Nutrition - Wikipedia

Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life. It includes ingestion, absorption, assimilation, ... Nutrition FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Provisiontocellsandorganismstosupportlife Forotheruses,seeNutrition(disambiguation). Health Outlines Exercise Health Healthsciences Nutrition Publichealth Navigation Diseases Index Category vte Nutritionisthebiochemicalandphysiologicalprocessbywhichanorganismusesfoodtosupportitslife.Itincludesingestion,absorption,assimilation,biosynthesis,catabolismandexcretion.[1]Thesciencethatstudiesthephysiologicalprocessofnutritioniscallednutritionalscience(alsonutritionscience). Contents 1Nutritionalgroups 2Nutrients 3Diet 4Humannutrition 5Animalnutrition 6Plantnutrition 7Seealso 8References 9Bibliography 10Externallinks Nutritionalgroups[edit] Mainarticle:Primarynutritionalgroups Organismsprimarilyprovidethemselveswithcarboninoneoftwoways:autotrophy(theself-productionoforganicfood)andheterotrophy(theconsumptionofexistingorganiccarbon).Combinedwiththesourceofenergy,eitherlight(phototrophy)orchemical(chemotrophy),therearefourprimarynutritionalgroupsfororganisms.[2] Nutrients[edit] Mainarticle:Nutrient Nutrientsaresubstancesusedbyanorganismtosurvive,grow,andreproduce.Thesevenmajorclassesofrelevantnutrientsforanimals(includinghumans)arecarbohydrates,dietaryfiber,fats,proteins,minerals,vitamins,andwater.Nutrientscanbegroupedaseithermacronutrients(carbohydrates,dietaryfiber,fats,proteins,andwaterneededingramquantities)ormicronutrients(vitaminsandmineralsneededinmilligramormicrogramquantities). Diet[edit] Mainarticle:Diet(nutrition) Innutrition,thedietofanorganismisthesumoffoodsiteats,whichislargelydeterminedbytheavailabilityandpalatabilityoffoods. Humannutrition[edit] Mainarticle:Humannutrition Humannutritiondealswiththeprovisionofessentialnutrientsfromfoodthatarenecessarytosupporthumanlifeandgoodhealth.[3] Inhumans,poornutritioncancausedeficiency-relateddiseasessuchasblindness,anemia,scurvy,pretermbirth,stillbirthandcretinism,[4]ornutrientexcesshealth-threateningconditionssuchasobesity[5][6]andmetabolicsyndrome;[7]andsuchcommonchronicsystemicdiseasesascardiovasculardisease,[8]diabetes,[9][10]andosteoporosis.[11]Undernutritioncanleadtowastinginacutecases,andstuntingofmarasmusinchroniccasesofmalnutrition.[4] Animalnutrition[edit] Mainarticle:Animalnutrition Animalnutritionfocusesonthedietarynutrientneedsofanimals,oftenincomparison(orcontrast)tootherorganismslikeplants.Carnivoreandherbivoredietsarecontrasting,withbasicnitrogenandcarbonproportionsvaryingfortheirparticularfoods.Manyherbivoresrelyonbacterialfermentationtocreatedigestiblenutrientsfromindigestibleplantcellulose,whileobligatecarnivoresmusteatanimalmeatstoobtaincertainvitaminsornutrientstheirbodiescannototherwisesynthesize.Animalsgenerallyhaveahigherrequirementofenergyincomparisontoplants.[12] Plantnutrition[edit] Mainarticle:Plantnutrition Plantnutritionisthestudyofthechemicalelementsthatarenecessaryforplantgrowth.[13]Thereareseveralprinciplesthatapplytoplantnutrition.Someelementsaredirectlyinvolvedinplantmetabolism.However,thisprincipledoesnotaccountfortheso-calledbeneficialelements,whosepresence,whilenotrequired,hasclearpositiveeffectsonplantgrowth. AnutrientthatcanlimitplantgrowthaccordingtoLiebig'slawoftheminimumisconsideredanessentialplantnutrientiftheplantcannotcompleteitsfulllifecyclewithoutit.Thereare16essentialplantsoilnutrients,besidesthethreemajorelementalnutrientscarbonandoxygenthatareobtainedbyphotosyntheticplantsfromcarbondioxideintheair,andhydrogen,whichisobtainedfromwater. Plantsuptakeessentialelementsfromthesoilthroughtheirrootsandfromtheair(consistingofmainlynitrogenandoxygen)throughtheirleaves.Greenplantsobtaintheircarbohydratesupplyfromthecarbondioxideintheairbytheprocessofphotosynthesis.Carbonandoxygenareabsorbedfromtheair,whileothernutrientsareabsorbedfromthesoil.Nutrientuptakeinthesoilisachievedbycationexchange,whereinroothairspumphydrogenions(H+)intothesoilthroughprotonpumps.Thesehydrogenionsdisplacecationsattachedtonegativelychargedsoilparticlessothatthecationsareavailableforuptakebytheroot.Intheleaves,stomataopentotakeincarbondioxideandexpeloxygen.Thecarbondioxidemoleculesareusedasthecarbonsourceinphotosynthesis. AlthoughnitrogenisplentifulintheEarth'satmosphere,veryfewplantscanusethisdirectly.Mostplants,therefore,requirenitrogencompoundstobepresentinthesoilinwhichtheygrow.Thisismadepossiblebythefactthatlargelyinertatmosphericnitrogenischangedinanitrogenfixationprocesstobiologicallyusableformsinthesoilbybacteria.[14] Seealso[edit] Nutritionportal Foodportal Mineralsportal Auxology Exercise Nutritionpsychology Physicalfitness References[edit] ^"nutrition|Definition,Importance,&Food".EncyclopediaBritannica. ^Lwoff,A.;C.B.vanNiel;P.J.Ryan;E.L.Tatum(1946).Nomenclatureofnutritionaltypesofmicroorganisms(PDF).ColdSpringHarborSymposiaonQuantitativeBiology.Vol. XI(5th ed.).ColdSpringHarbor,N.Y.:TheBiologicalLaboratory.pp. 302–303. ^"humannutrition|Importance,EssentialNutrients,FoodGroups,&Facts".EncyclopediaBritannica.Retrieved29December2020. ^abWhitney,Ellie;Rolfes,SharonRady(2013).UnderstandingNutrition(13 ed.).Wadsworth,CengageLearning.pp. 667,670.ISBN 978-1-133-58752-1. ^Wright,MargaretE.;Chang,Shih-Chen;Schatzkin,Arthur;Albanes,Demetrius;Kipnis,Victor;Mouw,Traci;Hurwitz,Paul;Hollenbeck,Albert;Leitzmann,MichaelF.(15February2007)."Prospectivestudyofadiposityandweightchangeinrelationtoprostatecancerincidenceandmortality".Cancer.109(4):675–684.doi:10.1002/cncr.22443.PMID 17211863.S2CID 42010929. ^"DefiningAdultOverweightandObesity".CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.7June2021. ^Metabolicsyndrome–PubMedHealth.[deadlink]Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.Retrievedon2011-10-17. ^Omega-3fattyacids.Umm.edu(5October2011).Retrievedon2011-10-17. ^WhatIneedtoknowabouteatinganddiabetes(PDF).U.S.Dept.ofHealthandHumanServices,NationalInstitutesofHealth,NationalInstituteofDiabetesandDigestiveandKidneyDiseases,NationalDiabetesInformationClearinghouse.2007.OCLC 656826809. ^DiabetesDietandFoodTips:EatingtoPreventandControlDiabetesArchived20May2011attheWaybackMachine.Helpguide.org.Retrievedon2011-10-17. ^DietarySupplementFactSheet:VitaminD.OfficeofDietarySupplements,USNationalInstitutesofHealth17August2021. ^NationalGeographicSociety(21January2011)."Herbivore".NationalGeographicSociety.Retrieved1May2017. ^AllenV.Barker;DavidJ.Pilbeam.HandbookofPlantNutrition.CRCPress,2010.p. Preface. ^Lindemann,W.C.andGloverC.R.(2003)NitrogenFixationbyLegumes.NewMexicoStateUniversity/ Bibliography[edit] Carpenter,KennethJ.(1994).ProteinandEnergy:AStudyofChangingIdeasinNutrition.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-521-45209-0. Curley,S.,andMark(1990).TheNaturalGuidetoGoodHealth,Lafayette,Louisiana,SupremePublishing Galdston,I.(1960).HumanNutritionHistoricandScientific.NewYork:InternationalUniversitiesPress. Gratzer,Walter(2006)[2005].TerrorsoftheTable:TheCuriousHistoryofNutrition.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-920563-9. Mahan,L.K.;Escott-Stump,S.,eds.(2000).Krause'sFood,Nutrition,andDietTherapy(10th ed.).Philadelphia:W.B.SaundersHarcourtBrace.ISBN 978-0-7216-7904-4. Thiollet,J.-P.(2001).Vitamines&minéraux.Paris:Anagramme. WalterC.Willett;MeirJ.Stampfer(January2003)."RebuildingtheFoodPyramid".ScientificAmerican.288(1):64–71.Bibcode:2003SciAm.288a..64W.doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0103-64.PMID 12506426. Externallinks[edit] LookupnutritioninWiktionary,thefreedictionary. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoNutrition. 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