Municipal solid waste - Wikipedia

Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items ... Municipalsolidwaste FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Typeofwasteconsistingofeverydayitemsdiscardedbythepublic "Municipalwaste"and"Urbanwaste"redirecthere.Forotheruses,seeMunicipalwaste(disambiguation).Forthepunkband,seeUrbanWaste(band). Thisarticlehasmultipleissues.Pleasehelpimproveitordiscusstheseissuesonthetalkpage.(Learnhowandwhentoremovethesetemplatemessages) TheexamplesandperspectiveinthisarticledealprimarilywiththeUnitedStatesanddonotrepresentaworldwideviewofthesubject.Youmayimprovethisarticle,discusstheissueonthetalkpage,orcreateanewarticle,asappropriate.(March2012)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Municipalsolidwaste" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(April2011)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) (Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Mixedmunicipalwaste,Hiriya,TelAviv PublicinfrastructureGrandCouleeDam Assetsandfacilities Airports Bridges Broadband Canals Coastalmanagement Criticalinfrastructure Dams Electricity Energy Hazardouswaste Hospitals Irrigationschemes Levees Lighthouses Parks Pipelinetransport 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 Environmentportal  Ecologyportalvte Municipalsolidwaste(MSW),commonlyknownastrashorgarbageintheUnitedStatesandrubbishinBritain,isawastetypeconsistingofeverydayitemsthatarediscardedbythepublic."Garbage"canalsoreferspecificallytofoodwaste,asinagarbagedisposal;thetwoaresometimescollectedseparately.IntheEuropeanUnion,thesemanticdefinitionis'mixedmunicipalwaste,'givenwastecode200301intheEuropeanWasteCatalog.Althoughthewastemayoriginatefromanumberofsourcesthathasnothingtodowithamunicipality,thetraditionalroleofmunicipalitiesincollectingandmanagingthesekindsofwastehaveproducedtheparticularetymology'municipal.' Contents 1Composition 2Componentsofsolidwastemanagement 2.1Collection 2.2Wastehandlingandseparation,storageandprocessingatthesource 2.3Segregationandprocessingandtransformationofsolidwastes 2.4Transferandtransport 2.5Disposal 2.6Reusing 2.7Landfills 2.8Energygeneration 3Seealso 4References 5Furtherreading Composition[edit] Thecompositionofmunicipalsolidwastevariesgreatlyfrommunicipalitytomunicipality,[1]anditchangessignificantlywithtime.Inmunicipalitieswhichhaveawelldevelopedwasterecyclingsystem,thewastestreammainlyconsistsofintractablewastessuchasplasticfilmandnon-recyclablepackagingmaterials.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,themajorityofdomesticwaste(53%)intheUKconsistedofcoalashfromopenfires.[2] Indevelopedareaswithoutsignificantrecyclingactivityitpredominantlyincludesfoodwastes,marketwastes,yardwastes,plasticcontainersandproductpackagingmaterials,andothermiscellaneoussolidwastesfromresidential,commercial,institutional,andindustrialsources.[3]Mostdefinitionsofmunicipalsolidwastedonotincludeindustrialwastes,agriculturalwastes,medicalwaste,radioactivewasteorsewagesludge.[4]Wastecollectionisperformedbythemunicipalitywithinagivenarea.Thetermresidualwasterelatestowasteleftfromhouseholdsourcescontainingmaterialsthathavenotbeenseparatedoutorsentforprocessing.[5]Wastecanbeclassifiedinseveralways,butthefollowinglistrepresentsatypicalclassification: Biodegradablewaste:foodandkitchenwaste,greenwaste,paper(mostcanberecycled,althoughsomedifficulttocompostplantmaterialmaybeexcluded[6]) Recyclablematerials:paper,cardboard,glass,bottles,jars,tincans,aluminumcans,aluminiumfoil,metals,certainplastics,textiles,clothing,tires,batteries,etc. Inertwaste:constructionanddemolitionwaste,dirt,rocks,debris Electricalandelectronicwaste(WEEE)-electricalappliances,lightbulbs,washingmachines,TVs,computers,screens,mobilephones,alarmclocks,watches,etc. Compositewastes:wasteclothing,TetraPackfoodanddrinkcartons,wasteplasticssuchastoysandplasticgardenfurniture Hazardouswasteincludingmostpaints,chemicals,tires,batteries,lightbulbs,electricalappliances,fluorescentlamps,aerosolspraycans,andfertilizers Toxicwasteincludingpesticides,herbicides,andfungicides Biomedicalwaste,expiredpharmaceuticaldrugs,etc. Forexample,typicalmunicipalsolidwasteinChinaiscomposedof55.9%foodresidue,8.5%paper,11.2%plastics,3.2%textiles,2.9%woodwaste,0.8%rubber,and18.4%non-combustibles.[7] Componentsofsolidwastemanagement[edit] Binstocollectpaper,aluminium,glass,PETbottlesandincinerablewaste. Themunicipalsolidwasteindustryhasfourcomponents:recycling,composting,disposal,andwaste-to-energyviaincineration.[8]Thereisnosingleapproachthatcanbeappliedtothemanagementofallwastestreams,thereforetheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,aU.S.federalgovernmentagency,developedahierarchyrankingstrategyformunicipalsolidwaste.[9]Thewastemanagementhierarchyismadeupoffourlevelsorderedfrommostpreferredtoleastpreferredmethodsbasedontheirenvironmentalsoundness:Sourcereductionandreuse;recyclingorcomposting;energyrecovery;treatmentanddisposal.[10] Collection[edit] Thefunctionalelementofcollectionincludesnotonlythegatheringofsolidwasteandrecyclablematerials,butalsothetransportofthesematerials,aftercollection,tothelocationwherethecollectionvehicleisemptied.Thislocationmaybeamaterialsprocessingfacility,atransferstationoralandfilldisposalsite. Wastehandlingandseparation,storageandprocessingatthesource[edit] Wastehandlingandseparationinvolvesactivitiesassociatedwithwastemanagementuntilthewasteisplacedinstoragecontainersforcollection.Handlingalsoencompassesthemovementofloadedcontainerstothepointofcollection.Separatingdifferenttypesofwastecomponentsisanimportantstepinthehandlingandstorageofsolidwasteatthesourceofcollection. Segregationandprocessingandtransformationofsolidwastes[edit] Thetypesofmeansandfacilitiesthatarenowusedfortherecoveryofwastematerialsthathavebeenseparatedatthesourceincludecurbside('kerbyside'intheUK)collection,drop-offandbuy-backcenters.Theseparationandprocessingofwastesthathavebeenseparatedatthesourceandtheseparationofcommingledwastesusuallyoccuratamaterialsrecoveryfacility,transferstations,combustionfacilitiesandtreatmentplants. Transferandtransport[edit] Thiselementinvolvestwomainsteps.First,thewasteistransferredfromasmallercollectionvehicletolargertransportequipment.Thewasteisthentransported,usuallyoverlongdistances,toaprocessingordisposalsite. Disposal[edit] Today,thedisposalofwastesbylandfillingorlandspreadingistheultimatefateofallsolidwastes,whethertheyareresidentialwastescollectedandtransporteddirectlytoalandfillsite,residualmaterialsfrommaterialsrecoveryfacilities(MRFs),residuefromthecombustionofsolidwaste,compost,orothersubstancesfromvarioussolidwasteprocessingfacilities.Amodernsanitarylandfillisnotadump;itisanengineeredfacilityusedfordisposingofsolidwastesonlandwithoutcreatingnuisancesorhazardstopublichealthorsafety,suchastheproblemsofinsectsandthecontaminationofgroundwater. Reusing[edit] Intherecentyearsenvironmentalorganizations,suchasFreegleorFreecycleNetwork,havebeengainingpopularityfortheironlinereusenetworks.Thesenetworksprovideaworldwideonlineregistryofunwanteditemsthatwouldotherwisebethrownaway,forindividualsandnonprofitstoreuseorrecycle.Therefore,thisfreeInternet-basedservicereduceslandfillpollutionandpromotesthegifteconomy. Landfills[edit] Landfillsarecreatedbylanddumping.Landdumpingmethodsvary,mostcommonlyitinvolvesthemassdumpingofwasteintoadesignatedarea,usuallyaholeorsidehill.Afterthewasteisdumped,itisthencompactedbylargemachines.Whenthedumpingcellisfull,itisthen"sealed"withaplasticsheetandcoveredinseveralfeetofdirt.ThisistheprimarymethodofdumpingintheUnitedStatesbecauseofthelowcostandabundanceofunusedlandinNorthAmerica.LandfillsareregulatedintheUSbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,whichenforcesstandardsprovidedintheResourceConservationRecoveryAct,suchasrequiringlinersandgroundwatermonitoring.[11]Thisisbecauselandfillsposethethreatofpollutionandcancontaminategroundwater.Thesignsofpollutionareeffectivelymaskedbydisposalcompaniesanditisoftenhardtoseeanyevidence.Usuallylandfillsaresurroundedbylargewallsorfenceshidingthemoundsofdebris.Largeamountsofchemicalodoreliminatingagentaresprayedintheairsurroundinglandfillstohidetheevidenceoftherottingwasteinsidetheplant.[12] Energygeneration[edit] Municipalsolidwastecanbeusedtogenerateenergybecauseofthelipidcontentpresentwithinit.AlotofMSWproductscanbeconvertedintocleanenergyifthelipidcontentcanbeaccessedandutilized.[13]SeveraltechnologieshavebeendevelopedthatmaketheprocessingofMSWforenergygenerationcleanerandmoreeconomicalthaneverbefore,includinglandfillgascapture,combustion,pyrolysis,gasification,andplasmaarcgasification.[14][15] Whileolderwasteincinerationplantsemittedalotofpollutants,recentregulatorychangesandnewtechnologieshavesignificantlyreducedthisconcern.UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)regulationsin1995and2000undertheCleanAirActhavesucceededinreducingemissionsofdioxinsfromwaste-to-energyfacilitiesbymorethan99percentbelow1990levels,whilemercuryemissionshavebeenreducedbyover90percent.[16]TheEPAnotedtheseimprovementsin2003,citingwaste-to-energyasapowersource"withlessenvironmentalimpactthanalmostanyothersourceofelectricity".[17] Seealso[edit] Category:Wastebycountry Garbology(studyofmodernrefuseandtrash) Listofwastemanagementacronyms MSW/LFG(municipalsolidwasteandlandfillgas) Methanolfuel#Historyandproduction Sewage Wastemanagement Wasteminimisation Globalwastetrade References[edit] ^Kumar,Sunil;Dhar,Hiya;Nair,VijayV.;Bhattacharyya,J.K.;Vaidya,A.N.;Akolkar,A.B.(2016)."Characterizationofmunicipalsolidwasteinhigh-altitudesub-tropicalregions".EnvironmentalTechnology.37(20):2627–2637.doi:10.1080/09593330.2016.1158322.PMID 26915419.S2CID 8140600. ^CentenaryhistoryofwasteandwastemanagersinLondonandsoutheastEngland-Page7Archived2013-08-13attheWaybackMachine ^Non-hazardousWasteU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,MunicipalSolidWaste ^MunicipalSolidWasteArchived2010-11-20attheWaybackMachineU.S.EnergyInformationAdministration ^MechanicalBiologicalTreatmentArchived2007-09-27atarchive.todayWelshAssembly(2005)MechanicalBiologicalTreatment,EnvironmentCountrysideandPlanningWebsite,WelshAssembly ^"Organics-GreenBin".ChristchurchCityCouncil.Retrieved19March2016. ^Zhou,Hui;Meng,AiHong;Long,YanQiu;Li,QingHai;Zhang,YanGuo(August2014)."AnoverviewofcharacteristicsofmunicipalsolidwastefuelinChina:Physical,chemicalcompositionandheatingvalue".RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews.36:107–122.doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.024. ^NonhazardouswasteArchived2010-11-20attheWaybackMachineU.S.EnergyInformationAdministration ^"SystemOverview>SolidWaste-GSASustainableFacilitiesTool".sftool.gov. ^USEPA,OSWER(22September2015)."AdvancingSustainableMaterialsManagement:FactsandFigures".USEPA. ^Horinko,Marianne,CathrynCourtin.“WasteManagement:AHalfCenturyofProgress.”EPAAlumniAssociation.March2016. ^Rogers,Heather(2006).GoneTomorrow:TheHiddenLifeofGarbage.NewYork:TheNewPress.ISBN 9781595581204. ^Caircross,Richard(1January2018)."LongitudinalStudyofWastewaterGreasesandTheirPotentialfortheProductionofBiofuels".EnergyandFuels.32.doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03550.Retrieved25February2022. ^"EnvironmentalandEnergyStudyInstituteIssueBrief"(PDF). ^Agaton,CasperBoongaling;Guno,CharmaineSamala;Villanueva,ResyOrdona;Villanueva,RizaOrdona(2020-10-01)."Economicanalysisofwaste-to-energyinvestmentinthePhilippines:Arealoptionsapproach".AppliedEnergy.275:115265.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115265.ISSN 0306-2619. ^USEPA,ORD(26March2015)."ResearchGrants".USEPA. ^U.S.EPALettertoMariaZannes,President,IntegratedWasteServicesAssociationArchived2011-09-28attheWaybackMachine Furtherreading[edit] Vergara,S.E.;Tchobanoglous,G.(2012)."MunicipalSolidWasteandtheEnvironment:AGlobalPerspective".AnnualReviewofEnvironmentandResources.37:277–309.doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-050511-122532. Kumar,Sunil;Dhar,Hiya;Nair,VijayV.;Bhattacharyya,J.K.;Vaidya,A.N.;Akolkar,A.B.(22March2016)."Characterizationofmunicipalsolidwasteinhigh-altitudesub-tropicalregions".EnvironmentalTechnology.37(20):2627–2637.doi:10.1080/09593330.2016.1158322.PMID 26915419.S2CID 8140600. vteBiosolids,waste,andwastemanagementMajortypes Agriculturalwastewater Biodegradablewaste Biomedicalwaste Brownwaste Chemicalwaste Constructionwaste Demolitionwaste Electronicwaste bycountry Foodwaste Greenwaste Hazardouswaste Heatwaste Industrialwaste Industrialwastewater Litter Marinedebris Miningwaste Municipalsolidwaste Opendefecation Packagingwaste Post-consumerwaste Radioactivewaste Scrapmetal Sewage Sharpswaste Surfacerunoff Toxicwaste Processes Anaerobicdigestion Balefill Biodegradation Composting Gardenwastedumping Illegaldumping Incineration Landfill Landfillmining Mechanicalbiologicaltreatment Mechanicalsorting Photodegradation Recycling Resourcerecovery Sewagetreatment Urbanmining Wastecollection Wastesorting Wastetrade Wastetreatment Waste-to-energy Countries Armenia Australia Bangladesh Brazil HongKong India Japan Kazakhstan NewZealand Russia SouthKorea Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey UnitedKingdom UnitedStates Agreements BamakoConvention BaselConvention EUdirectives batteries framework incineration landfills RoHS vehicles wastewater WEEE LondonConvention OsloConvention OSPARConvention Occupations Sanitationworker Streetsweeper Wastecollector Wastepicker Othertopics BlueRibbonCommissiononAmerica'sNuclearFuture China'swasteimportban Cleanerproduction Downcycling Eco-industrialpark Extendedproducerresponsibility High-levelradioactivewastemanagement Historyofwastemanagement Landfillfire Sewageregulationandadministration Upcycling Wastehierarchy Wastelegislation Wasteminimisation Zerowaste  Environmentportal  Category:Waste Index Journals Lists Organizations Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Germany Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipal_solid_waste&oldid=1090806973" Categories:WasteHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksWebarchivetemplatearchiveislinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticleswithlimitedgeographicscopefromMarch2012UnitedStates-centricArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromApril2011AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesArticleswithmultiplemaintenanceissuesPagesusingcollapsiblelistwithbothbackgroundandtext-alignintitlestyleArticleswithGNDidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةAzərbaycancaBân-lâm-gúБеларуская(тарашкевіца)CatalàČeštinaDeutschEspañolEsperantoEuskaraFrançais한국어HausaՀայերենहिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaमराठीBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語PolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийසිංහලSuomiSvenskaతెలుగుไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаاردو粵語中文 Editlinks