivethefollowing"ruleofthumb":forexposureslessthan1second,astandardcameraisgenerallysufficient;forexposuresgreaterthan1second,coolingcouldbebeneficial;forexposuresgreaterthan5seconds,coolingisgenerallyrecommended;andforexposuresabove10seconds,coolingisusuallyrequired.Ifyouhavequestionsaboutwhichdomainyourapplicationwillfall,youmightconsiderestimatingthesignallevelsandnoisesourcesbyfollowingthestepsdetailedinthetutorialbelow.Alternativelyyoucancontactus,andoneofourscientificcameraspecialistswillhelpyoudecidewhichcameraisrightforyou. SourcesofNoise Noiseinacameraimageistheaggregatespatialandtemporalvariationinthemeasuredsignal,assumingconstant,uniformillumination.Thereareseveralcomponentsofnoise: DarkShotNoise(σD):Darkcurrentisacurrentthatflowsevenwhennophotonsareincidentonthecamera.Itisathermalphenomenonresultingfromelectronsspontaneouslygeneratedwithinthesiliconchip(valenceelectronsarethermallyexcitedintotheconductionband).Thevariationintheamountofdarkelectronscollectedduringtheexposureisthedarkshotnoise.ItisindependentofthesignallevelbutisdependentonthetemperatureofthesensorasshowninTable1. ReadNoise(σR):Thisisthenoisegeneratedinproducingtheelectronicsignal.Thisresultsfromthesensordesignbutcanalsobeimpactedbythedesignofthecameraelectronics.Itisindependentofsignallevelandtemperatureofthesensor,andislargerforfasterCCDpixelclockrates. PhotonShotNoise(σS):Thisisthestatisticalnoiseassociatedwiththearrivalofphotonsatthepixel.SincephotonmeasurementobeysPoissonstatistics,thephotonshotnoiseisdependentonthesignallevelmeasured.Itisindependentofsensortemperature. FixedPatternNoise(σF):Thisiscausedbyspatialnon-uniformitiesofthepixelsandisindependentofsignallevelandtemperatureofthesensor.Notethatfixedpatternnoisewillbeignoredinthediscussionbelow;thisisavalidassumptionfortheCCDcamerassoldherebutmayneedtobeincludedforothernon-scientific-gradesensors. TotalEffectiveNoise Thetotaleffectivenoiseperpixelisthequadraturesumofeachofthenoisesourceslistedabove: (1) Here,σDisthedarkshotnoise,σRisthereadnoise(typicallylessthan10e-forscientific-gradecamerasusingtheICX285ALCCD;wewillassumeavalueof10e-inthistutorial),andσSisthephotonshotnoise.IfσS>>σDandσS>>σR,thenσeffisapproximatelygivenbythefollowing: (2) Again,fixedpatternnoiseisignored,whichisagoodapproximationforscientific-gradeCCDsbutmayneedtobeconsideredfornon-scientific-gradesensors. Temperature DarkCurrent(ID) -20°C 0.1e-/(s•pixel) 0°C 1e-/(s•pixel) 25°C 5e-/(s•pixel) Table1:NominaldarkcurrentvaluesatseveraltemperaturesfortheSonyICX285ALCCDsensor. ClicktoEnlargeFigure1:Plotofdarkshotnoiseandreadnoiseasafunctionofexposureforthreesensortemperatures.Thisplotuseslogarithmicscalesforbothaxes.Thedottedverticallineat5sindicatesthevaluescalculatedastheexampleinthetext. DarkShotNoiseandSensorTemperature Asmentionedabove,thedarkcurrentisathermaleffectandcanthereforebereducedbycoolingthesensor.Table1liststypicaldarkcurrentvaluesfortheSonyICX285ALCCDsensorusedinour1.4megapixelmonochromecameras.Asthedarkcurrentresultsfromspontaneouslygeneratedelectrons,thedarkcurrentismeasuredbysimply"counting"theseelectrons.SincecountingelectronsobeysPoissonstatistics,thenoiseassociatedwiththedarkcurrentIDisproportionaltothesquarerootofthenumberofdarkelectronsthataccumulateduringtheexposure.Foragivenexposure,thedarkshotnoise,σD,isthereforethesquarerootoftheIDvaluefromTable1(foragivensensortemperature)multipliedbytheexposuretimetinseconds: (3) Sincethedarkcurrentdecreaseswithdecreasingtemperature,theassociatednoisecanbedecreasedbycoolingthecamera.Forexample,assuminganexposureof5seconds,thedarkshotnoiselevelsforthethreesensortemperatureslistedinthetableare (4) Figure1,whichisaplotofthedarkshotnoiseasafunctionofexposureforthethreetemperatureslistedinTable1,illustrateshowthedarkshotnoiseincreaseswithincreasingexposure.Figure1alsoincludesaplotoftheupperlimitofthereadnoise. Ifthephotonshotnoiseissignificantlylargerthanthedarkshotnoise,thencoolingprovidesanegligiblebenefitintermsofthenoise,andourstandardpackagecameraswillworkwell. PhotonShotNoise IfSisthenumberof"signal"electronsgeneratedwhenaphotonfluxofNphotons/secondisincidentoneachpixelofasensorwithaquantumefficiencyQEandanexposuredurationoftseconds,then (5) FromS,thephotonshotnoise,σS,isgivenby: (6) ExampleCalculations IfweassumethatthereisasufficientlyhighphotonfluxandquantumefficiencytoallowforasignalSof10,000e-toaccumulateinapixelwithanexposureof5seconds,thentheestimatedshotnoise,σS,wouldbethesquarerootof10,000,or100e-.Thereadnoiseis10e-(independentofexposuretime).Foranexposureof5secondsandsensortemperaturesof25,0,and-25°C,thedarkshotnoiseisgiveninequation(4).Theeffectivenoiseis: (7) Thesignal-to-noiseratio(SNR)isausefulfigureofmeritforimagequalityandisestimatedas: (8) FromEquation7,theSNRvaluesforthethreesensortemperaturesare: (9) Astheexampleshows,thereisanegligiblebenefittousingacooledcameracomparedtoanon-cooledcameraoperatingatroomtemperature,andthephotonshotnoiseisthedominantnoisesourceinthisexample.Inthiscaseourstandardpackagecamerasshouldthereforeworkquitewell. However,ifthelightlevelswerelowersuchthata100secondexposurewasrequiredtoachieve900e-perpixel,thentheshotnoisewouldbe30e-.Theestimateddarkshotnoisewouldbe22.4e-at25°C,whileat-20°Cthedarkshotnoisewouldbe3.2e-.Thetotaleffectivenoisewouldbe (10) FromEquation8,theSNRvaluesare (11) Exposure CameraRecommendation <1s StandardNon-CooledCameraGenerallySufficient 1sto5s CooledCameraCouldBeHelpful 5sto10s CooledCameraRecommended >10s CooledCameraUsuallyRequired Table2:FromtheresultsshowninFigure1,thesearethegeneral"ruleofthumb"recommendationsrelatedtocoolingconsiderationsbasedontheexposurerequirementsofanapplication.Pleasekeepinmindthatsomeapplicationsaremoresensitivetonoisethanothers. Inthisexample,thedarkshotnoiseisamoresignificantcontributortothetotalnoiseforthe25°Csensorthanforthe-25°Csensor.Dependingontheapplication'snoisebudget,acooledcameramaybebeneficial. Figure2showsplotsofthedifferentnoisecomponents,includingdarkshotnoiseatthreesensortemperatures,asafunctionofexposuretimeforthreephotonfluxes.Theplotsshowthatdarkshotnoiseisnotasignificantcontributortototalnoiseexceptforlowsignal(andconsequentlylongexposure)situations.Whilethephotonfluxlevelsusedforthecalculationsaregiveninthefigure,itisnotnecessarytoknowtheexactphotonfluxlevelforyourapplication.Figure2suggestsageneralmetricbasedonexposuretimethatcanbeusedtodeterminewhetheracooledcameraisrequirediftheexposuretimecanbeestimated,andtheseresultsaresummarizedinTable2.Ifyoufindthatyourdominantsourceofnoiseisduetothereadnoise,thenwerecommendrunningthecameraatalowerCCDpixelclockrateof20MHz,sincethatwillofferalowerreadnoise. ClicktoEnlarge(a) ClicktoEnlarge(b) ClicktoEnlarge(c) Figure2:Noisefromallsourcesasafunctionofexposureforthreedifferentphotonfluxes:(a)low,(b)medium,and(c)high.In(c)thesignalandphotonshotnoisesaturateaboveapproximately20secondsbecausethepixelbecomessaturatedatthecorrespondingincidentphotonlevels.Aquantumefficiencyof60%wasusedforthecalculations.Notethattheseplotsuselogarithmicscalesforbothaxes. OtherConsiderations Thermoelectriccoolingshouldalsobeconsideredforlongexposuresevenwherethedarkshotnoiseisnotasignificantcontributortototalnoisebecausecoolingalsohelpstoreducetheeffectsofhotpixels.Hotpixelscausea"starfield"patternthatappearsunderlongexposures.Figure3showsanexampleofthisstarfieldpatternforimagestakenusingcameraswithandwithoutTECcoolingwithanexposureof10seconds. (a) (b) Figure3:Imagesofthe"starfield"patternthatresultsfromhotpixelsusingour(a)standardnon-cooledcameraand(b)ourcameracooledto-20°C.Bothimagesweretakenwithanexposureof10secondsandwithagainof32dB(tomakethehotpixelsmorevisible).Pleasenotethatinordertoshowthepatterntheimagesdisplayedherewerecroppedfromthefull-resolution16bitimages.Thefullsize16bitimagesmaybedownloadedhereandviewedwithsoftwaresuchasImageJ,whichisafreedownload. RecommendedSystemRequirements OperatingSystem Windows®7,8.1,or10(64bit) Processor(CPU)a ≥3.0 GHzIntelCorei5,i7,ori8 Memory(RAM) ≥8GB HardDrive ≥500GB(SATA)SolidStateDrive(SSD)b GraphicsCard DedicatedcAdapterwith≥256MBRAM PowerSupply ≥600 W Motherboard IntegratedIntelUSB3.0ControllerorOneUnusedPCIex1Slot(forItem#USB3-PCIE) Connectivity USBorInternetConnectivityforDriverInstallation MaxCableLength 3m MaxBandwidthd 320MB/s SupportforMultipleCameras ViaMultipleUSB3.0PortsorHub IntelCorei3processorsandmobileversionsofIntelprocessorsmaynotsatisfytherequirements. Werecommendasolidstatedrive(SSD)forreliablestreamingtodiskduringimagesequencestorage. On-board/integratedgraphicssolutionspresentonIntelCorei5andi7processorsarealsoacceptable. PerformancewillvarydependingontheexactPCconfiguration. Whenusingthesescientificcameras,itisimportanttoconfirmthatthecomputersystemmeetsorexceedstherecommendedrequirementslistedtotheright;otherwise,droppedframesmayresult,particularlywhenstreamingcameraimagesdirectlytostoragemedia. Definitions CameraFrameRate:Thenumberofimagespersecondgeneratedbythecamera.Itisafunctionofcameramodelanduser-selectedsettings. EffectiveFrameRate:Thenumberofimagespersecondreceivedbythehostcomputer'scamerasoftware.Thisdependsonthelimitsoftheselectedinterfacehardware(chipset),CPUperformance,andotherdevicesandsoftwarecompetingforthehostcomputerresources. MaximumBandwidth:Themaximumrate(inbits/secondorbytes/second)atwhichdatacanbereliablytransferredovertheinterfacefromthecameratothehostPC.Themaximumbandwidthisaspecifiedperformancebenchmarkoftheinterface,undertheassumptionthatthehostPCiscapableofreceivingandhandlingdataatthatrate.Aninterfacewithahighermaximumbandwidthwilltypicallysupporthighercameraframerates,butthechoiceofinterfacedoesnotbyitselfincreasetheframerateofthecamera. ClicktoEnlargeUSB3.0CameraInterface USB3.0Interface USB3.0isastandardinterfaceavailableonmostnewPCs,whichmeansthattypicallynoadditionalhardwareisrequired,andthereforethesecamerasarenotsoldwithanycomputerhardware.ForuserswithPCsthatdonothaveaUSB3.0port,aPCIecardissoldseparatelybelow.USB3.0supportsaspeedupto320MB/sandcablelengthsupto3 m.SupportformultiplecamerasispossibleusingmultipleUSB3.0portsonthePCoraUSB3.0hub.TriggeredCameraOperation Ourscientificcamerashavethreeexternallytriggeredoperatingmodes:streamingoverlappedexposure,asynchronoustriggeredacquisition,andbulb exposuredrivenbyanexternallygeneratedtriggerpulse.Thetriggermodesoperateindependentlyofthereadout(e.g.,20or40MHz;binning)settingsaswellasgainandoffset.Figures1through3showthetimingdiagramsforthesetriggermodes,assuminganactivelowexternalTTLtrigger. ClicktoEnlargeFigure1: Streamingoverlappedexposuremode.Whentheexternaltriggergoeslow,theexposurebegins,andcontinuesforthesoftware-selectedexposuretime,followedbythereadout.Thissequencethenrepeatsatthesettimeinterval.Subsequentexternaltriggersareignoreduntilthecameraoperationishalted. ClicktoEnlargeFigure2:Asynchronoustriggeredacquisitionmode.Whentheexternaltriggersignalgoeslow,anexposurebeginsforthepresettime,andthentheexposureisreadoutofthecamera.Duringthereadouttime,theexternaltriggerisignored. Onceasingle readoutiscomplete,thecamerawillbeginthenextexposureonlywhentheexternaltriggersignalgoeslow. ClicktoEnlargeFigure3:Bulbexposuremode.Theexposurebeginswhentheexternaltriggersignalgoeslowandendswhentheexternaltriggersignalgoeshigh.Triggersignalsduringcamerareadoutareignored. Figure4: TheThorCamCameraSettingswindow.Theredandbluehighlightedregionsindicatethetriggersettingsasdescribedinthetext. Externaltriggeringenablesthesecamerastobeeasilyintegratedintosystemsthatrequirethecameratobesynchronizedtoexternalevents.TheStrobeOutputgoes hightoindicateexposure;thestrobesignalmaybeusedindesigningasystem tosynchronizeexternaldevicestothecameraexposure.Externaltriggeringrequiresaconnectiontotheauxiliaryportofthecamera.Weofferthe8050-CAB1auxiliarycableasanoptionalaccessory.Twooptionsareprovidedto"breakout" individualsignals.TheTSI-IOBOBprovidesSMAconnectorsforeachindividualsignal.Alternately,theTSI-IOBOB2 alsoprovidestheSMAconnectorswiththeaddedfunctionalityofashieldforArduinoboardsthatallowscontrolofotherperipheralequipment.Moredetailsonthesethreeoptionalaccessoriesareprovidedbelow. TriggersettingsareadjustedusingtheThorCamsoftware.Figure4showstheCameraSettingswindow,withthetriggersettingshighlightedwithredandbluesquares.Settingscanbeadjustedasfollows: "HWTrigger"(RedHighlight)Setto"None": Thecamerawillsimplyacquirethenumberofframesinthe"FramesperTrigger"boxwhenthecapturebuttonispressedinThorCam. "HWTrigger"Setto"Standard": ThereareTwoPossibleScenarios: "FramesperTrigger"(BlueHighlight)SettoZeroor>1: Thecamerawilloperateinstreamingoverlappedexposuremode(Figure1). "FramesperTrigger"Setto1: Thenthecamerawilloperateinasynchronoustriggeredacquisitionmode(Figure2). "HWTrigger"Setto"Bulb(PDX)Mode":Thecamerawilloperateinbulbexposuremode,alsoknownasPulseDrivenExposure(PDX)mode(Figure3). Inaddition,thepolarityofthetriggercanbesetto"OnHigh"(exposurebeginsontherisingedge)or"OnLow"(exposurebeginsonthefallingedge)inthe"HWTriggerPolarity"box(highlightedinredinFigure4). ExampleCameraTriggeringConfigurationusingScientificCameraAccessories Figure5:AschematicshowingasystemusingtheTSI-IOBOB2tofacilitatesystemintegrationandcontrol.  Asanexampleofhowcameratriggeringcanbeintegratedintosystemcontrol isshowninFigure5.Intheschematic,thecameraisconnectedtotheTSI-IOBOB2break-outboard/shieldforArduinousinga8050-CAB1cable.Thepinsontheshieldcanbeusedtodeliversignalstosimultaneouslycontrolotherperipheraldevices,suchaslightsources,shutters,ormotioncontroldevices.OncethecontrolprogramiswrittentotheArduinoboard,theUSBconnectiontothehostPCcanberemoved,allowingforastand-alonesystemcontrolplatform;alternately,theUSBconnectioncanbeleftinplacetoallowfortwo-waycommunicationbetweentheArduinoandthePC.ConfiguringtheexternaltriggermodeisdoneusingThorCamasdescribedabove. AboutThorlabsScientificImaging ThorlabsScientificImaging(TSI)isamulti-disciplinaryteamdedicatedtosolvingthemostchallengingimagingproblems.Wedesignandmanufacturelow-noise,highperformancescientificcameras,interfacedevices,andsoftwareatourfacilityinAustin,Texas. AMessagefromTSI'sGeneralManager Asaresearcher,youareaccustomedtosolvingdifficultproblemsbutmaybefrustratedbytheinadequacyoftheavailableinstrumentationandtools.TheproductdevelopmentteamatThorlabsScientificImagingiscontinuallylookingfornewchallengestopushtheboundariesofScientificCamerasusingvarioussensortechnologies.Wewelcomeyourinputinordertoleverageourteamofseniorresearchanddevelopmentengineerstohelpmeetyouradvancedimagingneeds. Thorlabs'purposeistosupportadvancesinresearchthroughourproductofferings.Yourinputwillhelpussteerthedirectionofourscientificcameraproductlinetosupporttheseadvances.Ifyouhaveachallengingapplicationthatrequiresamoreadvancedscientificcamerathaniscurrentlyavailable,Iwouldbeexcitedtohearfromyou. Sincerely,JasonMillsGeneralManagerThorlabsScientificImaging Thorlabsoffersfourfamiliesofscientificcameras:Zelux®,Kiralux®,Quantalux®,andscientificCCD.Zeluxcamerasaredesignedforgeneral-purposeimagingandprovidehighimagingperformancewhilemaintainingasmallfootprint.KiraluxcamerashaveCMOSsensorsinmonochrome,color,NIR-enhanced,orpolarization-sensitiveversionsandareavailableincompact,passivelycooledhousings;theCC505MUcameraincorporatesahermeticallysealed,TE-cooledhousing.Thepolarization-sensitiveKiraluxcameraincorporatesanintegratedmicropolarizerarraythat,whenusedwithourThorCam™softwarepackage,capturesimagesthatillustratedegreeoflinearpolarization,azimuth,andintensityatthepixellevel.OurQuantaluxmonochromesCMOScamerasfeaturehighdynamicrangecombinedwithextremelylowreadnoiseforlow-lightapplications.Theyareavailableineitheracompact,passivelycooledhousingorahermeticallysealed,TE-cooledhousing.WealsoofferscientificCCDcameraswithavarietyoffeatures,includingversionsoptimizedforoperationatUV,visible,orNIRwavelengths;fast-frame-ratecameras;TE-cooledornon-cooledhousings;andversionswiththesensorfaceplateremoved.Thetablesbelowprovideasummaryofourcameraofferings. CompactScientificCameras CameraType Zelux®CMOS Kiralux®CMOS Quantalux®sCMOS 1.6MP 1.3MP 2.3MP 5MP 8.9MP 12.3MP 2.1MP Item# Monochrome:CS165MUaColor:CS165CUa Mono.:CS135MUColor:CS135CUNIR-EnhancedMono.:CS135MUN Mono.:CS235MUColor:CS235CU Mono.,PassiveCooling:CS505MU1CS505MUMono.,ActiveCooling:CC505MUColor:CS505CU1CS505CUPolarization:CS505MUP1 Mono.,PassiveCooling:CS895MUMono.,ActiveCooling:CC895MUColor:CS895CU Mono.,PassiveCooling:CS126MUMono.,ActiveCooling:CC126MUColor:CS126CU Monochrome,PassiveCooling:CS2100M-USBActiveCooling:CC215MU ProductPhotos(ClicktoEnlarge) ElectronicShutter GlobalShutter GlobalShutter RollingShutterb SensorType CMOS CMOS sCMOS NumberofPixels 1440x1080 (HxV) 1280x1024 (HxV) 1920x1200 (HxV) 2448x2048 (HxV) 4096x2160(HxV) 4096x3000(HxV) 1920x1080 (HxV) PixelSize 3.45 µmx3.45 µm 4.8 µmx4.8 µm 5.86 µmx5.86 µm 3.45 µmx3.45 µm 5.04 µmx5.04 µm OpticalFormat 1/2.9"(6.2 mmDiag.) 1/2"(7.76 mmDiag.) 1/1.2"(13.4 mmDiag.) 2/3"(11 mmDiag.) 1"(16 mmDiag.) 1.1"(17.5 mmDiag.) 2/3"(11 mmDiag.) PeakQuantumEfficiency(ClickforPlot) Monochrome:69%at575 nmColor:ClickforPlot Monochrome:59%at550 nmColor:ClickforPlotNIR:60%at600 nm Monochrome:78%at500 nmColor:ClickforPlot Monochrome&Polarization:72%(525to580 nm)Color:ClickforPlot Monochrome:72%(525to580 nm)Color:ClickforPlot Monochrome:72%(525to580 nm)Color:ClickforPlot Monochrome:61%(at600 nm) MaxFrameRate(FullSensor) 34.8fps 165.5fps 39.7fps 35fps(CS505xx1,CC505MU,CS505MUP1),53.2fps(CS505xx) 20.8fps(CC895MU),30.15fps(CS895xx) 15.1fps(CC126MU),21.7fpsfps(CS126xx) 50fps ReadNoise <4.0e-RMS <7.0e-RMS <7.0e-RMS <2.5e-RMS <1e-MedianRMS;<1.5e-RMS DigitalOutput 10Bit(Max) 10Bit(Max) 12Bit(Max) 16Bit(Max) PCInterface USB3.0 AvailableFanlessCooling N/A N/A N/A 15°Cto20°CBelowAmbientTemperature(CCxxxMUCamerasOnly) HousingSize(ClickforDetails) 0.59"x1.72"x1.86"(15.0x43.7x47.2 mm3) PassivelyCooledCMOSCameraTE-CooledCMOSCamera PassivelyCooledsCMOSCameraTE-CooledsCMOSCamera TypicalApplications Mono.&Color:BrightfieldMicroscopy,GeneralPurposeImaging,MachineVision,MaterialSciences,MaterialsInspection,Monitoring,TransmittedLightSpectroscopy,UAV,Drone,&HandheldImagingMono.Only:MultispectralImaging,SemiconductorInspectionColorOnly:Histopathology Mono.,Color,&NIR:BrightfieldMicroscopy,Ca++IonImaging,Electrophysiology/BrainSliceImaging,FlowCytometry,FluorescenceMicroscopy,GeneralPurposeImaging,Immunohistochemistry(IHC),LaserSpeckleImaging,MachineVision,MaterialSciences,MaterialsInspection,VascularImaging,Monitoring,ParticleTracking,TransmittedLightSpectroscopy,VascularImaging,VIS/NIRImagingMono.Only:MultispectralImagingSemiconductorInspectionColorOnly:HistopathologyNIROnly:Ophthalmology/RetinalImaging Mono.&Color:Autofluorescence,BrightfieldMicroscopy,Electrophysiology/BrainSliceImaging,FluorescenceMicroscopy,Immunohistochemistry(IHC),MachineVision,MaterialSciences,MaterialsInspection,Monitoring,QuantitativePhase-ContrastMicroscopy,TransmittedLightMicroscopyMono.Only:MultispectralImagingSemiconductorInspectionColorOnly:Histopathology Mono.&Color:Autofluorescence,BrightfieldMicroscopy,Electrophysiology/BrainSliceImaging,FluorescenceMicroscopy,Immunohistochemistry(IHC),MachineVision,MaterialSciences,MaterialsInspection,Monitoring,QuantitativePhase-ContrastMicroscopy,TransmittedLightMicroscopyMono.Only:MultispectralImaging,SemiconductorInspectionColorOnly:HistopathologyPolarizationOnly:Inspection,SurfaceReflectionReduction,TransparentMaterialDetection Mono.&Color:Autofluorescence,BrightfieldMicroscopy,Electrophysiology/BrainSliceImaging,FluorescenceMicroscopy,Immunohistochemistry(IHC),MachineVision,MaterialScience,MaterialsInspection,Monitoring,QuantitativePhase-ContrastMicroscopy,TransmittedLightMicroscopyMono.Only:MultispectralImaging,Ophthalmology/RetinalImaging,SemiconductorInspectionColorOnly:HistopathologyCS126xxandCC126MUOnly:Whole-SlideMicroscopy Passive&ActiveCooling:Autofluorescence,BrightfieldMicroscopy,FluorescenceMicroscopy,Immunohistochemistry(IHC),MaterialSciences,MaterialsInspection,Monitoring,QuantitativePhase-ContrastMicroscopy,QuantumDots,SemiconductorInspection,TransmittedLightMicroscopy,Whole-SlideMicroscopyActiveCoolingOnly:Electrophysiology/BrainSliceImaging,MultispectralImaging TheseitemnumbersarerepresentativeoftheZeluxfamily.Thesecamerasareavailablewithorwithoutexternalhardwaretriggers. RollingShutterwithEqualExposurePulse(EEP)ModeforSynchronizingtheCameraandLightSourcesforEvenIllumination ScientificCCDCameras CameraType FastFrameRateVGACCD 1.4MPCCD 8MPCCD Item#Prefix Monochrome:340M UV-EnhancedMonochrome:340UV Monochrome:1501MColor:1501C Monochrome:8051MColor:8051C Monochrome,NoSensorFacePlate:S805MU ProductPhoto(ClicktoEnlarge) ElectronicShutter GlobalShutter SensorType CCD NumberofPixels 640x480 (HxV) 1392x1040 (HxV) 3296x2472 (HxV) PixelSize 7.4 µmx7.4 µm 6.45 µmx6.45 µm 5.5 µmx5.5 µm OpticalFormat 1/3"(5.92 mmDiagonal) 2/3"(11 mmDiagonal) 4/3"(22 mmDiagonal) PeakQE(ClickforPlot) 55%at500 nm 10%at485 nm Monochrome:60%at500 nmColor:ClickforPlot Monochrome:51%at460 nmColor:ClickforPlot 51%at460 nm MaxFrameRate(FullSensor) 200.7fps(at40 MHzDual-TapReadout) 23fps(at40 MHzSingle-TapReadout) 17.1fps(at40 MHzQuad-TapReadout)b 17.1fps(at40 MHzQuad-TapReadout) ReadNoise <15e-at20 MHz <7e-at20 MHz(StandardModels)<6e-at20 MHz(-TEModels) <10e-at20 MHz DigitalOutput(Max) 14Bitc 14Bit 14Bitc 14Bit AvailableFanlessCooling PassiveThermalManagement -20 °Cat20 °CAmbientTemperature -10 °Cat20 °CAmbient PassiveThermalManagement AvailablePCInterfaces USB3.0 HousingDimensions(ClickforDetails) Non-CooledScientificCCDCamera CooledScientificCCDCameraNon-CooledScientificCCDCamera NoFacePlateScientificCCDCamera TypicalApplications Mono.&UVEnhanced:BrightfieldMicroscopy,Ca++IonImaging,ElectronMicroscopy(TEM/SEM),FluorescenceMicroscopy,Immunohistochemistry(IHC),MaterialSciences,ParticleTracking,SEM/EBSD,TransmittedLightMicroscopyMonochromeOnly:FlowCytometryUVEnhancedOnly:UVInspection Monochrome&Color:BrightfieldMicroscopy,ElectronMicroscopy(TEM/SEM),FlowCytometry,FluorescenceMicroscopy,Immunohistochemistry(IHC),MaterialSciences,QuantumDots,TransmittedLightMicroscopyMonochromeOnly:Autofluorescence,LaserSpeckleImaging,Ophthamology/RetinalImaging,QuantitativePhase-ContrastMicroscopy,SEM/EBSD,VascularImaging,VIS/NIRImagingColorOnly:Histopathology Monochrome&Color:BrightfieldMicroscopy,FluorescenceMicroscopy,Immunohistochemistry(IHC),MaterialSciences,MaterialsInspection,Monitoring,TransmittedLightMicroscopy,Whole-SlideMicroscopyMonochromeOnly:SemiconductorInspectionQuantitativePhase-ContrastMicroscopyColorOnly:Histopathology Monochrome:BeamProfiling&Characterization,DigitalHolographicMicroscopy,FluorescenceMicroscopy,Immunohistochemistry(IHC),Interferometry,MaterialSciences,Monitoring,Ptychography,TransmittedLightMicroscopy,VCSELInspection Limitedto13fpsat40 MHzdual-tapreadoutforGigabitEthernetcameras;quad-tapreadoutisunavailableforGigabitEthernetcameras. Limitedto8.5fpsat40 MHzdual-tapreadoutforGigabitEthernetcameras;quad-tapreadoutisunavailableforGigabitEthernetcameras. GigabitEthernetcamerasoperatingindual-tapreadoutmodearelimitedto12-bitdigitaloutput. PleaseGiveUsYourFeedback1.FirstName 2.LastName SubmitAnonymously:3.Email ContactMe:4.FeedbackOn ALLPRODUCTSPresentationFeedback1500M-CL1500M-CL-TE1500M-GE1500M-GE-TE1501C-USB1501C-USB-TE1501M-USB1501M-USB-TE8050-CAB1TSI-IOBOBTSI-IOBOB2USB3-MBA-118USB3-PCIEPrefertoRequestaQuote?RequestQuote5.EnterCommentsBelow:Charactersremaining 8000   6.SubmitFeedback:CharactersareCase-SensitiveClickforanewcode.PostedComments:YizhaoGuan &nbsp(posted2021-07-2618:39:46.15)Ihaveaquestionabouttheexposuretimeofthis1501M-USBmodel.Icanonlyupscaletheexposuretimeto10secondswhilethemanualsaysitcanreach1000seconds.Thecamerawasboughtin2018andthesoftwareversionwas3.1.HowcanIsolvethisproblem?(sorrythatpreviouslyIsentthesamequestionwithawrongemailaddress)cdolbashian &nbsp(posted2021-08-2711:05:24.0)ThankyouforreachingouttousatThorlabs.Thisisabitofanextensiveworkaround.Ireachedouttoyoudirectlywiththistemporarysolution.YizhaoGuan &nbsp(posted2021-07-2618:35:59.45)Ihaveaquestionabouttheexposuretimeof1501M-USB. Icanonlyupscaletheexposuretimeto10secondsbytheThorlabscamsoftware,whilethemanualsaystheexposuretimecanreach1000seconds.Thecamerawasboughtin2018andthesoftwareversionwas3.1.AlexanderD &nbsp(posted2020-09-2413:41:52.007)HiThorlabs Iamconsideringbuyingoneofthe1.4MPCCDscientificcameras.HowdoesthisitemcomparetoanotheritemthepyrocamfromOphiropticsinfiberoutputbeamcharacterization?IammeasuringattheNIRrangeatabout1060nm. Thankyouforyourtime.YLohia &nbsp(posted2020-09-2811:29:03.0)Hello,thankyouforcontactingThorlabs.The1501isverydifferentthantheOphirPyrocam,whichhasaverywiderange(upto5um)andusesapyrometer.ThisresultsinaverylowresolutionforthePyrocamcomparedtothatofthe1501.WeexpectthepricingtobehigherforthePyrocam,butwecannotcommentonthatsincethepricingisnotlistedonline.At1060,the1501Mshouldhaveadequatequantumefficiencytodetectareasonablyintensebeamandisarguablyamoreappropriatechoice.Itdoeshaveapermanently-affixedglasslidonthesensorand,therefore,itmaynotbeoptimalforbeamprofilingduetointerferenceeffects.ThorlabsBC106N-VISusesthesamesensorandisdesignedforbeamprofiling.IvanSkachko &nbsp(posted2019-03-1508:04:19.55)Isthereamaximumlightintensity(W/mm^2)thatissafeforthecameraorwouldtheCCDsimplysaturate?llamb &nbsp(posted2019-03-1506:30:33.0)ThankyouforcontactingThorlabs.Wedonothavedamagethresholddataforthiscamera'ssensor,thoughyouwillseesaturationwellbeforeactualdamage.satyajitmaji8 &nbsp(posted2018-08-2922:22:32.68)Weareusing1500M-GE(S/N:04890) Afterusingforsometime(10-20min),itissuddenlyshowingaerrormessage"Errorsettingexposuretimeto10000(somevalue)microseconds". ThePCconfigurationisasfollowing, Windows7professional Intelcore(TM)[email protected] RAM8GB,64bitOS. Howtoresolvethis.llamb &nbsp(posted2018-10-0408:13:24.0)ThankyouforcontactingThorlabs.Ifyouarenotalready,pleasetryusingourThorCamsoftwaredirectlyfortroubleshooting,asopposedtoathirdpartyprogramsuchasLabView.InThorCam,youmaytryclickingthe"info"icontoquerythecamerafirmwaretoseewhetherthisfixestheissue,orelseidentifythatthecameraisnolongerrespondingtocommands.Ihavereachedouttoyoudirectlyforadditionaltroubleshooting.nelson.gananathan &nbsp(posted2018-03-1413:04:51.497)Hello, Iwouldliketoknowifit'spossibletousethiscamerawiththematlabtoolbox"ImageAcquisition"ifyes,howtoconfigurethetoolbox. Bestregards NelsonGananathanllamb &nbsp(posted2018-04-0911:20:24.0)HelloNelson,thankyouforcontactingThorlabs.Yes,itispossibletouseourscientificcameraswithMATLABImageAcquisition.WeprovideatoolboxadapterforthisuseafterdownloadingThorCam,asourscientificcameraswillnotworkwiththedefaultIMAQadapters.Toinstalltheadapter,youcanrunTSI_Matlab_Support_Setup_x86_x64.exelocatedinC:\ProgramFiles\Thorlabs\ScientificImaging\ScientificCameraSupport\thirdpartysoftwaresupport.nirmal.mazumder &nbsp(posted2017-06-1513:01:22.64)Iwanttoknowifthereisanywarrantyperiodfor1501M-USBcamera. Thanksnbayconich &nbsp(posted2017-06-1508:16:08.0)ThankyouforcontactingThorlabs.Yesthe1501M-USBcamerahasa2yearwarranty.ATechsupportrepresentativewillcontactyoudirectly.christopher.wilson &nbsp(posted2017-06-1215:32:21.283)Ijustwanttomakesurethatbinningisavailablefrom2x2to24x24continuously.iecanweuse4x4?Iassumethataslongasthemoduloofthebinsizewithboththeverticalandhorizontalresolutionarezero,thathardwarebinningisavailableandavailableinsoftware?Thanks!tfrisch &nbsp(posted2017-06-3011:43:59.0)Hello,thankyouforcontactingThorlabs.Thehardware(chargedomain)binningisonlyintheverticaldirection,andhorizontalbinningisdoneinthehostsoftware.Thebinsizedoesnotneedtobeafactorofthetotalnumberofpixelsasremaindersattheedgescanbeaccountedfor.Iwillreachouttoyoudirectlyaswell.user &nbsp(posted2016-05-2019:22:32.567)Hello,DoyouprovideanyLabViewintegrationwiththiscamera? Thankyoubesembeson &nbsp(posted2016-05-2412:27:50.0)ResponsefromBwehatThorlabsUSA:YeswedoprovidethirdpartysoftwaresupportforLabVIEWandotherprograms.user &nbsp(posted2015-05-2011:31:07.41)whatistheexternalthreadofthec-mountadapter?IdonotwanttousetheIRfilterandwantalargerfeaturetothreadintothecamera.besembeson &nbsp(posted2015-07-1502:52:58.0)ResponsefromBwehATThorlabsUSA:Wecalloutspecificationsofthisthread,andseveralothersatthefollowinglink,underthe"ThreadingSpecs"tab:http://www.thorlabs.us/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=4960user &nbsp(posted2014-05-1908:55:35.017)Hello,doyouhaveanyupdateregardingtheLabVIEWdrivers?Canyougiveanestimationdatefortherelease? Best,Jonathanbesembeson &nbsp(posted2014-05-2202:36:38.0)AresponsefromBwehEsembesonatThorlabsUSA:ThanksforcontactingThorlabs.WearecurrentlyworkingontheLabVIEWdriversandIwillpersonallygiveyouanupdateintwoweeksfromtodayviaemailregardingwhenthiswillbeready.doron.azoury &nbsp(posted2013-09-0200:50:12.707)Hi,twoquestions: 1.Canyoupleaseprovideinformationregardingthemaximumachievableframeratebyusingtheregionofinterestoptionwithoutbinning? 2.DoyouprovideLabviewdrivers?DoyouhaveexamplecodesforLabview? Thanks,Doron.jlow &nbsp(posted2013-09-0411:30:00.0)ResponsefromJeremyatThorlabs:Wewillgetincontactwithyoudirectlytoprovidewithaformulaforestimatingtheframerates.IntermsofLabviewdrivers,wedonothaveanyyetbutweareplanningonaddingtheminthenearfuture._tsicameras.cfmCameraSelectionToolResetParametersof39ProductsShownSearchforNewProductsGoClearSearchSelectParametersSensorShowAllColorCCDColorCMOSMonochromeCCDMonochromeCCD,SensorFacePlateRemovedMonochromeCMOSMonochromeCMOSwithWireGridPolarizerArrayMonochromeUVEnhancedCCDMonochromesCMOSNIR-EnhancedCMOSOpticalFormatShowAll1/3"(5.92mmDiagonal)1/2.9"(6.2mmDiagonal)1/2"(7.76mmDiagonal)2/3"(11mmDiagonal)1/1.2"(13.3mmDiagonal)1"(16mmDiagonal)1"(16 mmDiagonal)1.1"(17.5mmDiagonal)1.1"(17.5 mmDiagonal)4/3"(22mmDiagonal)ElectronicShutterShowAllGlobalShutterRollingShutterPixelSizeShowAll3.45µmx3.45µm3.45 µmx3.45 µm4.8µmx4.8µm5.04µmx5.04µm5.5µmx5.5µm5.86µmx5.86µm6.45µmx6.45µm7.4µmx7.4µmMaxFramesShowAll17.1fpsat40MHz(FullSensor)21.7fps(FullSensor)23fpsat40MHz(FullSensor)30.15fps(FullSensor)34.8fps(FullSensor)35fps(FullSensor)39.7fps(FullSensor)50fps(FullSensor)53.2fps(FullSensor)165.5fps(FullSensor)200.7fpsat40MHz(FullSensor)ReadNoiseShowAll<1e-MedianRMS;<1.5e-RMS<2.5e-RMS<4.0e-RMS<6e-at20MHz<7.0e-RMS<7e-at20MHz<10e-at20MHz<15e-at20MHzDigitalOutputShowAll10Bits12Bits14Bits16BitsFanlessCoolingShowAllActiveThermoelectricCoolingPassiveCoolingHousingDimensionsShowAll0.59"x1.72"x1.86"(15.0mmx43.7mmx47.2mm)3.02"x2.38"x1.88"(76.7mmx60.3mmx47.6mm)3.25"x1.78"x3.25"(82.6mmx45.3mmx82.6mm)3.90"x2.65"x3.25"(99.1mmx67.2mmx99.1mm)4.29"x4.13"x4.12"(109.0mmx104.8mmx104.8mm)SelectApplicationsViewAllAutofluorescenceBeamProfiling&CharacterizationBrightfieldMicroscopyCa²⁺IonImagingDigitalHolographicMicroscopyElectronMicroscopy(TEM/SEM)Electrophysiology/BrainSliceImagingFlowCytometryFluorescenceMicroscopyGeneralPurposeImagingHistopathologyImmunohistochemistry(IHC)InspectionInterferometryLargeFOVSlideImagingLaserSpeckleImagingMachineVisionMaterialSciencesMaterialsInspectionMonitoringMultispectralImagingOphthalmology/RetinalImagingParticleTrackingPolarizationPtychographyQuantitativePhase-ContrastMicroscopyQuantumDotsSEM/EBSDSemiconductorInspectionSurfaceReflectionReductionTransmittedLightMicroscopyTransparentMaterialDetectionUAV,Drone,&HandheldImagingUVInspectionVascularImagingVCSELInspectionVIS/NIRImagingWhole-SlideMicroscopyof39ProductsShownLoading...ItemNumberSensorTypeOpticalFormatElectronicShutterPixelSizeMaxFrameRateReadNoiseDigitalOutputCoolingHousingDimensionsMonochrome1.4MegapixelScientificCCDCameras PleasenotethatSonyhasannouncedthattheCCDsensorsusedintheseproductswillbediscontinuedin2022.Hence,whilethesesensorsarestillwidelyavailable,wedonotrecommendthesedevicesfornewdesigns.PleaseseeourexpandinglineofcompactsCMOSandCMOScamerasforalternativesorcontactourScientificCamerasTeamforhelpfindingthebestoptionforyourapplication. Basedonyourcurrency/countryselection,yourorderwillshipfromNewton,NewJersey  +1QtyDocsPartNumber-ImperialPriceAvailable1501M-USB1.4MegapixelMonochromeScientificCCDCamera,StandardPackage,USB3.0Interface$6,400.00Today1501M-USB-TE1.4MegapixelMonochromeScientificCCDCamera,HermeticallySealedCooledPackage,USB3.0Interface$9,700.00TodayAddToCartColor1.4MegapixelScientificCCDCameras PleasenotethatSonyhasannouncedthattheCCDsensorsusedintheseproductswillbediscontinuedin2022.Hence,whilethesesensorsarestillwidelyavailable,wedonotrecommendthesedevicesfornewdesigns.PleaseseeourexpandinglineofcompactsCMOSandCMOScamerasforalternativesorcontactourScientificCamerasTeamforhelpfindingthebestoptionforyourapplication. Basedonyourcurrency/countryselection,yourorderwillshipfromNewton,NewJersey  +1QtyDocsPartNumber-ImperialPriceAvailable1501C-USB1.4MegapixelColorScientificCCDCamera,StandardPackage,USB3.0Interface$6,198.31Today1501C-USB-TE1.4MegapixelColorScientificCCDCamera,HermeticallySealedCooledPackage,USB3.0Interface$9,700.00LeadTimeAddToCartScientificCameraOptionalAccessoriesZoomClickforDetailsAschematicshowingaTSI-IOBOB2connectedtoanArduinoinacustomcamerasystem. ClicktoEnlarge ClicktoEnlarge Theseoptionalaccessoriesallowforeasyuseoftheauxiliaryportofour scientificCCD,CMOS,andQuantalux™sCMOScameras.Theseitemsshouldbeconsideredwhenitisnecessarytoexternallytriggerthecamera,tomonitorcameraperformancewithanoscilloscope,orforsimultaneouscontrolofthecamerawithotherinstruments. ForourUSB3.0cameras,wealsoofferaPCIeUSB3.0cardandextracablesforfacilitatingtheconnectiontothecomputer. AuxiliaryI/OCable(8050-CAB1)The8050-CAB1isa10'(3m)longcablethatmateswiththeauxiliaryconnectoronourscientificcameras*andprovidestheabilitytoexternallytriggerthecameraaswellasmonitorstatusoutputsignals.Oneendofthecablefeaturesamale12-pinconnectorforconnectingtothecamera,while theotherendhasamale6-pinMiniDinconnectorforconnectingtoexternaldevices.Thiscableisidealforusewithourinterconnectbreak-outboardsdescribedbelow.Forinformationonthepinlayout,pleaseseethePinDiagramstababove. InterconnectBreak-OutBoard(TSI-IOBOB)TheTSI-IOBOBisdesignedto"breakout"the6-pinMiniDinconnectorfoundonourscientificcameraauxiliarycables intofiveSMAconnectors.TheSMAconnectorscanthenbeconnectedusingSMAcablestootherdevicestoprovideatriggerinputtothecameraortomonitorcameraperformance.ThepinconfigurationsarelistedonthePinDiagramstababove. InterconnectBreak-OutBoard/ShieldforArduino(TSI-IOBOB2)TheTSI-IOBOB2offersthesamebreakoutfunctionalityofthecamerasignalsastheTSI-IOBOB.Additionally,it functions asashieldforArduino,byplacingtheTSI-IOBOB2shieldonanArduinoboardsupportingtheArduinoUnoRev.3formfactor.Whilethecamerainputsandoutputsare5VTTL,theTSI-IOBOB2featuresbi-directionallogiclevelconverterstoenablecompatibilitywithArduinoboardsoperatingoneither5Vor3.3Vlogic.Sampleprogramsforcontrollingthescientificcameraareavailablefordownloadfromoursoftwarepage,andarealsodescribedinthemanual(foundbyclickingontheredDocsiconbelow).FormoreinformationonArduino,orforinformationonpurchasinganArduinoboard,pleasesee www.arduino.cc. TheimagetotherightshowsaschematicofaconfigurationwiththeTSI-IOBOB2withanArduinoboardintegratedintoacameraimagingsystem.Thecameraisconnectedtothebreak-outboardusinga8050-CAB1cablethatmustbepurchasedseparately.Thepinsontheshieldcanbeusedtodeliversignalstosimultaneouslycontrolotherperipheraldevices,suchaslightsources,shutters,ormotioncontroldevices.OncethecontrolprogramiswrittentotheArduinoboard,theUSBconnectiontothehostPCcanberemoved,allowingforastand-alonesystemcontrolplatform;alternately,theUSBconnectioncanbeleftinplacetoallowfortwo-waycommunicationbetweentheArduinoandthePC.Thecompactsizeof2.70"x2.10"(68.6mmx53.3mm)alsoaidsinkeepingsystemsbasedontheTSI-IOBOB2compact.  USB3.0CameraAccessories(USB3-MBA-118andUSB3-PCIE)WealsoofferaUSB3.0AtoMicroBcableforconnectingourcamerastoaPC(pleasenotethatonecableisincludedwitheachUSB3.0camera).Thecablemeasures118"longandfeaturesscrewsoneithersideoftheMicroBconnectorthatmatewithtappedholesonthecameraforsecuringtheUSBcabletothecamerahousing. AUSB3.0PCIecardisalsoprovidedforcomputersthatdonotofferUSB3.0connectorswithanintegratedIntelUSB3.0controller.However,sincemostnewercomputersofferseveralUSB3.0connections,aUSB3.0PCIecardisnotincludedwiththepurchaseofaUSB3.0camera.ThecardhastwotypeAUSB3.0ports. *The8050-CAB1isnotcompatiblewithourformer-generation1500Mseriescameras.Basedonyourcurrency/countryselection,yourorderwillshipfromNewton,NewJersey  +1QtyDocsPartNumber-UniversalPriceAvailable8050-CAB1I/OCableforScientificCCDandCompactScientificCameras$78.40TodayTSI-IOBOBI/OBreak-OutBoardforScientificCCDandCompactScientificCameras$70.68TodayTSI-IOBOB2CustomerInspired!&nbspI/OBreak-OutBoardforScientificCCDandCompactScientificCameraswithShieldforArduino(ArduinoBoardnotIncluded)$101.54TodayUSB3-MBA-118USB3.0AtoMicroBCable,Length:118"(3m)$39.66TodayUSB3-PCIEUSB3.0PCIExpressExpansionCard$67.94TodayAddToCart×SubscribetobeNotifiedAboutUpcomingWebinars!*FirstNameRequired*LastNameRequired*EmailRequiredCompany/InstitutionJobTitleCharactersareCase-SensitiveClickforanewcode.AdditionalMicroscopyCamerasMicroscopyCameraSelectionGuide1.6MPCMOSCompactMicroscopyCameras1.3MP-12.3MPCMOSCompactMicroscopyCameras5.0MPCMOSCompactMicroscopyPolarizationCamera2.1MPsCMOSCompactMicroscopyCamerasFastFrameRate,VGACCDMicroscopyCameras1.4MPCCDMicroscopyCameras8.0MPCCDMicroscopyCamerasLinearCCDCameraCameraLenses,Objectives,andMountsIntrotoCameraTerminologyCameraNoiseTutorialCustom/OEMMicroscopyCamerasCameraSoftwareDownloads